Фонд оценочных средств по дисциплине (модулю) Основы теории английского языка
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Ex. 5 Translate paying attention to homonyms: 1) After an incident in Croydon involving a prison van and a concrete mixer, police are looking for eighteen hardened criminals. 2) Eth: A professional burglar! Mr. Glum, you told me Ron’s Uncle Charlie was a biologist. 3) Mr. Glum: All I said was, he studies cell structures. Ex. 6 Explain what stylistic device is used in these proverbs and sayings, what it is based upon. 1) A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 2) Who feasts till he is sick, must fast till he is well. 3) Feast today and fast tomorrow. 4) – Is life worth living? - It depends upon the liver. 5) – What do you do with the fruit? -We eat what we can, and what we can’t eat we can. 6) Her nose was sharp, but not so sharp as her voice or the suspiciousness, with which she faced me. 7) Nowadays all of us are so hard up, that only pleasant things to pay are compliments, it’s the only thing we pay. 8) O’Henry about a café: It’s atmosphere was thick, it’s napery and soup were thin. Synonyms and Antonyms Ex. 1 Translate the following words into English and give as many synonyms to them as you can. просить, возможно, глупый, веселый, несчастье, начинать, выбирать, путешествие Ex. 2 In what respects do the following synonyms differ? 1.policeman, bobby, cop 2.master, owner, head, proprietor, possessor 3.worker, labourer, toiler, hand 4.fabricate, construct, frame, invent, forge, manufacture, feign 5.mansion, house, habitation, residence, abode Ex. 3 Change the following sentences so that they express the contrary meaning by using antonyms. State whether they are absolute or derivational antonyms. 1. All the seats were occupied. 2. The room was lighted by the strong rays of the sun. 3. He added three hundred to the sum. 4. I came in while you were asleep. 5. A lamp is a necessary thing in this room. 6. The door was closed and locked. 7. In the second year of their residence the company seemed especially to increase. 8. The little boy was outside the car. 9. He drew two crooked lines. 10. Light curtains hung in the dining-room windows; therefore it was light. Ex. 4 Are the following words synonyms? Prove your point of view. n. pillow, cushion sink, basin desktop, laptop stove, vent, linen, underwear mustache, whiskers reck, shelf clock, watch rocket, missile mirror, looking glass jetty, port fireplace, mantelpiece watch, clock v. sail, float, swim hurt, ache cut, slice, chop clean, peel adj. eatable, edible private, personal Ex. 5 Remember 5 titles of different types of pieces of fiction (stories, novels, plays), based on antonymy. American English Ex. 1 Translate the following words into English, giving two variants – British and American: каникулы, бензин, вата, детская коляска, плащ, консервная банка, студент 2 курса, почтальон, шашки, очередь, бумажник, справочное бюро Ex. 2 Point out words: 1) the meaning of which in American English is entirely different from that in British English, 2) the general meaning of which is the same in both American and British English, but which have acquired an additional specific meaning in American English. apartment, tardy, guess, homely, mad, sick, billion, corn, dessert, commute, lunch, cane Ex. 3 Translate the following, using the prepositions current in America and then in England. стоять на углу, ездить на поезде, сходить с поезда, жить на улице Н., без четверти девять, четверть десятого, заполнить бланк Ex. 4 Give the English spelling of the following words: thru, humor, apologize, center, pretense, inflexion, jewelry, quarreled, woolen, harbor, pijamas, gipsy, program 53 ТЕСТОВЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ Типовые тесты Fundamentals. 1. What does lexicology study? a) the grammar of a language b) the vocabulary of a language c) different stylistic devices d) spelling rules 2. What branch of lexicology studies common features of vocabularies of different languages? a) special lexicology b) contrastive lexicology c) general lexicology d) ethymology 3. What is not included into the subject of ethymology? a) the origin of different words b) the linguistic and extralinguistic forces, modifying word structure, meaning and usage c) the vocabulary of a language from the angle of its sound system d) changes and development of words 4. What does semantics study? a) meanings of words b) history of words c) sound forms of words d) word concessions 5. What approach to vocabulary studies is mainly used by descriptive lexicology? a) historical b) synchronical c) diachronical 6. What branch of linguistics deals with causal relations between the way the language works and develops and the facts of social life? a) psycholinguistics b) general linguistics c) sociolinguistics d) lexicology 7. What is definied as a «lexical opposition»? a) the