Учебное пособие по гармматике английского языка для студентов всех специальностей очной и очно-заочной (вечерней) формы обучения

10.3 ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ДОЛЖЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

Долженствование может быть выражено:

1. глаголом must + инфинитив без частицы to.

• 
  для выражения долженствования, необходимости произвести действие в настоящем или будущем.
  

• 
  Для выражения запрещения в отрицательном предложении.
  

• 
  Для выражения вероятности какого-либо действия, предположения.
  

• 
  для обозначения настоятельного совета, рекомендации.
  

2. глаголом to have + инфинитив с частицей to для выражения необходимости совершить действие в силу определённых обстоятельств. Соответствует русскому "придётся, пришлось".

3. 
   глаголом to be + инфинитив с частицей to для выражения необходимости совершения действия в соответствии с предыдущей договорённостью или заранее намеченным планом. Переводится как "должен, должен был" и т.п.
   

4. 
   глаголом should для выражения настоятельного совета, рекомендации.
   

5. 
   глаголом ought (to) должен, следует, следовало бы в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive. Употребляется для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему.
   

6. 
   глаголом need в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive. Глагол need со значением нужно, надо употребляется только в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях. Словосочетание need not (needn’t) выражает отсутствие необходимости.
   

must

1. 
   ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ (THE SENTENCE)
   

1. 
   He late.  
   
2. 
   We are early.  
   
3. 
   Mary is at home.
   
4. 
   John at work.  
   
5. 
   I am a manager.
   
6. 
   He is late.  
   
7. 
   My name is Peter Brown.  
   
8. 
   I am British.  
   
9. 
   Tessa Italian.  
   
10. 
    Your new is great plan.
    
11. 
    This our house.  
    
12. 
    Is where my book?
    
13. 
    We in the central library are now.
    
14. 
    Is your sister OK?
    
15. 
    How old is she?
    
16. 
    You are free on Sunday?
    
17. 
    When are you usually home?
    
18. 
    They not are my friends.
    
19. 
    What colour your car is?
    
20. 
    I not good at English.
    

1. 
   My grandfather likes ______ .
   
   1. 
      to work every day in his garden
      
   2. 
      in his garden to work every day
      
   3. 
      to work in his garden every day
      
2. 
   We _____ this test at the last lesson.
   
   1. 
      didn’t write
      
   2. 
      not wrote
      
   3. 
      wrote not
      
3. 
   ______ to the University by bus.
   
   1. 
      He goes usually
      
   2. 
      He usually goes
      
   3. 
      Usually he goes
      
4. 
   ______ her homework in the evening?
   
   1. 
      Does she
      
   2. 
      She does
      
   3. 
      Does she do
      
5. 
   _____ very tired after work.
   
   1. 
      I usually
      
   2. 
      Usually I’m
      
   3. 
      I’m usually
      
6. 
   I was glad that _____ after his recent illness.
   
   1. 
      John looked such well
      
   2. 
      John so well looked
      
   3. 
      John looked so well
      
7. 
   Let's go to another restaurant; _____ here.
   
   1. 
      are there too few vacant tables
      
   2. 
      there are too few vacant tables
      
   3. 
      there are few vacant tables too
      
8. 
   The rain _____ that it was impossible to go out.
   
   1. 
      was so strong
      
   2. 
      so was strong
      
   3. 
      was strong
      
9. 
   Sheila isn’t a good driver; she is _____ .
   
   1. 
      enough not careful
      
   2. 
      not careful enough
      
   3. 
      careful not enough
      
10. 
    There was a _____ forest near the village.
    
    1. 
       beautiful, large, old, pine
       
    2. 
       large, beautiful, pine, old
       
    3. 
       pine, old, beautiful, large
       

1. 
   fishing/ enjoy/ he/ does?
   
2. 
   you/ at sports/ good/ are?
   
3. 
   musical/ you/ do/ a/ instrument/ play?
   
4. 
   next weekend/ here/ be/ you/ will?
   
5. 
   a lot of/ there/ group / are/ in your/ students?
   
6. 
   your/ the holidays/ plans/ are/ what/ for?
   
7. 
   for the lesson/ come/ always/ do/ you/ late/ why?
   
8. 
   last/ see/ a good film/ did/ when/ you?
   
9. 
   the last/ how many/ passed/ examination/ well/ students?
   
10. 
    to learn/ it/ will/ me/ how long/ French/ take?
    

1. 
   Will you be here next weekend?
   

1. 
   No, I shan’t.
   
2. 
   No, I shalln’t.
   
3. 
   No, I’m not.
   

2. 
   Are there a lot of students in your group?
   

1. 
   Yes, they are.
   
2. 
   Yes, they do.
   
3. 
   Yes, there are.
   

3. 
   Did you go to bed late last night?
   

1. 
   Yes, I do.
   
2. 
   Yes, I did.
   
3. 
   Yes, I was.
   

4. 
   Do you receive letters from your friends?
   

1. 
   Yes, they do.
   
2. 
   Yes, I am.
   
3. 
   Yes, I do.
   

5. 
   He wasn’t good at mathematics, was he?
   

1. 
   Yes, he wasn’t.
   
2. 
   No, he was.
   
3. 
   No, he wasn’t.
   

6. 
   You like black coffee,
   

1. 
   aren’t you?
   
2. 
   don’t you?
   
3. 
   do you?
   

7. 
   There was nobody there,
   

1. 
   was there?
   
2. 
   wasn’t there?
   
3. 
   were they?
   

8. 
   Your friends entered the Medical Academy,
   

1. 
   didn’t they?
   
2. 
   did they?
   
3. 
   weren’t they?
   

9. 
   Sam doesn’t work hard,
   

1. 
   doesn’t he?
   
2. 
   does he?
   
3. 
   is he?
   

10. 
    I’m busy,
    

1. 
   aren’t I?
   
2. 
   don’t I?
   
3. 
   am not I?
   

1. 
   I like eating … for breakfast.
   

2. 
   We usually go to … for our holidays.
   

3. 
   She played the … as a child.
   

4. 
   … people applied for this vacancy.
   

5. 
   I will buy a … .
   

6. 
   My mother can … really well.
   

7. 
   They were late for school … last week.
   

8. 
   After lunch you phoned … .
   

9. 
   The … usually examines the student.
   

10. 
    We will be free ….
    

2. 
   АРТИКЛЬ (THE ARTICLE)
   

1. 
   John Brown is our new English teacher.
   

2. 
   He’s a nice person.  
   

3. 
   Look at that picture!  
   

4. 
   I like those beautiful red roses.  
   

5. 
   He’s a good doctor.  
   

6. 
   The man in the office is our new manager.  
   

7. 
   Is there a good supermarket near here?  
   

8. 
   There are his school books on the shelf.
   

9. 
   Are there many new pupils in our class this year?
   

10. 
    Is there any fresh juice in the fridge?
    

1. 
   What _____ good weather!
   

2. 
   Let’s have ______ good time!
   

3. 
   My ______ house is not very big.
   

4. 
   This is ______ expensive car.
   

5. 
   ______ good teacher is never boring.
   

6. 
   Smoking is ______ habit.
   

7. 
   This lake is so ______ beautiful.
   

8. 
   This is ______ sad news.
   

9. 
   I buy ______ pair of jeans once a year.
   

10. 
    They are _____ old friends.
    

11. 
    I often listen to ____ music.
    

12. 
    They are _____ nice people.
    

13. 
    I like ____ chocolate.
    

14. 
    It's ____ new car.
    

15. 
    He likes _____ tennis.
    

1. 
   I like the Brazilian coffee very much.
   
2. 
   The Mr. Smith is our favourite teacher.  
   
3. 
   Women like expensive cars.  
   
4. 
   We usually go to work by a car.
   
5. 
   Dogs are very loyal friends.
   
6. 
   I don't want to go to school every day.  
   
7. 
   It is rather dangerous to travel by plane.
   
8. 
   Small children don't always want to go to the bed early.  
   
9. 
   It is very healthy to go on foot.
   
10. 
    I usually don't have a breakfast in the morning.  
    

1. 
   Close ____ window, please. It is cold here.
   

2. 
   I have _____ dog. I like it very much.
   
3. 
   Paris is ____ next stop.
   

4. 
   I love ____ cats. They are such graceful animals.
   

5. 
   We want to improve our marks. Let's find ____ teacher.
   

6. 
   All ____ children in our class play sports.
   

7. 
   Moscow is ____ capital of Russia.
   

8. 
   We usually have _____ dinner at 6pm.
   

9. 
   It is _____ last time when I ask for your help.
   

10. 
    She is ____ old friend of mine.
    

11. 
    My granny often goes to _____ hairdresser's.
    

12. 
    _____ Russia is _____ big country.
    

13. 
    We like to have picnics in _____ country.
    

14. 
    My native language is _____ Russian, now I study _____ English language.
    

1. 
   The children usually have good imagination.
   
2. 
   Now, push a left button.
   
3. 
   I think it is the wrong time and the wrong place.  
   
4. 
   It is always so nice to walk in forest.
   
5. 
   Goat milk is very good for health.  
   
6. 
   There are the many mistakes in your test.
   
7. 
   The clothes shop is near our house.  
   
8. 
   The apple a day keeps a doctor away.  
   
9. 
   What is a right answer?  
   
10. 
    Look, the place is free!  
    

1. 
   ____ car was riding at ___ speed of 30 m.p.h.
   
2. 
   We lived at ___ distance of 40 miles from ___ city.
   
3. 
   We saw several people in ____ distance.
   
4. 
   They told us ____ truth.
   
5. 
   The zebra is ____ African animal resembling ____ horse.
   
6. 
   ____ zebras are not to be found in ____ Europe.
   
7. 
   ____ cow is ____ domestic animal.
   
8. 
   ____ cows give ____ milk.
   
9. 
   This is one of ____ most beautiful monuments created by man.
   
10. 
    In ____ old Russia _____ woman did not have the same rights as _____ man.
    
11. 
    ‘Is Jack feeling better?’ – ‘I’m afraid not. He is still in ____ hospital.’
    
12. 
    ____ big hospital was built near ____ post-office.
    
13. 
    Are you going to _____ country on _____ Saturday?
    
14. 
    Does _____ Mark speak ______ Spanish?
    
15. 
    Did you visit the exhibition of ____ modern French art at ____ Pushkin Museum?
    
16. 
    ____ Albert Hall is one of ____ biggest concert halls in ____ London.
    
17. 
    In ____ Tate Gallery one can see ____ British paintings, ____ modern sculpture and ____ modern paintings.
    
18. 
    _____ Trafalgar Square is dominated by Nelson's Column.
    
19. 
    Although the north of ______ Scotland is called the Highlands the mountains aren’t high there. ______ Ben Nevis (1343m) is ______ highest peack.
    
20. 
    ______ USA is ______ fourth largest country in ______ world after _____ Russia, ______ Canada and ______ Republic of ______ China.
    

3. 
   ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ (THE NOUN)
   

1. 
   Be careful. The scissors _____ very sharp.
   
2. 
   Physics ______ John’s favourite subject.
   
3. 
   The police ______ investigating the crime.
   
4. 
   These trousers _____ too big for me.
   
5. 
   The stairs in my house _____ made of wood.
   
6. 
   His new furniture _____ very modern.
   
7. 
   My advice _____ that you get a new job.
   
8. 
   His new clothes _____ very fashionable.
   
9. 
   Our team _____ the best.
   
10. 
    The team _____ all training hard for Saturday’s match.
    
11. 
    The money in the box _____ for this week’s shopping.
    
12. 
    My luggage _____ in the car already.
    
13. 
    Your hair _____ very long again.
    
14. 
    The group ______ all working on a project together.
    
15. 
    Athletics _____ my favourite sport.
    
16. 
    My shoes _____ too small for me now.
    
17. 
    The phenomena investigated in this laboratory _____ very interesting.
    
18. 
    No news ______ good news.
    
19. 
    Knowledge _____ power.
    
20. 
    The United States _____ the fourth largest country in the world.
    

1. 
   my sister’s name
   
2. 
   his friend’s son
   
3. 
   this student’s exercise-book
   
4. 
   these engineers’ letters
   
5. 
   our students’ marks
   
6. 
   those men’s work
   
7. 
   his children’s names
   
8. 
   James’s book
   
9. 
   Alex’s room
   
10. 
    Bess’s teacher
    
11. 
    Mary Brown’s children
    
12. 
    the work of this engineer
    
13. 
    the centre of the city
    

(1) _________ = Raymond (2) _________

1. 
   Ally is Michael’s __________.
   
2. 
   Michael is __________ brother.
   
3. 
   Debra is __________ sister-in-law.
   
4. 
   Raymond is Debra’s _________.
   
5. 
   Ally is Robert’s __________.
   
6. 
   Ally, Geoffrey and Michael are Debra’s _________.
   
7. 
   Michael is Robert’s __________.
   
8. 
   Marie is ___________ mother-in law.
   
9. 
   ___________ is Debra’s father-in-law.
   
10. 
    ___________ is Ally’s father.
    

1. 
   Stefan / Ana / brother
   
2. 
   Georgio and Sophia / Mario / parents
   
3. 
   Clara / Mr and Mrs Moreno / daughter
   
4. 
   Vanessa / Dieter / sister
   
5. 
   Alexander and Elena / Manu / children
   
6. 
   Victor and Serge / Halyna / sons
   
7. 
   Stephanie / Pierre / niece
   

4. 
   МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ (THE PRONOUN)
   

1. 
   I have a good friend. I often visit _____ .
   
2. 
   I want to read. Please give _____ this book.
   
3. 
   I have a dog. I walk with _____ .
   
4. 
   I have a small sister. I play with _____ .
   
5. 
   The teacher asks ______ and we answer.
   
6. 
   He has friends in other towns. He writes ______ letters.