At the Airport
When preparing to fly, passengers are requested to arrive at the airport 2 hours before departure time. They must register their tickets, get a seat assignment, and weigh and check their luggage.
Most airlines have at least 2 classes of travel, first class and economy class. Economy class tickets are much less expensive. Each passenger more than 2 years old gets a free luggage allowance. Generally this weight limit is 20 kg of checked baggage for economy class passengers and 30 kg for first class passengers. If you check excess luggage you’ll have to pay a fee calculated by the number of extra pieces and the extra weight. Every passenger is also allowed one small carry-on bag, for instance a laptop computer or small suitcase.
The rules for passengers who are traveling abroad are similar in most countries but there are, sometimes, slight differences. Here are some things to remember: if, for instance, you need to go through Customs, try to fill in the customs declaration before you talk to the customs officer. He will ask every passenger the same, routine questions about whether he is carrying anything he wants to declare: like tobacco, alcohol, presents, and sums of money.
At the check-in counter, your ticket is looked at, your things are weighed and labeled with their destination. The next formality is filling in the immigration form and going through passport control. Remember to have a black or blue pen with you because the immigration form has to be filled in block letters. You write your name, nationality, permanent address and the purpose of your trip. In most countries there is also a security check when your carry-on-luggage is inspected.
After fulfilling all these formalities you go to the departure lounge where you can have a snack, read a paper or buy something in the duty-free shop and wait for the announcement to board the plane.
When you arrive at your destination, some of these same formalities will undoubtedly be repeated. Often while on board the plane you will be given a customs declaration and immigration form to fill in. At the airport you may be met by a specially trained dog whose job it is to make sure that no passengers are carrying any illegal drugs. In addition, the immigration officer might want to inspect your visa, your invitation and even your return ticket.
At the Customs
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Teresa: Excuse me, how do I decide whether to go through the red or the green channel?
1 st Customs: If you have goods to declare Official: you go through the red channel. If you haven't any goods to declare, you go through the green one.
Teresa: How do I decide whether I have goods to declare?
1 st Official: Well, madam, this notice here tells you.
Teresa: Oh, I can't understand it very well.
1 st Official: If you're a visitor coming here for less than six months, and you haven't any spirits, wine or tobacco in excess of the duty free allowance, you go through the green channel.
Teresa: Oh, I have got some spirits.
1 st Official: How much have you got?
Teresa: A bottle of brandy. And I've got two hundred cigarettes.
1 st Official: That's all right. You're allowed one bottle and two hundred cigarettes. Have you got any expensive presents, things for other people? You have to declare anything which cost over ten pounds.
Teresa: Well, yes, I have got a watch which cost more than ten pounds in English money.
1 st Official: Then go through the red channel. And my colleague may wish to look inside your luggage.
Teresa: I see. Thank you.
(Teresa goes into the red channel and reaches the Customs official).
2 nd Customs:
Official: Are these two bags all you have, madam?
Teresa: Yes, and this holdall.
2 nd Officialn: Have you any spirits, wine or tobacco in excess of the duty free allowance?
Teresa: No, I just have this bottle of brandy and these cigarettes.
2 nd Official: You're allowed a bottle of spirits and that number of cigarettes. That's all right. Have you any articles which you intend to leave in the United Kingdom?
Teresa: This watch. It cost fifteen pounds.
2 nd Official: Have you got any evidence of the cost – an invoice or a bill which shows what you paid for it.
Teresa: Yes, I have the bill. Here it is.
2 nd Official: Thank you. I'll have a look in your luggage. Would you please open the two bags? Thank you. And I'll let you know in a moment the duty you must pay on the watch.
Teresa: Thank you very much.
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Словарь-минимум:
- passport control-паспортный контроль
- purpose-цель
- to visit-посещать
- trip-поездка
- order-порядок
- customs house-таможня
- to declare-задекларировать
- to be liable to duty- подлежать обложению пошлиной
- to be duty-free-не подлежать обложению пошлиной
- to open-открывать
- suit-case-чемодан
- necessary-необходимый
- to mark-отмечать
- stay- пребывание
Вопросы для самопроверки:
Is it necessary to go through the Customs when you go to a foreign country?
What does a customs officer usually ask passengers to do when they come up to his desk?
What things are liable to duty?
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 6:
ТЕМА: «Праздники России».
Д.8 с. 148-151 (Лычко Л.Я, Новоградская - Морская Н.А., Халецкая А.А. Для поступающих в высшие учебные заведения. 2001)
Словарь-минимум:
- to have much in common- иметь много общего
- peculiarity-особенность
- heathen religion- языческая религия
- rite-обряд
- to tell the fortunes-гадать
- family welfare- семейное благосостояние
- wheel-колесо
- to set on fire- поджигать
- ploughing-пахота
- sowing-сев
- feast-праздник
- Pentecost-пятидесятница
- to whitewash-белить
- herb-трава
- to plate-плести
- wreath-венок
- priest-священник
- the Easter matins-пасхальная служба
- mass-месса
- to bless-благословлять
- embroidery-вышивка
- to kindle bonfire-зажигать костер
Вопросы для самопроверки:
What period do many Russian holidays go back to?
What were the winter holidays called?
What did people do on the New Year’s night?
How was the spring holiday “masljenitsa” celebrated?
How did young people entertain themselves on Green Holidays?
What holiday has got many rich folk traditions?
Why was Easter called a feast of joy and gladness?
How did Easter begin?
When was Ivana Kupala festival celebrated?
3 КУРС
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1:
ТЕМА: «Первый локомотив «The Tom Thumb».
THE ТОМ THUMB
The early locomotives were small and slow and they were not powerful. Besides, the rails on which they ran broke very often. So many people did not take them seriously.
But in 1830, Peter Cooper, an American, constructed a steam loco which could develop a higher speed than the other engines. The locomotive was so small and light that his inventor called it the Tom Thumb.
The first run of the Tom Thumb was quite successful. The locomotive travelled a 15-mile distance in one hour and 12 minutes to the delight of its inventor and 36 passengers. But the end of the travel was not so happy as the beginning.
On the way back the inventor wanted to show that his loco could run much quicker than a carriage drawn by a horse. The Tom Thumb ran so fast that soon it was really ahead (впереди) of the carriage. Suddenly, something broke in the engine and the locomotive slowed down. The horse ran fast with the passengers looking triumphant and happy.
Словарь-минимум:
powerful-мощный
rails-рельсы
steam-паровой
loco-локомотив, поезд
speed-скорость
engine-двигатель
inventor-изобретатель
ahead-впереди
Вопросы для самопроверки:
Were the early locos powerful?
Did people take them seriously?
Who constructed a steam loco? When?
What was the history of the first run of the Tom Thumb?
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2:
ТЕМА: «Первый дизельный локомотив в России».
THE FIRST DIESEL ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE IN THE USSR
т
November 6, 1924 is to be considered the birthday of the first main line diesel electric locomotive in the world. It was on that day that a powerful diesel locomotive built on the initiative of Comrade Lenin to the design of Prof. Gakkel1 was put into operation on the railways of the Soviet Union. The designer of this locomotive, J. M. Gakkel (1871 —1945), was born in Irkutsk, in the family of a military engineer. After graduating from the Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute he worked as an engineer in a number of Russian cities such as Perm, Kiev, Petersburg and others. A man of profound engineering knowledge and creative power he made a considerable contribution to the development of Russian science and technique. He designed some quite original types of airplanes, which won him recognition and popularity with aircraft designers;2 he made numerous inventions in the field of locomotive and tram-car construction. In 1920 he began the most important work of his life, that of designing a diesel electric locomotive.
Notes
to the design of Prof. Gakkel — по проекту профессора Геккеля
which won him recognition and popularity with air craft designers — что сделало его известным среди авиа конструкторов
Словарь-минимум:
-design-проект
-engineer-инженер
- to graduate-окончить (высшее учебное заведение)
- profound knowledge- глубокие познания
- considerable contribution-значительный вклад
- science-наука
- popularity-популярность
- aircraft designer-авиаконструктор
- numerous-многочисленный
- field-область
- tram-car – трамвайный вагон
- construction- строительство
Вопросы для самопроверки:
What date is to be considered the birthday of the first diesel electric loco in the world?
Who was its designer?
