1. This text deals with................................
This text is concerned with....................
The main idea of the text is (that)....................
| 1. Этот текст рассматривает (касается)................................
Этот текст имеет отношение к (затрагивает, касается)....................
Главная мысль (идея) текста....................
|
2. It is shown that...........................
It is pointed out that..........................
It is stressed that...........................
It should be noted that........................
It should be remembered that.......................
| 2. Показывается, что...........................
Указывается, что..........................
Подчеркивается, что...........................
Следует отметить, что........................
Следует помнить, что.......................
|
3. The concepts of...are considered.
The fact that...is stressed.
The importance of... is stressed.
| 3. Рассматриваются понятия...........
Подчеркивается факт, что................
Подчеркивается важность (значение)...........
|
4. The problems of...are discussed briefly.
| 4. Кратко обсуждаются проблемы...............
|
5. Details of...are given.
| 5. Даются (приводятся) детали.................
|
6. It shows the advantages and disadvantages of..............
| 6. Он (текст) показывает преимущества и недостатки..............
|
7. There is no doubt that...............
| 7. Несомненно, что...............
|
8. The conclusion is as follows:..........
The following conclusions are drawn:.......
| 8. Заключение (вывод) следующее:..........
Делаются следующие выводы:.......
|
Tense
| Signal words
| Use
| Form
| Examples affirmative
| Examples negative
| Examples interrogative
|
Present Simple
| every day sometimes always often usually seldom never first ... then
| something happens repeatedly
how often something happens
one action follows another
things in general
after the following verbs (to love, to hate, to think, etc.)
future meaning: timetables, programmes
| infinitive he/she/it + -s
| I work. He works. I go. He goes.
| I don't work. He doesn't work. I don't go. He doesn't go.
| Do I work? Does he work? Do I go? Does he go?
|
Present Continuous
| now at the moment Look! Listen!
| something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it
future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it (a fixed plan, date)
| to be (am/are/is) + infinitive + -ing
| I'm working. He's working. I'm going. He's going.
| I'm not working. He isn't working. I'm not going. He isn't going.
| Am I working? Is he working? Am I going? Is he going?
|
Past Simple
| last ... ... ago in 1990 yesterday
| action took place in the past, mostly connected with an expression of time (no connection to the present)
| regular: infinitive + -ed
irregular: 2nd column of table of irregular verbs
| I worked. He worked. I went. He went.
| I didn't work. He didn't work. I didn't go. He didn't go.
| Did I work? Did he work? Did I go? Did he go?
|
Past Continuous
| while
| an action happened in the middle of another action
someone was doing sth. at a certain time (in the past) - you do not know whether it was finished or not
| was/were + infinitive + -ing
| I was working. He was working. I was going. He was going.
| I wasn't working. He wasn't working. I wasn't going. He wasn't going.
| Was I working? Was he working? Was I going? Was he going?
|
Present Perfect
| just yet never ever already so far, up to now, since for recently
| you say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present
action started in the past and continues up to the present
| have/has + past participle* *(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of table of irregular verbs)
| I have worked. He has worked. I have gone. He has gone.
| I haven't worked. He hasn't worked. I haven't gone. He hasn't gone.
| Have I worked? Has he worked? Have I gone? Has he gone?
|
Present Perfect Continuous
| all day the whole day how long since for
| action began in the past and has just stopped
how long the action has been happening
emphasis: length of time of an action
| have/has + been + infinitive + -ing
| I have been working. He has been working. I have been going. He has been going.
| I haven't been working. He hasn't been working. I haven't been going. He hasn't been going.
| Have I been working? Has he been working? Have I been going? Has he been going?
|
Past Perfect
| already just never
| mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into Past Perfect, the other action into Simple Past
the past of the Present Perfect
| had + past participle*
*(infinitive + -ed) or (3rd column of table of irregular verbs)
| I had worked. He had worked. I had gone. He had gone.
| I hadn't worked. He hadn't worked. I hadn't gone. He hadn't gone.
| Had I worked? Had he worked? Had I gone? Had he gone?
|
Past Perfect Continuous
| how long since for
| how long something had been happening before something else happened
| had + been + infinitive + ing
| I had been working. He had been working. I had been going. He had been going.
| I hadn't been working. He hadn't been working. I hadn't been going. He hadn't been going.
| Had I been working? Had he been working? Had I been going? Had he been going?
|
Will- future
| tomorrow next + noun
| predictions about the future (you think that sth. will happen)
you decide to do sth. spontaneously at the time of speaking, you haven't made a decision before
main clause in type I of the if clauses
| will + infinitive
| I'll work. He'll work. I'll go. He'll go.
| I won't work. He won't work. I won't go. He won't go.
| Will I work? Will he work? Will I go? Will he go?
|
Going to- future
|
| when you have already decided to do sth. in the future
what you think what will happen
| be (am/are/is) + going to + infinitive
| I'm going to work. He's going to work. I'm going to go. He's going to go.
| I'm not going to work. He's not going to work. I'm not going to go. He's not going to go.
| Am I going to work? Is he going to work? Am I going to go? Is he going to go?
|
Future Continuous
|
| An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time.
Something happens because it normally happens.
| will + be + infinitive + ing
| I'll be working. He'll be working. I'll be going. He'll be going.
| I won't be working. He won't be working. I won't be going. He won't be going.
| Will I be working? Will he be working? Will I be going? Will he be going?
|