Контрольное задание №1 Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание №1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику

Since

Because

As

Due

Provided

Either ... or

Neither ... nor

Both ... and

Only

ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. Every scientist, every researcher should have some idea of what an electronic computer is.

2. Many of the modern achievements in various fields of science would be quite impossible without computers.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

1. 
   All the students must perform a number of experiments to have an understanding of the given problem.
   
2. 
   Having learned some of the properties of atom, the scientists put it into the service of man.
   
3. 
   The substance being heated, the motion of the molecules increases.
   
4. 
   The problem to be solved is rather difficult.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. 
   We generate electrical power for industry as well as for everyday-life needs.
   
2. 
   Only the socialist system created the most favourable conditions for collective scientific research.
   
3. 
   By means of this instrument you can determine both the chemical and physical properties of the substance.
   
4. 
   Builders are interested in plastics for they offer a rare combination of properties.
   

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 7-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 6 и 7-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
mention should be made — следует упомянуть

digital computer — цифровой компьютер

a number of—ряд

short lived — недолговечный

stored-programme machine — запрограммированная вычислительная машина

memory — запоминающее устройство

analogue — аналоговый компьютер

desk-sized computer — настольный компьютер
COMPUTERS

1. 
   A computer is known to be a device that has the ability to accept, store and process enormous quantities of data in an extremely short time. A computer allows to get information almost immediately, the data being punched into cards or being recorded on the magnetic tape.
   
2. 
   Much has been written about the early history of computing. Mention should be made that Charles Babbage, now widely recognized as the father of computing, was working out the first of his mechanical calculating machines in the early 1820s long before the first electrical telegraph message was transmitted.
   
3. 
   The modern history of digital computers began in 1939 with the work done by Howard Aiken. A number or automatic machines were constructed in the early days of computing, the machines of this type being designed to solve differential equations. Although they performed many useful functions their speed of calculations was limited by the relays and other electromechanical equipment they used.
   
4. 
   The second development was the construction of the machine in 1946 which was the forerunner of the first generation of electronic digital computers.
   
5. 
   Until the discovery of the germanium transistors in 1947 electronic computers were like very large furnaces, consuming enormous quantities of electrical power. They produced more heat than processed information. The first computer, for example, weighed 30 tons and occupied 1,500 square feet of floor space. Its short lived 18,000 vacuum tubes produced 150 kilowatts of heat. The early machines using valves were employed mainly for scientific and experimental work.
   
6. 
   The next generation of electronic computers emerged in the middle of 1950s. These were "stored-programme" machines holding programming instructions in the main memory6 of the computer. They could store and process more information and faster.
   

7. Today it is possible to obtain a computer with great processing capability. We know a computer to solve a complicated problem many millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician. It processes thousands of calculations per second. There are two main classes of computing equipment: analogue and digital. They work on different principles and yield different results. The digital computers can perform a much broader range of functions than the analogue computers. The application includes all forms or automatic control in science and industry. The computer has become an integral part of the organization of business of all types. There exist various types of computers ranging from the pocket calculator through the desk-sized computer8 to machines which still need vast halls to house them.
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. 
   We would not solve the problem of protecting spaceships against solar radiation, if we had no plastics with some unique properties.
   
2. 
   The old equipment should be replaced by a new one.
   

II Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

1. 
   We know matter to exist in four states: solids, liquids, gases and plasma.
   
2. 
   The plastics to be produced in our laboratory will replace iron and its alloys.
   
3. 
   Being very light, strong and non-corrosive, aluminium is an ideal construction metal.
   
4. 
   To get to other planets man must have powerful sources of energy.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. 
   The speed of electrons is almost the same as the speed of light.
   
