Учебное пособие по английскому языку «Профессиональная медицинская лексика»
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IV. Прочитать и перевести текст BLOOD Blood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4:5—5 million are found in each cubic millimetre. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing. Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic millimeter existing in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types. Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils. Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes. Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400,000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed. V. Найти английские эквиваленты из текста 1. микроскопические клеточные элементы 2. в каждом кубическом миллиметре 3. через кровоток 4. по всему организму 5. процесс превращения пищи в энергию 6. выводить 7. продукт отхода 8. выталкивать, выбрасывать 9. несколько видов 10. лимфатические узлы 11. крошечные клетки 12. свертываемость крови 13. завершаться VI. Перевести следующие словосочетания the habit of smoking, the way of producing it, the hope of seeing you, the chance of getting the prize, the method of transporting, the necessity of knowing, the importance of carrying away waste products, the time of arriving, the fact of existing VII. Перевести предложения
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IX. Прочитать и перевести текст Text B The body contains about five litres of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37°C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic millimetre of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7,000 white cells and 250,000 platelets. Red Cells The red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin which gives the blood its red colour. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen (O2) to the body cells. For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with the haemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the haemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough haemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anaemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anaesthesia. White Cells The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage. Platelets The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances which help the blood to clot. X. Прочитать и перевести текст valves Blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Similarly, on the other side of the heart; blood is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The purpose of these valves is to prevent blood flowing the wrong way. They ensure that blood always flows in the correct direction from the atrium to the ventricle. Similar valves called semilunar valves are present in the aorta and pulmonary artery at the point where they leave their respective ventricles. Again their function is to prevent blood flowing backwards from the arteries into the heart. Sometimes the heart valves are damaged by disease such as rheumatic fever or they may be defective at birth. Any of these forms of valvular heart disease .present a risk of a very serious complication called infective endocarditis. Many systemic veins also have valves to ensure that blood will only flow towards the heart. Sometimes they become defective and blood leaks back 1st the opposite direction, causing distension of the veins. These are called varicose veins. XI. Прочитать и перевести текст THE CIRCULATION Blood returning from all parts of the body, except the lungs, enters the right atrium. All this blood enters the right atrium through two great veins — the superior vena cava bringing blood from the head, neck and arms, and the interior vena cava which brings it back from the rest of the body. From the right atrium, blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It then passes out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Here the blood gives up the waste carbon dioxide it is carrying and takes in fresh oxygen, which is part of the fuel necessary for the working of the body. This oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs in the pulmonary vein to the left atrium of the heart. From here it passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then it is pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta. This great artery divides into many smaller arteries which convey oxygenated blood all round the body. When these smaller arteries reach their destination they divide again into very thin-walled vessels called capillaries. Oxygen from the blood passes through the walls of these capillaries to the body cells. Carbon dioxide, which is a waste product formed in the body cells, also passes through the capillагу walls, but in the reverse direction, from the body cells to the blood. The capillaries then unite, to form veins which carry the blood and waste carbon dioxide back to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and interior vena cava. As already described, the blood passes on again via the tricuspid valve, right ventricle and pulmonary artery to the lungs. XII. Ответить на вопросы 1. Where does blood returning from all parts of the body enter? 2. Where does it pass into from the right atrium? 3. What does it take in the lungs? 4. The oxygenated blood is carried to the left atrium of the heart, isn't it? 5. Where does it pass into after that? 6. What do smaller arteries divide into? 7. Does oxygen from the blood pass through the walls of these capillaries or through the walls of veins? 8. What direction does carbon dioxide pass? 9. What do capillaries form? 10. Where do veins carry the blood? XIII. Перевести текст и выучить Blood In liguid state blood contains a fluid called plasma, with erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets. About 5 litres of blood fill our arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry blood from the heart. Veins carry blood to the heart. The blood performs an important function in metabolism: it delivers the nutrients to the tissues of all the organs and carries the waste products away. Blood delivers oxygen to the tissues of all the organs and carries carbon dioxide away. The amount and composition of blood in a healthy person are constant. XIV. Перевести предложения
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ БОЛЬЮ Managing Pain I. Подобрать эквиваленты
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VI. Прочитать текст, перевести и выучить. Pain Pain is the most primitive and one of the most important of all sensations. The free nerve endings constitute the receptors for pain. They are the most widely distributed receptors in the body being found in the skin, cornea, blood vessels and most viscera. Pain can be relieved by reducing the irritability of the nerves as by compression, cold, drugs or by reducing the sensitivity of the celebral cells. Pain cannot always be localized. VI. Прочитать текст, перевести и выучить |
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