semantically relevant relationship of partial difference between two partially similar words b) the semantically relevant relationship of partial similarity between two different words c) the relationship of two words of one root d) the relationship of equality of words 8. The capacity of words to combine with one another is called: a) a polydimensional opposition b) combinatorial possibilities c) a lexical distinctive feature 9. The basis of a lexical opposition is: a) the feature two contrasted words posess in common b) a lexical distinctive feature c) all the features of a word 10. Relationships based on the linear character of speech, on the influence of the context are called: a) syntagmatic b) paradigmatic c) semantic 11. The term «lexicolization» means that: a) connotations are used in the process of word-building b) grammar means become lexical means to form new words c) sound interchanges help to. build new words 12. The elements of a lexical system are: a) independent from each other b) interdependent c) dependent on their consequence 13. A set is called structured when: a) the number of its elements is greater than the number of the rules according to which these elements can be constructed b) the number of the elements is constant c) there are no subsets within the set 14. A lexical system is: a) probabilistic b) deterministic c) closed 15. The relation between the elements based on the common feature due to which they belong to the same set is called: a) equality b) identity c) equivalence d) adequacy 16. Every lexical unit is: a) independent b) context-dependent c) meaning-dependent 17. The system showing a word in all its word-forms is called: a) a paradigm b) a syntagm c) a class d) a part of speech 18. The unity of a form and a meaning is: a) an absolute property of a word b) a special property of a word c) a relative property of a word 19. What language unit is capable of functioning alone? a) a morpheme b) a phoneme c) a word 20. What kind of relations is based on the interdependence of words within the vocabulary? a) syntagmatic b) paradigmatic c) semantic 21. Which of these sign systems is universal? a) the deaf-and-dumb language b) the language of colors c) any natural language 22. Any language sign is a: a) a unilateral unit b) a bilateral unit c) a casual formation 23. A phoneme is always: a) a unilateral unit b) a bilateral unit c) a casual formation 24. To what group of properties does the ability of words to form a universal system belong? a) to absolute properties b) to special properties c) to relative properties 25. According to the principle of novelty we can divide all the words into: a) ready-made and newly-formed signs b) archaisms and neologisms c) neutral and obsolete words 26. What do we call newly-formed words? a) occasionalisms b) obsolete words c) rotating words 27. What language units can be newly-formed at the present stage of language development? a) phonemes b) words c) morphemes 28. The most recurrent words are: a) simple b) stylistically marked c) historisms 29. Neutral words usually are not: a) frequent b) simple c) archaic d) native 30. Which of the following word properties does not belong to absolute? a) reference to style b) reference to time c) ability to be combined with one another d) frequency of usage 31. Words that have dropped out of the language altogether are called: a) archaic b) neologisms c) obsolete d) historisms 32. Words that are now used only in poetry and theological style are called: a) historisms b) obsolete c) neologisms d) archaisms 33. Words formed according to productive patterns are called: a) historisms b) obsolete c) neologisms d) archaisms 34. Words denoting notions that have disappeared out of modern life are called: a) historisms b) obsolete c) neologisms d) archaisms 35. What properties permit words to be united in any aspect? a) absolute properties b) special properties c) relative properties 36. How do we call word relations based on association? a) homonymy b) metonymy c) synonymy d) historisms 37. Words that have different forms but meanings similar to a certain degree are called: a) antonyms b) synonyms c) homonyms d) polysemantic words 38. Words opposite in meaning are called: a) antonyms b) synonyms c) homonyms d) polysemantic words 39. Words having one and the same form but different meanings are called: a) antonyms b) synonyms c) homonyms d) polysemantic words 40. Words which meanings differ only by stylistic connotations are called: a) stylistic synonyms b) stylistic antonyms c) polycemantic words 41. Homonyms having the same pronunciation are called: a) homographes b) homophones c) homoforms 42. What does lexicography study? a) the semantic of a word b) theory and practice of dictionary compiling c) dialect forms of words d) word-building 43. Choose an archaism: a) blitzkrieg b) agrobiology c) realmleader d) brine 44. Choose a