2. 
   Provided these metals are alloyed with titanium, they will withstand high temperatures.
   
3. 
   Neither this part (деталь) nor that one must be made of plastics.
   
4. 
   Since these materials could not withstand high temperatures our scientists had to create heat-resistant alloys.
   

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-ой абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
machining and finishing processes — процессы обработки и отделки

blades — лопатки турбины

strength — прочность-

extremes of pressures — сверхвысокие давления

mention should be made — следует упомянуть

life — срок службы

auxiliaries — вспомогательное оборудование

domestic appliances — бытовые товары
PLASTICS AS METAL REPLACEMENTS

1. 
   Today plastics are referred to as materials of great importance, for no other group of materials is able to offer such a unique combination of properties.
   
2. 
   By alloying, modifying as well as by changing the structure of polymers, chemists and technologists are able to produce different kinds of plastics.
   
3. 
   Metal replacement by plastics is often due to the economic factors only. The use of plastics enables the manufacturers to eliminate many expensive machining and finishing processes. Moreover plastics parts can be mass producer at a lower cost compared with metal parts.
   
4. 
   Although plastics do not possess the high strength of steel they are suitable for many purposes. Plastics can be reinforced by incorporating fibrous materials such as glass fiber, nylon and, at last, pure carbon fibers. The carbon plastics are known to open up vast new possibilities in the engineering field. Already some of the latest aircraft engines are using blades made of such plastics. These plastics are able to withstand much higher temperatures than metals. There exist plastics which have high mechanical strength and are able to withstand the extremes of pressures4. It gives them a great advantage over metals.
   

5. 
   Mention should be made that plastics are widely used in chemical industry, all plastics possessing good resistance to chemicals. The great advantage offered by plastics over iron is that they are highly resistant to corrosion and therefore ensure a much longer life.
   
6. 
   Because of their combination of mechanical and dielectrical properties plastics found their first major industrial application in the electrical industry. A great number of plastics used in the electronics field find applications where a good insulation property is an essential quality, e.g. wire covering, diodes, transistors, etc. An increasing number of electronic auxiliaries previously made of metal is now being fabricated of plastics. These include many kinds of mechanical components required for computers.
   
7. 
   The development of rocket and space engineering made it necessary to develop new types of plastics. A great deal .of research had been carried out before special grades of plastics were obtained for space technology. Now they are widely used in space vehicles because of their light weight and their ability of performing special functions metals cannot do. Without such materials it would be impossible to build spaceships. Generally speaking, in every branch of the industry from power transmission to communications and from spaceships to domestic appliances plastics are playing a vitally important role.
   

V. Прочтите 7-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What property of plastics is of great importance for the construction of spaceships?

1. 
   ... the ability to resist chemicals.
   
2. 
   ... the ability to withstand high temperatures.
   
3. 
   ... light weight.
   

ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. A radio engineer should know the principles of TV and radar equipment operation.

2. They would solve this problem earlier, if they applied a digital computer.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

1. 
   То separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used.
   
2. 
   Radioisotopes are composed of atoms of different mass, all carrying1 the same charge and hence chemically identical.
   
3. 
   The problem to be solved is of great importance for our industry.
   
4. 
   Haying released the energy in the form of radiation, man learned to use it for detecting various defects in metals.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.
1. Isotopes occur either naturally or they can be manufactured artificially.

2. The labour productivity has greatly increased, for the workers applied the new technology.

3. Through television we can see as well as hear programmes and events even if they take place many kilometres away.

4. Until recently metals were the only materials used in these instruments.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
in the path of the protons — на пути действия протонов

to throw off—выбрасывать

mention should be made — следует упомянуть
ISOTOPE PRODUCTION

1. 
   About 1907 scientists discovered that two samples of an element which behaved exactly alike chemically, differed in their physical structures. Scientists called such chemically alike - but physically unlike - substances "isotopes". Thus, isotope is the name given to a substance which - although it differs physically from another substance - takes the same place along with the other substances in the chemical table of elements.
   
2. 
   The great majority of isotopes found in nature do not emit radiation and are called stable isotopes. Stable isotopes occur in nature mixed with other isotopes of the same element. The separation of isotopes from one another when they are mixed is a necessary part of the production of both stable isotopes and radio isotopes. The machine which does this is electromagnetic separator but the machine is large, expensive and consumes a lot of electricity.
   
