12. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
Если в главном предложении сложноподчиненного предложения глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме прошедшего времени, то в придаточном дополнительном предложении употребляется одна из прошедших форм.
Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит одновременно с действием в главном, оно выражается формой Past Continuous (процесс) или Past Simple (факт).
We knew (that) he spoke good English. – Мы знали, что он хорошо говорит по-английски.
He said (that) he was watching TV. – Он сказал, что смотрит телевизор.
Если действие в придаточном предшествует действию главного предложения, оно выражается формой Past Perfect.
We didn’t know (that) he had left. – Мы не знали, что он уехал.
Если действие в придаточном будет происходить после действия в главном, оно выражается формой Future-in-the-Past (будущее в прошедшем).
We hoped he would pass his examination. – Мы надеялись, что он сдаст экзамен.
Если глагол главного предложения стоит в настоящем времени, то в придаточном глагол может стоять в любой временной форме.
I am not sure that everybody liked our suggestion. – Я не уверен, что всем понравится наше предложение.
I think the time is convenient for you. – Я думаю, что это время удобно для вас.
Задание 12.1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. I thought you spoke Russian. 2. The speaker said it was a historic discovery. 3. I was sure you knew everything. 4. We didn’t know they were still having talks. 5. I thought they hadn’t received our letter yet. 6. The director hoped that the film would be a success. 7. She thought we were waiting for her. 8. He said he would phone us as soon as he got to London.
Задание 12.2. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время. Сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении.
Model A
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I think I know it.
I thought I knew it.
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1. They say the hotel is a mile from the shore.
2. They write they are going to the south coast of Spain for their holidays.
3. He knows we have similar views on the problem.
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Model B
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She says she heard it on the radio.
She said she had heard it on the radio.
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1. I think he recognized me.
2. She says she didn’t see it.
3. He knows she didn’t say that.
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Model C
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I hope you have settled it.
I hoped you had settled it.
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1. She thinks she has lost the key.
2. She says she has never thought of that.
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Model D
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I’m sure everything will be all right.
I was sure everything would be all right.
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1. He says we’ll have a short rest when we get to the river.
2. Everybody understands the new project will be very expensive.
| 13. Косвенная речь (Indirect Speech) Утверждения
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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She says, “I am happy”.
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She says (that) she is happy.
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She said, “I am happy”.
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She said (that) she was happy.
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“I don’t know anything about it”, he said to me.
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He told me (that) he didn’t know anything about it.
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Jack said, “My uncle has just bought a new car”.
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Jack said (that) his uncle had just bought a new car.
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I said to the nurse, ”You haven’t given me my medicine”.
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I told to the nurse that she hadn’t give me my medicine.
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Задание 13.1. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. She says,” I’ll join you in a minute”. 2. He said, “I am absolutely sure”. 3. He said to us, “The project will be financed by several companies”. 4. The manager said to the interviewers, “The construction has been completed in record time”. 5. The air hostess says, ”The plane is landing”.
Приказания, команды, просьбы
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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The mother said to her children, “Don’t play with fire”.
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The mother told her children not to play with fire.
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I said to Peter, “Open the window, please”.
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I asked Peter to open the window.
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The teacher said to his students, “Don’t forget your home work”.
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The teacher asked (or told) his students not to forget their homework.
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Задание 13.2. Переведите высказывания в косвенную речь.
1. I said to Jack, “Please, give me your dictionary”. 2. The doctor said to the sick man, “Don’t go back to work for a fortnight”. 3. The old man said to the little girl, “Don’t make so much noise”. 4. She said to the children, “Don’t make so much noise”. 5. “Please switch it on”, he said to me.
Предложения, советы, разрешения, предупреждения могут в кос-венной речи вводиться такими глаголами как advise – соответствовать, recommend – рекомендовать, remind – напоминать, suggest, propose – предлагать.
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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“You should take a holiday and have a good rest”, the doctor said to him.
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The doctor advised him to take a holiday and have a good rest.
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“Don’t forget to call Mr. Harris”, he said to his secretary.
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He reminded his secretary to call Mr. Harris.
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“Let me give you a lift”, he said to her.
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He offered her a lift.
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Специальные вопросы
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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Jack asked, “Who has taken my pen?”
