English for computing Часть 1 Учебное пособие

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Название	English for computing Часть 1 Учебное пособие
страница	7/37
Тип	Учебное пособие

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to apologise to smb for - извиняться перед к-л., за ч-л.

They apologized me for what happened. Go and apologize to her. We apologized to the passengers for the late departure of this flight.

to explain sth to smb – объяснять ч-л. к-л.

Can you explain this word to me? First, I’ll explain the rules of game to you. It was difficult to explain the problem to the beginners. The government now has to explain its decision to the public.

to lead to - приводить к ч.-л.

Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of other galaxies. The situation is far worse than we had been led to believe.

to listen to – слушать ч-л.

We spend the evening listening to music. I listened carefully to her story. None of this would have happened if you’d listen to me. Why won’t listen to reason?

to talk/ speak to smb – разговаривать с к-л.

Who was that man you were talking to? Ann and Joe aren’t talking to each other right now. Talk to your doctor if you’re still worried. I’ve spoken to the manager about it. Have you talked to your parents about the problems you’re having?

to write to – писать к-л. ч.-л.

I wrote to the hotel complaining about the poor service we had received. She wrote to him in France. An error was reported when he tried to write data to the file for the first time.
6. Note additional meanings for word “to fit”.

to fit	быть в пору	The key does not fit the lock.
	монтировать, устанавливать	They fitted a smoke alarm to the ceiling.
	соответствовать, совпадать	The facts certainly fit your theory.
	подходить	His experience fitted him to do the job.

7. Match the synonyms:

trend – direction, tendency, orientation, tenor.

intelligent - smart, clever, brilliant, bright.

to contain - to include, to incorporate, to embody, to encompass, to involve, to comprehend.

to diminish – to lessen, to reduce, to decrease, to minimize, to shorten, to cut off.

to impact on – influence on, have an influence on, affect.

to limit - to eliminate, to restrict, to confine.

to squeeze – to hold, to contain, to go into, to compress, to contract.
8. Match the antonyms:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

to increase

to develop

to decode

part

slow

complex

powerful

reliable

small

specific

toward

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

simple

massive

general / common

fast

to decrease

weak

to encode

whole

back

unreliable

to shorten

9. Find in each line word that is given at the beginning:

application	a) эффективность	b) уравнение	c) применение	d) направление
icon	a) полупроводник	b) окошечко	c) действенность	d) опыт
silicon	a) уравнение	b) натиск	c) успех	d) кремний
to damage	a) увеличивать	b) повреждать	c) потреблять	d) расширять
to resume	a) описывать	b) содержать	c) возобновлять	d) делить
large-scale	a) большой	b) сложный	c) крупномасштабный	d) громоздкий
distinctive	a) отличительный	b) отдаленный	c) дистанционный	d) длительный

10. Find in each line the word – synonym to the first word:

to increase	a) to expand	b) to handle	c) to raise	d) to diminish
to exploit	a) to succeed	b) to use	c) to include	d) to eliminate
to consist	a) to include	b) to hasten	c) to exploit	d) to diminish
missile	a) generation	b) sequence	c) invention	d) rocket
to link	a) to join	b) to consume	c) to eliminate	d) to squeeze
cumbersome	a) distinct	b) bulky	c) reliable	d) sophisticated

11. Find in each line the word – antonym to the first word:

reliable	a) cumbersome	b) distinctive	c) enormous	d) unstable
the onset	a) end	b) versatility	c) icon	d) invention
to hasten	a) to include	b) to slow	c) to expand	d) to consume
distinct	a) enormous	b) reliable	c) cumbersome	d) same
entire	a) part	b) sophisticated	c) large-scale	d) reliable
demand	a) onset	b) equation	c) supply	d) stride

12. Read and translate the following expressions.

the increasing funding

a secret code-breaking computer

in common (general) use

magnetic drum

a set of instruction

binary-coded program

quartz clock

energy-efficient

spreadsheet program

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

user-friendly software package

soldered join

great deal

solid state

integrated circuit

word processing

13. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary:

generation, vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit, microprocessor, operating system, artificial intelligence, semiconductor.
14. Word Bingo.

Look at the list of the words given below. Write down any four words. The teacher is going to read the definitions of all the words in random order. If you hear the definition of one of the words you have chosen, cross it out. The first student to cross out all the words he or she has chosen calls out “Bingo” and reads the words to prove his/her claim.

Words: computing, history, vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit, microprocessor, operating system, generation, the onset, distinct, trend.
Word-building

Model 7

Основа прилагательного + -ly → наречие

free – свободный

possible – возможный

deep – глубокий

safe – безопасный

freely – свободно

possibly – возможно

deeply – глубоко

safely – безопасно

Model 8

Основа существительного + -ic → прилагательное

history – история

system – система

base – основа

historic – исторический

systematic – систематический

basic – основной

Model 9

Основа глагола + -ing → существительное

to open – открывать

to break – разбивать, разрушать

to repair – ремонтировать

to measure – мерить

opening – открытие

breaking – разрушение

repairing – ремонт

measuring – мера

15. Make new words using the models 7-9.

accurate

to build

canon

exact

to break

parabola

legal

to help

period

simple

to process

ascent

applicable

to buy

magnet

fair

to engineer

diplomat

loud

to keep

philately

successful

to read

atom

correct

to cook

opportunist

inadequate

to develop

patriot

objective

to learn

phobia

to play

to see

electron

easy

to drive

pantheist

indirect

to find

pedant

real

to meet

photograph

to prove

to program

fatalist

16. Read the text and define the parts of speech of the words in a bold type. Name their meaning. Translate the text.
Early computing machines and inventors

numerical – числовой

counter – счетчик

soldered – припаянный

capability – способность

wire – провод

to connect – соединять

variety – разнообразие

power – мощность

vacuum-tube – электровакуумная лампа

to consider – рассматривать

remarkable – замечательный

In the late 1800s, a variety of mechanical devices were designed to carry out numerical calculations. But the first real computers came during World War II when governments needed better and faster calculating systems. The earliest computers were designed to facilitate weapons management, code breaking, and wartime recordkeeping.

In the late 1930s, Howard Aiken at Harvard University was working with a $500,000 grant from IBM to develop an automatic calculating machine. The machine, which came to be known as the Mark 1, was completed in 1944. It used electrically powered mechanical counters to store the results of arithmetic calculations. It contained 500 miles of wire, had 3 million electrical connections, and required about 6 seconds to carry out each multiplication task.

At about the same time, at Iowa State University a computing device that incorporated an advanced design was built by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Although the device was not designed for large-scale processing, it was the first to be based on vacuum-tube technology and was therefore the first fully electronic computing device. Completed in 1942, it became known as Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or the ABC computer.

At the University of Pennsylvania, J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchley were working on a much larger device. They designed a completely electronic device that could be used for a variety of calculating tasks. They called it the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, or ENIAC. Unveiled in 1944, it is now considered to be the first large-scale, general-purpose electronic computer. Although it was very slow and very limited in capability as compared to today’s computers, it represented a remarkable advancement in computing power for the time. The ENIAC contained 19,000 vacuum tubes and 5 million soldered electrical connections. It could perform up to 5,000 additions per second, but it consumed much power.

None of the early computers could be programmed. In the midle1940, John von Neumann joined Eckert and Mauchley. His ideas for designing a programmable computer were to form the basis for the types of stored-program computers we still use today. These stored programs are now known as software (in contrast to the computer’s physical devices, known as hardware).
Reading Practice

17. Read the text. Try to understand it and be ready to answer the questions.

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