neologism: a) maiden b) chemurgy c) kine d) billow 45. Choose the most neutral word: a) wench b) damsel c) girl d) gal 46. Which word falls out of the synonymic row? a) fawny b) obsequious c) guileless d) sniveling 47. Find a synonymic dominant: a) brisk b) quick c) alert d) agile 48. Which words can be called homographs? a) night (ночь) - knight (рыцарь) b) minute (минута) - minute (мелкий) c) pick (поднимать) - pick (кирка) 49. To which group of homonyms do the words «club (дубинка) - club (клуб)» belong? a) homoforms d) homographs c) perfect homonyms d) homophones 50. To which group of homonyms do the words «lift - to lift» belong? a) homoforms d) homographs c) perfect homonyms d) homophones Слово как основная единица лексической системы. The Theory of the Word. The Inner Structure. 1. What type of morphemes is the most recurrent in English words? a) derivational affixes b) roots c) functional affixes d) markers 2. What type of morphemes did E. Nida call outer formatives? a) derivational affixes b) roots c) functional affixes d) markers 3. The morpheme “map" in the word "seaman" refers to: a) unique morphemes b) semi-affixes c) root morphemes 4. Affixes used to form new words in the period in question are called: a) newly-formed b) productive c) active 5. The term "hybrids" denotes: a) words referring to different classes b) words derived from two or more stems c) elements derived from two or more different languages 6. In a derived word with a functional affix the following morpheme will end the word: a) functional affixes b) the second root c) a derivational affix 7. Suffixes having no relevance for the present stage of a language are called: a) obsolete suffixes b) non-used suffixes c) dead suffixes 8. Borrowed affixes are always received: a) as independent parts b) as derivatives from other morphemes c) as parts of loan words 9. The notion of the traditional theory "a compound derived word" corresponds to the following class of the mor-phemic theory: a) words consisting of two or more stems b) words consisting of one root and one or more affixes c) words consisting of one root d) words consisting of two or more stems plus a common affix 10. What is not a drawback of the morphemic theory? a) the defect of the definition b) the process of cutting words into morphemes c) linear character of cutting . 11. A morpheme can be defined as a: a) minimum unilateral language unit b) minimum unit of speech c) minimum two-facet unit d) minimum syntactical unit 12. What is not a type of morphemic segmentability? a) complete segmentability b) defective segmentability c) conditional segmentability d) pseudo-segmentability 13. Pseudo morphemes make up words of: a) complete segmentability b) defective segmentability c) conditional segmentability d) non-segmentability 14. Unique morphemes make up words of: a) complete segmentability b) defective segmentability c) conditional segmentability d) non-segmentability 15. The lexical nucleus of any word is: a) a root morpheme b) a stem morpheme c) a prefix d) an affix 16. Morphemes carrying only grammatical meaning are called: a) inflexions b) affixes c) root morphemes 17. The system of grammatical forms characteristic of a word is called: a) word-form b) paradygm c) stem 18. Derivational affixes help to: a) build different word-forms b) denote grammatical meaning c) form new words 19. The capability of an affix to combine with a stem is called: a) derivation b) valency c) motivation 20. Which class of words accounts for the least number of words? a) compound words b) derived words c) simple words d) compound derived words 21. Indivisible parts of an analyzed word are called: a) immediate constituents b) ultimate constituents c) markers 22. Analysis into immediate constituents has a: a) linear character b) hierarchical character c) syntagmatic character 23. Originally analysis into immediate constituents was applied to: a) syntax b) morphology c) phonetics 24. Who was the first scientist to introduce analysis into immediate constituents? a) E. Nida b) L. Bloomfield c) Ch. Rocket 25. Constituents that can be substituted for one another are called: a) endocentric b) exocentric c) coordinative 26. Constructions in which one element is an attribution to the other are called: a) coordinative b) exocentric c) subordinative 27. The way of wordbuilding when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word is called: a) affixation b) derivation c) composition 28. By what means is the word "rope-ripe" built? a) reduplication b) back formation c) conversion 29. By what means is the word "to kidnap" built? a) reduplication b) back formation c) conversion 30. Transformation of a word of one class into the word of another class without changing its form is called: a) reduplication b) back formation c) conversion 31. Prefixes un-, over-, under- belong to: a) Romanic b) Germanic c) Greek 32. Prefixes