What do you know about him?
What else did he design?
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3:
ТЕМА: «Железнодорожный транспорт в России».
RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN THE USSR
The Soviet Union stretches across two continents, from the Pacific to the Baltic Sea.
The USSR comprises 22.4 million square kilometres of territory, one sixth of the globe’s inhabited dry land, with over 240 million population.
From west to east the territory of the Soviet Union ex tends over 10,000 km, and from north to south almost 5,000 km.
The tremendous area and population in the country, the highly developed industry and agriculture, the unique growth of the people’s culture, determine the necessity for a widely developed transport system including all modes of transpor tation.
The railways of the USSR occupy an outstanding position as a freight and passenger carrier, taking care of1 approxima tely 80 per cent of the entire traffic of the country.
The total length of the USSR railway network is now
km. Direct passenger service is now available to many capitals of foreign countries.
For some time already the USSR railway system is being completely modernized, and this is based on the electrifica tion of railways and wide introduction of diesel traction.
The length of the electrified railway lines is about
km. Some of the electrified trunk lines are the largest in the world: the Moscow—Lake Baikal line, 5,500 route-kilo- metres long and Leningrad—Leninakan, 3,500 km long.
Towards the end of 1971 about 65,000 km of lines were al ready converted to diesel traction.
The railway system is equipped and being continuously supplied with new powerful electric and diesel locomotives,
high load-capacity freight cars and with special cars for transporting diverse goods; cars are fitted with automatic brakes; automatic couplers and roller bearings are widely used. The freight rolling stock consists, in the main, of 4-axle and recently a number of 6- and 8-axle cars have been introdu ced.
To increase passenger transport facilities new comfortable cars are being installed, including air-conditioned cars.
Much attention is being paid to track facilities. On trunk railway lines mainly 50 and 65 kg rails are laid on broken stone ballast;2 reinforced-concrete ties3 are being used on many lines while long-welded rails4 are becoming in creasingly popular.
For repair of railway track modern efficient machines and mechanisms are widely used.
Automatic and remote control devices as well as computers have found intensive use.5 Many thousands of kilometres of railways are equipped with automatic block signalling and centralized traffic control. Many stations have been equipped with route-relay interlocking of switches and signals, many hump yards have been modernized with automated working.
Freight handling operations are carried out by sets of highly-effective machines and mechanisms. Container move ment of all kinds has become very popular.
The wide use of new equipment and efficient techniques has facilitated a continuous improvement in maintenance and overall efficiency of railways, with a reduction in trans port costs.
Notes
taking care of (take care of) — cm. care (Приложение)
broken stone ballast — щебеночный балласт
reinforced-concrete ties — железобетонные шпалы
long-welded rails — цельносварные рельсы
Automatic and remote control devices have found inten sive use. — Широкое применение нашли автоматические приборы и приборы управления на расстоянии.
Словарь-минимум:
Broken stone ballast-щебеночный балласт
Reinforced-concrete ties- железобетонные рельсы
Long-welded rails-цельносварные рельсы
tremendous- огромный
determine- определять
carrier ['kærɪə]- возчик; перевозчик
network – сеть
traction – тяговая сила
trunk line ['trʌŋkˌlaɪn] - магистральная железнодорожная линия, магистраль
convert – переоборудовать
a load capacity – грузоподъёмность
diverse [daɪ'vɜːs]/ 1) иной, отличный от чего-л., различный; несходный Syn: different , divergent 2) многообразный, разнообразный, разный
coupler ['kʌplə]/ 1) сцепщик 2) сцепка; соединительный прибор; сцепляющая муфта 3) устройство связи, прибор связи, механизм связи
roller bearing - роликовый подшипник
axle ['æksl]/ - вал, ось, шпиндель
interlocking - 1) блокировка 2) взаимозамыкание
hump yard - подгорочный парк; горочная сортировочная станция, сортировочная горка
overall efficiency - общая эффективность, общий коэффициент полезного действия, общий КПД
Вопросы для самопроверки:
Is Railway system being completely modernized?
What the railway system is equipped with?
What was made to increase passenger transport facilities?
Is much attention being paid to track facilities?
What is widely used for repair of railway track?
САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4:
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