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Jack asked who had taken his pen
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I asked the farmer, “What is growing in that field?”
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I asked the farmer what was growing in that field.
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Mary’s mother asked her, “Whom did you see in the hospital?”
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Mary’s mother asked her whom she had seen in the hospital.
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I asked my sick friend, “What did the doctor say?”
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I asked my sick friend what the doctor had said.
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Tom asked Bob, “Where does your uncle live?”
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Tom asked Bob where his uncle lived.
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He asked us, “Which of you can explain it?”
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He asked us which of you could explain it?”
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“How soon shall I call back?” he asked.
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He asked how soon he should call back.
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Задание 13.3. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. “How much time is left?” he asked. 2. She asked, “How far is the bus stop?” 3. I saw a cloud of smoke and asked, «What is burning?” 4. The policeman asked me, “Where did you lose your wallet?” 5. The teacher came into the classroom and asked the boys, “What are you doing?” 6. I asked Bob, “Why didn’t you answer my letter?” 7. Jack’s father asked him, “Whom are you writing a letter to?”
Общие и альтернативные вопросы
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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The manager asked, “Does the time suit everybody?”
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The manager asked if (whether) the time suited everybody.
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“So do you agree with me?”
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He asked whether (if) we agree with him.
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I asked my brother, “Did you throw away the newspaper or keep it?”
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I asked my brother whether he had thrown the newspaper or kept it.
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Задание 13.4. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. I asked the old gentleman, “Are you feeling tired?” 2. The hotel manager asked the visitors, “Did you sleep well?” 3. The teacher asked me, “Do you understand the question or not?” 4. The teacher asked him, “Do you spell “swimming” with “m” or a double “m”?”
Общие и альтернативные вопросы обычно вводятся следующими глаголами и оборотами:
I wonder … Интересно …
I should like to know … Хотелось бы знать …
Could you tell me … Скажите…
Would you mind telling me … Будьте любезны сказать мне …
Изменение времён глагола в косвенной речи
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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Present Simple
Write
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Past Simple
wrote
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Present Continuous
am/is/are writing
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Past Continuous
was/were writing
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Present Perfect
has/have written
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Past Perfect
had written
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Present Perfect Continuous
has/have been writing
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Past Perfect Continuous
had been writing
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Past Simple
Wrote
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Past Perfect
had written
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Past Continuous
was/were writing
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Past Continuous
was/were writing или:
Past Perfect Continuous
had been writing
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Past Perfect
had written
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Past Perfect
had written
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Past Perfect Continuous
had been writing
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Past Perfect Continuous
had been writing
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Future Simple
will write
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Future-in the-Past
would write
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Future Continuous
will be writing
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Future Continuous-in the-Past
would be writing
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Future Perfect
will have written
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Future Perfect-in the-Past
would have written
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Future Perfect Continuous
will have been writing
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Future Perfect Continuous-in the-Past
would have been writing
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Изменение модальных глаголов при переводе их в косвенную речь
can
may
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–
–
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could
might
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must
should
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–
–
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must
should
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Изменение обстоятельства времени, места и некоторых указательных местоимений при переводе прямой речи в косвенную
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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Now
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сейчас
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then
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тогда
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Here
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здесь
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there
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там
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this/these
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это, этот/эти
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that/these
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то, тот/те
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Today
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сегодня
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that day
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в тот день
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Tomorrow
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завтра
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The next/following day
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на следующий день
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Yesterday
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вчера
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the day before, the pre-vious day
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накануне
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next week
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на следующей неделе
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the next / following week
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на следующей неделе
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last week
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на прошлой не-деле
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The previous week
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за неделю до
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last year
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в прошлом году
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The year before
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за год до
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Задание 13.5. Переведите на русский язык. В скобках напишите слова, раскрывающие характеристику действия (сейчас, давно, вчера и т.д.)
– wrote stories
– was writing a story
– had been writing stories
He said that he – had written a story
– would write a story
– would be writing stories
– would have written a story
Найдите соответствия этим предложениям:
– пишет рассказ (сейчас)
– пишет рассказы (вообще)
– написал (только что, вчера)
Он сказал, что – пишет (уже давно, с какого-то времени)
– будет писать (завтра в 6 часов)
– напишет (к какому-то времени)
– напишет (когда-нибудь)
Задание 13.6. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said. 2. “We have moved into our new flat”, said my aunt. 3. “Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun”, she said. 4. “Who put salt in my coffee?” he asked. 5. “Why did you travel first class?” I asked him. 6. “Don’t argue with you father”, I said. 7. “Please don’t leave the gate open”, the farmer said to visitors. 8. “Don’t climb that tree in your new trousers, Richard”, his father said. 9. “Did they understand what you said to them”, he asked. 10. The old lady asked, “Is this my seat?” 11. “I’m busy”, he asked. 12. “Please make yourselves comfortable”, she said to us. 13. He said, “I must go and make some calls”. 14. She said, “It may be true”. 15. When I met him last week, he said, “I’ll call on you tomorrow”. 16. “What are you looking for”, he asked the boy. 17. “Shall I repeat it?” he asked. 18. “Have you heard the news?” she asked me. 19. She asked me, “Are you hungry?” 20. She asked the doctor, “Shall I follow a strict diet?” 21. He said to Jim, “I’ll be writing my report at two o’clock tomorrow”. 22. The boy said to his mummy, “Don’t worry I’ll have learned the poem by heart by 5 o’clock”.
14. Ing-формы и ed-формы
Ing-формы (Participle I и герундий) имеют формы залога и относительного времени. Неперфектная ing-форма обозначает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого или будущего по отношению к глаголу-сказуемому. Перфектная форма обозначает действие, предшествующее глаголу-сказуемому.
Ed-формы (Participle II) имеют только пассивные значения и могут выражать как предшествование, так и одновременность.
The books translated…
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– переводимые
– переведённые
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ing-формы
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ed-формы
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действительный залог
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страдательный залог
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действительный залог
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страдательный залог
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V + ing
translating
writing
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being + V3ф.
being translated
being written
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–
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V + ed
translated
written
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having + V3ф.
having translated
having written
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having been + V3ф. having been translated
having been written
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–
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Ed-форма участвует в образовании временных групп Perfect и страдательного залога. В предложении ed-формы могут быть:
1. Частью сказуемого:
The work is done. – Работа выполнена.
2. Определением:
The method used depend on the material selected.– Используемый метод зависит от выбранного материала.
3. Обстоятельством:
When asked about it, he didn’t say a word. – Когда его спросили об этом, он ничего не сказал.
4. Частью сложного дополнения и обстоятельства, выраженных предикативным оборотом:
а) состав сложного дополнения с ed-формой:
существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже + ed-форма:
I want the letter posted at once. – Я хочу, чтобы письмо было немедленно отправлено.
I had my suit cleaned. – Я почистил костюм (его мне почистили, я отдавал его в чистку).
He hаs flat redecorated. – Он сделал ремонт квартиры (работали мастера).
б) состав сложного обстоятельства с ed-формой:
существительное в общем падеже + ed-форма (часто называют независимым оборотом).
We sat silent, he eyes still fixed on me. – Мы молча сидели, он неотрывно смотрел на меня.
Задание 14.1. Определите функцию ed-форм в следующих предложениях.
1. The man saved was a French sailor. 2. The man was a French sailor. 3. I want him saved. 4. If sent away now, the letter will arrive the day after tomorrow. 5. He described the method used by the engineer. 6. The engineer used the method described in the article. 7. The paintings discussed attracted the attention of many visitors. 8. The rule explained we started doing the exercise. 9. The rule explained is difficult. 10. We would like it explained again. 11. If explained, the rule will not seem difficult. 12. Explained again, the rule became quite clear to everybody. 13. She wants this name remembered. 14. When changed, the article was published. 15. If changed, the article will be published.
Задание 14.2. Прочитайте первое утверждение. Закончите второе утверждение согласно образцу и переведите их.
Model:
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1. Wash my shirt
2. Clean the house
3. The house was painted
4. The car needs to be washed
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Get my shirt washed
Have the house cleaned
I had the house painted
I want the car washed
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1. Register the letter. Get … 2. Shorten that dress. Get … 3. Do this job. Get … 4. Wash those dishes. Get … 5. Clean your suit. Have … 6. Mend the jacket. Have … 7. Polish your shoes. Get … 8. The TV was fixed. I had … 9. The house is clean. I got … 10. The walls have been papered. I had … 11. The motor has been installed. We got …
Ing-формы
Ing-формы могут быть частью сказуемого и вместе с предшествующим вспомогательным глаголом be составляют единое целое (времена группы Continuous).