3. 
   Since 1931 scientists have been designing more and more powerful apparatus for speeding up electrically charged particles. These machines are known to give the possibility for producing isotopes as well. Perhaps the best known of these machines is the cyclotron. In the cyclotron the element is placed as a target in the path of the protons leaving the cyclotron at high speed. However the cyclotron is a very expensive machine since it consumes a lot of electricity, and requires a lot of time to produce required quantities of the new isotopes.
   
4. 
   We know most radioisotopes to be made today in nuclear reactors by bombarding stable, nonradioactive isotopes with neutrons. After bombardment the nuclei of stable atoms acquire additional particles and become unstable. These unstable nuclei try to become stable again by throwing off their additional energy in the form of radiation, thus forming the desired isotope.
   
5. 
   Mention should be made3 that the production and separation of isotopes is a very complicated and expensive process but it is carried out because of the increasing uses of radioisotopes in industry and medicine. This increasing use of radioisotopes is due to the development of the nuclear reactor which has provided a relatively cheap and easy way of producing isotopes. The radiation emitted by radioisotopes is being utilized in a variety of ways. Sometimes isotopes do jobs conventional devices cannot do at all. Radioisotopes are widely used for tracing complicated chemical reactions, for generating electric power for spaceships.
   

V. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How did the Soviet scientists manage to obtain a great number of isotopes?

1. 
   ... due to their wide use in industry and medicine.
   
2. 
   ... due to the use of nuclear reactors.
   
3. 
   ... due to their ability to radiate.
   

ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1. These parts should be subjected to X-ray examination.

2. If there were no atmosphere, there would be no clouds, no rain.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

1. 
   Specialists wanted the unknown element to be analysed and tested.
   
2. 
   To separate a compound into its elements, chemical means must be used.
   
3. 
   Cathode rays are known to travel from the cathode to the anode of the tube.
   
4. 
   The electrons move with various velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. 
   The increase in labour productivity in industry is due to automation of manufacturing processes.
   
2. 
   The engineers will soon obtain better results, since they use a computer.
   
3. 
   Because of the danger of radiation one must take safety measures (меры предосторожности).
   

4. Provided automatic control is used, it will relieve man of monotonous work.
IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту
the cathode ray tube - катодно-лучевая трубка

in spite of - несмотря на...

it was not until r895 that Rontgen - и только в 1895 году Рентген

to give off - испускать, излучать

to succeed in - удаваться сделать что-л.
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY

1. The cathode ray tubes' that were developed about 1880 resulted in the discovery of the electron. Tubes of various design were constructed and the behaviour of cathode rays was studied. In spite of extensive experimental work it, was not until 1895 that Rontgen discovered that the cathode ray tube also emitted invisible rays. These rays were capable of penetrating opaque substances and were called X-rays because of their unknown nature.

2. In the following year Becquerel investigated several fluorescent substances as possible sources of similar penetrating rays. Of the substances tested, only a uranium compound affected a photographic plate which had been protected by a wrapping of black paper. Becquerel found that all uranium compounds gave off penetrating rays, the intensity of the rays being proportional to the amount of "radioactivity".

3. Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband, Pierre Curie, investigated this new property of radioactivity and tested all other known elements for radioactive properties. The only other radioactive element they found was thorium. Thorium like uranium possessed a very high atomic weight.

4. While working with a uranium-containing ore they separated the various elements in the ore and tested each for radioactivity. From the fraction containing the element bismuth, they isolated a new radioactive element that was named "polonium'' in honour of Poland. The barium fraction was also radioactive, thus suggesting the presence of another new element. This new element (discovered in 1893) possessed radioactivy two to three million times that of uranium and was named "radium".

5. 
   After the death of her husband in 1906 Marie Curie continued her studies of the chemical properties of radium. In 1910 she finally succeeded in isolating the pure element from its compounds.
   