in-, de-, re-, ex- belong to: a) Romanic b) Germanic c) Greek 33. Prefixes sym-, hyper- belong to: a) Romanic b) Germanic c) Greek 34. Such parts as tele-, maxi-, -burger are called: a) roots b) stems c) splinters 35.Suffixes -er, -ent denote: a) nationality b) diminutiveness c) the agent of the action d) collectivity 36. Suffixes -ese, -ian, -ish denote: a) nationality b) diminutiveness c) the agent of the action d) collectivity 37. Suffixes -dom, -ry, -ship denote: a) nationality b) diminutiveness c) the agent of the action d) collectivity 38. Suffixes -let, -ette, -ling denote: a) nationality b) diminutiveness c) the agent of the action d) collectivity 39.Today the suffixes -ard (drunkard), -th (length, heigth) are: a) productive b) semi-productive c) non-productive 40. In English prefixes are characteristic for forming: a) nouns b) adverbs c) verbs 41. Compounds where the components are joined by means of form-word stems (free-for-all) are called: a) syntactical b) neutral c) morphological 42. Compounds where the components are joined without any linking element are called: a) syntactical b) neutral c) morphological 43. Compounds where the components are joined by a linking element are called: a) syntactical b) neutral c) morphological 44. Subordinative relations in compounds "breast-high", "knee-deep" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 45. Subordinative relations in compounds "eggshell-thin", "honey-sweet" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 46. Subordinative relations in compound "gold-rich" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 47. Subordinative relations in compound "top-heavy" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 48. Subordinative relations in compound "dog-cheap" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 49. Subordinative relations in compound "love-sick" can be characterized as: a) objective b) comparative c) emphatic d) limiting e) space f) cause 50. The most logical theory of the inner structure of the word is: a) the immedite and ultimate constituents theory b) the traditional theory c) the association-definition theory d) the morphemic theory Словарный состав в этимологическом аспекте. The Etymology of the English Words. Test 1 1. A word which belongs to the original English stock is: a) a native word b) a loan word c) assimilation of a loan d) a semantic loan 2. A word taken over from another language and modified according to the standards of the English language is: a) a native word b) a loan word c) a semantic word d) a etymological doublet 3. The native words are further subdivided into those of: a) Indo-European stock and common Germanic original b) Latin and Roman original c) Greek and German origin 4. The term "source of borrowing" should be distinguished from the term: a) a native word b) an evaluatory word c) an origin of borrowing 5. The term denoting the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language is: a) translation loan b) loan translation c) semantic loan 6. The initial position of the sounds [v], [dз], [з] is a sign that the word is: a) of native stock b) not of native stock c) of common German origin 7. ... depends upon the length of period during which the word has been used in the receiving language: a) the frequency of using b) degree of assimilation c) the quality of monosyllabic words 8. ... are found in all the layers of older borrowings: a) completely assimilated words b) partially assimilated words c) barbarisms 9. Words from other languages used by English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way are: a) completely assimilated words b) partially assimilated words c) barbarisms 10. Two or more words of the same language which were derived by different routes from the same basic words are: a) international words b) barbarisms c) etymological doublets Семантика слова. The Semantic Structure of a word. Test 1 1. What branch of lexicology studies the meaning of words? a) phraseology b) semasiology c) descriptive lexicology 2. With what kind of meaning does semasiology deal? a) with lexical meaning only b) with grammatical meaning c) with meaning of borrowed words only 3. What does semasiology study diachronically? a) word meaning at a given moment of time b) the change in meaning the words undergo c) assimilation of borrowed words 4. What does synchronic approach study? a) meanings of individual words b) semantic structures typical of the language studied c) the change in meaning the words undergo 5. What is excluded from the object of semasiology? a) semantic development of words, its causes and classification b) relevant distinctive features and types of lexical meaning c) semantic grouping of words d) grammatical structure of words 6. What is the operational analysis concerned with? a) placing words into larger units such as phrases and sentences b) the study of words individually c) the study of phraseological units 7. What does not semantics mean? a) the branch of the study of language concerned with the meaning of the words b) the phenomena studied c) all sign systems d) a branch of symbolic or mathematical logic 8. The study of signs and languages in general is called: a) semasiology b) semantics c) semiotics 9. What is the subject of pure semantics? a) formalized language b) real languages c) all sorts of codes 10. What is meaning according to disciples of F. De Saussure? a) it is the object or notion named b) it is the relation between the object or notion named and the name itself c) it is the concept reflected in the language 11. What is meaning according to disciples of L. Bloomfield? a) the situation in which the word is uttered b) the basis of lexicology c) it is the relation between the object or notion named and the name itself 12. What is lexical meaning according to Soviet linguists? a) it is the object or notion named b) the realization of the notion by means of a definite language system c) concepts of mental activity only 13. What expresses the notional content of a word? a) semantic component b) significative meaning c) denotative meaning 14. What do we call a notion or an actually existing individual thing to which reference is made? a) denotatum (referent) b) semantic component c) meaning 15. What do we call connotations of words? a) the notional content of a word b) the mental content of a word c) the emotional or expressive counterpart of meaning 16. What is not a type of denotative meaning? a) demonstrative meaning b) affecting meaning c) significative meaning 17. If a word evokes a general idea its function is: a) demonstrative b) affecting c) significative 18. The function of demonstrative words is: a) affecting b) identifying c) explanatory 19. Which element in the lexical meaning is not optional? a) denotative b) stylistic c) connotative 20. What cannot be expressed by the connotative component? a) stylistic coloring b) emotion c) evaluation d) intensity e) valency 21. What do we call an expression in speech of relationship between words based on contrastive features of ar-rangements in which they occur? a) valency b) grammatical meaning c) lexical meaning 22. What do we call elements of meaning, which can be combined in different ways with other such elements? a) semantic components b) lexical components c) denotata 23. A word that has more than one meaning is called: a) homonyms b) polysemantic words c) synonyms 24. The lexical meaning is: a) the generalization of several traits of the object b) the list of all the traits of the named object c) the reflection of only one trait of the named object 25. The greater the relative frequancy of the word, the greater the number of elements that constitute its semantic structure: a) the less polysemantic it is b) the more polysemantic it is c) the more homonymous forms it has 26. The unity of one of the word's meaning and its form is called: a) polycemy b) homonymy c) a lexico-grammatical variant 27. The usage of a word in a meaning that is not registered in the dictionary is called: a) replication b) unique usage c) nonce usage 28. The meaning in speech is always: a) contextual b) original c) independent of its dictionary meaning 29. What do we call the reflection in the mind of real objects and phenomena in their essential features and rela-tions? a) a referent b) a notion c) a class 30. According to S. Ulmann personal names are characterizes as: a) identifying b) signifying c) one-facet 31. Notions are: a) always emotionally colored b) emotionally colored or neutral c) always emotionally neutral 32. Notions are: a) always stylistically marked b) stylistically marked or neutral c) always stylistically neutral 33. Words that can substitute any word of their class are called: a) generic terms b) primary lexico-grammatical variants c) secondary lexico- grammatical variants 34. What do we call the procedure helping to determine elements of each meaning? a) operation analysis b) componential analysis c) cutting 35. Most notions are: a) international b) culturally-motivated c) referring to one single outlook 36. What do we call a meaning which nominates the object without the help of context? a) figurative b) direct c) abstract 37. When an object is named and at the same time characterized through its similarity with another object, the mean-ing is: a) figurative b) direct c) abstract 38. What is the main meaning of a word? a) its concrete meaning b) its direct meaning c) the meaning that at the present stage of the word's development possesses the highest frequency 39. Which style cannot be referred to the bookish styles? a) poetical b) general c) scientific d) professional 40. Which style cannot be referred to the colloquial styles? a) general b) literary colloquial c) familiar d) slang 41. The earliest known meaning is called: a) archaic b) original c) etymological 42. The meaning superseded at the present day by another one is called: a) archaic b) original c) etymological 43. The meaning serving as basis for derived ones is called: a) archaic b) original c) etymological 44. What do we call the semantic change characterized by narrowing in meaning? a) specification b) specialization c) generalization 45. What do we call the process reverse to the narrowing of meaning? a) specialization b) nominalization c) generalization 46. What do we call a transfer of name based upon the association of similarity, a hidden comparison? a) metaphor b) metonymy c) epithet 47. What do we call a transfer based on the association of contiguity? a) metaphor b) metonymy c) epithet 48. An exaggerated statement expressing an intensely emotional attitude of the speaker to what he is speaking about is called: a) euphemism b) hyperbole c) litotes 49. A figure of speech characterized as expression of the affirmative by negating its opposite is called: a) euphemism b) hyperbole c) litotes 50. What do we call a semantic shift undergone by words due to their referents coming up the social scale? a) pejoration b) amelioration c) degradation ТЕМЫ КУРСОВЫХ РАБОТ Перечень тем Примерная тематика курсовых работ по лексикологии английского языка Словообразование 1.Аббревиация как продуктивный способ словообразования (на мат. газетных текстов) 2.Сокращения в газетных заголовках (на мат. газетных текстов) 3.Составные слова и способы их перевода на русский язык (на мат. газетных текстов) 4.Продуктивные модели словообразования (на мат. газетных текстов) Семасиология 5.Развитие семантической структуры слова “head”. 6.Развитие семантической структуры слова “eye”. 7.Развитие семантической структуры слова “foot”. 8.Развитие семантической структуры слова “hand”. 9.Анализ ЛСГ прилагательных со значением ‘beautiful”. 10.Анализ ЛСГ существительных со значением “love”. 11.Анализ ЛСГ глаголов со значением “to say”. 12.Опыт компонентного анализа синонимического ряда с синонимической доминантой «умный» в английском языке. 13. Опыт компонентного анализа синонимического ряда с синонимической доминантой «деньги» в английском языке. 14. Опыт компонентного анализа синонимического ряда с синонимической доминантой «идти» в английском языке. 15.Роль метафоры и метонимии в газетных заголовках (на мат. английского языка) Заимствование 16.Англицизмы в тексте русской газеты. 17.Англицизмы в тексте русской рекламы. 18.Английские заимствования в области моды (на мат. русского языка). 19.Интернациональная лексика английского и русского языков. Фразеология 20.ФЕ как источник страноведческой информации (на мат английского языка) 21.ФЕ с компонентом-именем собственным (женским) в английском языке. 22. ФЕ с компонентом-именем собственным (мужским) в английском языке. 23.ФЕ с компонентом-топонимом в английском языке. 24.Спортивные ФЕ в английском языке. 25.ФА лексических единиц со значением «деньги, денежные отношения». 26.ФА лексических единиц со значением «еда». 27.Десемантизация цветообозначений в английских пословицах. 28.Использование зооморфной метафоры при описании человека английских пословицах. ТЕМЫ РЕФЕРАТОВ Не предусмотрены ЗАДАНИЯ К ЗАЧЕТУ/ЭКЗАМЕНУ Перечень заданий /вопросов 1.Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.. 2.The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics. 3.The characteristic features of the English vocabulary. 4.The etymological background of the English vocabulary. Native words in English. 5.The characteristic features of borrowings. Main groups of loan words. 6.Assimilation of borrowings in English. 7.Etymological doublets and international words. 8.Interrelation between native and borrowed words in English. 9.The morphological structure of English words. 10.The morphological analysis of English words. 11.Affixation in English. Types of affixes. 12.Conversion in English. Semantic relations within a converted pair. 13.Composition in English. The criteria of distinguishing word groups and compounds. 14.Shortening in English. 15.Minor types of word-building in English. 16.Semasiology. Main trends of semasiology. 17. The types of meaning. 18. Polysemy in English. 19. The main semantic processes of the development and change of meaning. 20. Homonymy in English. 21. Antonymy in English. 22. Synonymy in English. 23. Antonymy in English. 24. Specific features of free (variable) word-combinations and phraseological units in English. 25. The problem of classifying phraseological units. 26. The formal vocabulary in English. 27. The informal vocabulary in English. 28. Peculiarities of English in the USA. 29. Lexicography. 5-6 семестры (теоретическая грамматика) ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАДАНИЯ Раздел 1. Образец задания. Single out cases of phatic communication and explain the functions of the phatic elements:
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