Ing-формы, не входящие в состав собственно сказуемого, могут выступать в предложении в функции:
1. Подлежащего:
Smoking is bad for you. – Вам вредно курить.
There is no avoiding it. – Этого нельзя избежать.
2. Части сказуемого:
They began arguing. – Они начали спорить.
His hobby is collecting stamps. – Его любимое занятие – коллекционирование марок.
He finished reading. – Он кончил читать.
The film is worth seeing. – Фильм стоит посмотреть.
3. Дополнения:
I gave up smoking. – Я бросил курить.
Avoid catching cold. – Избегайте простуды.
We were surprised at hearing the news. – Мы были удивлены, когда услышали эту новость.
There is no harm in trying. – Попытка – не пытка.
4. Определения:
He gave up the idea of becoming an actor. – Он отказался от мысли стать актёром.
The quality of being advertised leaves much to be desired. – Качество рекламируемых товаров оставляет желать лучшего.
The students writing a test were from my group. – Студенты, писавшие тест, были из моей группы.
She is looking at the boys playing in the yard. – Она смотрит на мальчиков, играющих во дворе.
5. Обстоятельства:
Reading a book he made notes. – Читая книгу, он делал заметки.
He left without saying a word. – Он ушёл, не попрощавшись.
When crossing the road in he UK, look first to the right. – Переходя дорогу в Англии, сначала посмотрите направо.
On hearing his name he turned round. – Услышав своё имя, он обернулся.
Having written a letter he posted it. – Написав письмо, он отправил его.
6. Части сложного дополнения и обстоятельства, выраженных предикативным оборотом.
I saw him photographing the monument. – Я видел, как он фотографировал памятник.
I saw the monument being photographed. – Я видел, как фотографировали этот памятник.
We were told of Mr. Taylor arriving next week. – Нам сказали, что мистер Тейлор приезжает на следующей неделе.
In London there are a lot of museums, the largest being the British Museum. – В Лондоне много музеев, и самый большой из них – Британский музей.
Задание 14.3. Прочитайте предложение, определите функцию ing-формы и переведите на русский язык.
а) 1. William likes reading detective stories. 2. Reading is useful. 3. William liked being read to. 4. Having read the telegram twice, he understood that the matter needed immediate attention. 5. The girl reading a book is my sister. 6. Charles denies knowing these people. 7. Charles denies having asked any questions. 8. Charles denies being helped. 9. Charles denies having been helped. 10. Charles denies having been asked any questions. Don’t leave without speaking to the chief. 12. Not knowing the man, I can’t introduce you to him. 13. Having spent a month in the country, she looked much better. 14. Apartments facing south get more sunlight. 15. While going home from school Betty met some of her friends. 16. Thinking he was asleep I turned off the lights. 17. While waiting for a train, he read a magazine. 18. After leaving school his son went to work at a factory. 19. On learning the news she decided to go and see her cousin. 20. When crossing the street, be careful. 21. I remember leaving a message for you. 22. I remember his leaving a message for Mr. Blake. 23. Jane doesn’t like being spoken about. 24. His knowing English will help him in his work. 25. The film is worth seeing.
b) 1. The situation being favorable, they bought the shares (акции). 2. It being Sunday, the shops were closed. 3. There being a lot of things to discuss, the conference lasted for a long time. 4. Jack insisted on your making a report on Tuesday. 5. Ann was proud of her pictures being exhibited at the show. 6. He was disappointed at not being invited to yesterday’s party.
Задание 14.4. Замените придаточные предложения конструкциями с ing-формами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. After they had finished the translation, the students had a break. 2. As I had lent my dictionary to a friend, I had to go to the library to get one to myself. 3. When you fill in a form, you must write the name and address clearly. 4. As we had a lot of time we didn’t hurry. 5. As I had left your telephone number at home, I couldn’t ring up you. 6. After I had read the book, I turned it to the library. 7. The people who live in this old block of flats will soon get new flats. 8. The question, which is being discussed now, is very important.
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