6. 
   Chemically speaking, radium acts like other elements of similar atomic weight. The other properties of radium associated with the radioactivity, however, are very striking. Rutherford had studied the radiations given off by radium. Under the influence of a magnetic field the rays were deflected in such a way that three types of radiations could be observed. Rutherford named the rays "alpha", "beta" and "gamma" and found that they were given off from all. radioactive elements.
   

V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What similar properties does radium possess compared with other elements?

1. 
   It has the same degree of radioactivity.
   
2. 
   It has lower atomic weight.
   
3. 
   It gives off three types of rays.
   

ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. 
   Without electronic equipment space flights would be impossible.
   
2. 
   The workers asked the engineer, if the new equipment would be installed in the shop.
   

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют чаще всего придаточным предложениям.

1. 
   Lubricants are employed to reduce friction.
   
2. 
   The technology to be applied greatly improves the quality of glass.
   
3. 
   Having added heat we could change the state of a substance.
   
4. 
   The Sun is known to be a source of energy.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. 
   The strength of the light metals is less than that of the heavy metals.
   
2. 
   It is the only metal which can be used in this design.
   
3. 
   Either copper or aluminium is used for cables.
   
4. 
   The appearance of new materials is due to the achievements of chemistry.
   

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 4 и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
to stem from — происходить

in the course of—в течение

fusion process — процесс синтеза
SOLAR ENERGY

1. 
   Most of the energy that we use on the Earth even in some converted form such as coal and oil, stems from1 the Sun. Indeed, oil, coal, natural gas are fuels that release energy received from the Sun millions of years ago. When we use wood in a fire it is necessary to remember that the Sun supplied the energy for the growth of trees.
   
2. 
   Hydroelectric energy is known to be electricity produced from the energy of falling water. This is actually stored solar energy, the water being lifted from the sea in the course of the hydrological cycle which is driven by the Sun. Hydroelectric energy has several advantages over other ways of producing electricity. No fuel is required, since the energy comes from the Sun.
   

3. The Sun is also important to us as a laboratory in which we can study hot gases in a magnetic field. The knowledge we are gathering from the studies of the solar gas enables us to control fusion processes here on the Earth. If we could build magnetic "bottles" to contain hydrogen undergoing fusion at temperatures of millions of degrees and would use the hydrogen in the ocean we should obtain unexhausted sources of energy for millions of years.

4. It is clear today that the supply of coal, oil and natural gas will soon become inadequate for our needs. It is natural that scientists began their search for new sources of energy. There is an increasing interest in obtaining energy from the Sun.

5. There are devices that give off an electrical signal when struck by sunlight. The device employed for converting solar energy into useful power is the solar cell. In the solar cell the junction consists of two different kinds of semiconductors. The cell is energized not by heat but by light. But solar cells are still expensive to use for general commercial purposes. They proved to be an ideal source of power for artifical satellites.

6. There is now considerable research centering on finding ways of converting solar radiation into heat and electricity. Man has learned to obtain electric power directly from the Sun at present. Architects have built houses to be heated by solar radiation due to applying suitably designed roofs and using suitable construction materials, the latter tend to retain heat obtained from the Sun. Under suitable conditions solar radiation can raise the temperature of the air to 300°F.
V. Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
How does man obtain power for heating houses?

1. 
   ... by raising temperature.
   
2. 
   ... by using special materials for roofs.
   
3. 
   ... by retaining heat.
   

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 6
ВАРИАНТ 1

(для студентов вузов текстильной и легкой промышленности)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту

a textile — ткань

A.D. — нашей эры

chrysolite — хризолит

yarn —пряжа

flame-proof clothing — огнезащитная одежда

strength — прочность
ASBESTOS

1. 
   Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century A.D.
   
2. 
   It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles which did not burn even in direct flame.
   
3. 
   Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibres. It is a rock which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation. Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fibre in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysolite is widely used for textile products. Chrysolite is mined in many countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibres of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fibre is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibres together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibres is their resistance to heat and burning. This property determined the ways in which they are used.
   

4. Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. We know commercial development of the fibre to have started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flame-proof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.

5. Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is sometimes used with glass fibre in making decorative fabrics for curtains for hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.
II. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение, содержащее определительное бессоюзное придаточное предложение и переведите его письменно.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных ниже ответов укажите правильный вариант ответа на поставленный вопрос.
Why are asbestos fabrics used for theatre curtains?
1. ... because they are resistant to fire.

2. because they are decorative.

3. ... because people often assemble there.
ВАРИАНТ 2

(для студентов торгово-экономических вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
СМЕА countries — страны Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи (СЭВ)
SOVIET UNION'S ECONOMIC AND SCIENTIFIC CONTACTS

1. 
   The Soviet Union is doing everything it can to strengthen the position of socialism in the world arena. It is expanding ties with socialist, developing and capitalist countries in the sphere of economy, culture and science. The USSR has trade and economic relations with 115 countries, including socialist, developing and industrially developed capitalist countries.
   
2. 
   A steady growth of trade is sure to be one of the results of closer socialist economic integration. The CMEA countries put the emphasis both on mutual deliveries of commodities and on further specialization and cooperation in research and production. Deliveries of goods on the basis of agreements is a reliable form of planned supply of socialist countries with the machinery, raw and other materials, consumer goods and other commodities they need.
   
3. 
   We expand cooperation with the developing countries on democratic and just principles and help them to strengthen their economic independence.
   
4. 
   In recent years a definite progress is known to have been made in developing mutually advantageous cooperation with capitalist countries. Many agreements have been signed with different countries on the basis of long-term agreements on economic, technological and industrial cooperation. For example, Soviet machine-tools, watches, tractors, lorries, passenger-planes and instruments are sold to 70 countries.
   
5. 
   Scientific and cultural ties of the Soviet Union are becoming more and more extensive. Science is known to affect the production sphere. Soviet science has achieved major successes in the study of the processes of social development. About 50 international coordination centres have been established in leading branches of science, such as mathematics, nuclear energy, quantum electronics, space research and many other fields of knowledge.
   

II Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее субъектный инфинитивный оборот, и переведите его письменно на русский язык.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных ответов укажите правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.
What problems do international coordination centres deal with?

1. 
   ... the problems of social development.
   
2. 
   ... the problems of cultural ties.
   
3. 
   ... the scientific problems.
   

ВАРИАНТ 3

(для студентов политехнических вузов по специальности — химия)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста, перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту
technology — техника

sulfuric acid — серная кислота
NATURAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

1. 
   The history of man is largely the. history of man's straggle for natural resources. The rapid increase in the world's population, with its enormous demands for food, energy and manufactured products, makes the chemical industry a very important factor in our civilization.
   
2. 
   At present a high standard of living makes great demands on our mineral resources. The natural sources of many materials being quickly exhausted, new chemical products have to be developed. The increasing demands for food, energy and manufactured goods can be met by using chemistry in different branches of our national economy.
   

3. The chemical industry is directed to the conversion of natural raw materials of the earth, sea and air into products which are of vital importance for the life of the people of the whole world. The chemical industry is known to deal with every kind of raw material. In combining, rearranging the molecules chemists could create substances with definite characteristics. Now great efforts are being made to increase the assortment and quality of chemical products and to create new substances.

4. 
   The chemical industry ranges so widely that it is difficult to define its scope. Chemistry is known to be concerned with all forms of matter from metals to paper. It reaches into almost every sphere of science and technology.
   
5. 
   A simple chemical product, sulfuric acid, for example, is absolutely essential for the production of concrete, steel, some metals, textiles, paper, many medicines. In its turn these above-mentioned substances are essential for the construction of airplanes, railroads, automobiles, telephones, etc.
   

II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца текста предложение, содержащее субъектный инфинитивный оборот.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:
Why is sulfuric acid used so widely?
ВАРИАНТ 4

(для студентов машиностроительных вузов)
I. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту