УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
Условные придаточные содержат указание на условие, от которого зависит осуществление того, о чем говорится в главной части. Присоединяются к главной части посредством союза if. Вместо if могут использоваться другие союзные средства:
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providing (provided)
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- при условии, что
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in case
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- в случае, если
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suppose (supposing)
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- предположим, что
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but for
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- если бы не
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Условные предложения бывают трех типов.
1. Реальное условие
Предложения, выражающие реальное условие, относятся к будущему времени и могут выражаться тремя способами.
1. If he comes, I will tell him about it.
Если он придет, я ему скажу об этом.
2. If he should come, I will tell him about it. (меньшая вероятность)
3. If he come, I will tell him about it. (употребляется в письменной речи)
2. Малореальное условие
Предложения, выражающие малореальное условие, относятся к настоящему и будущему времени. В переводе появляется частица бы.
If I saw him tomorrow, I would tell him about it.
Если бы я увидел его завтра, я бы сказал ему об этом. (Подразумевается, что это маловероятно).
If he were here, he would help us.
Если бы он был здесь, он бы нам помог.
If I were you, I would do it immediately.
Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы сделал это немедленно.
3. Нереальное условие
Предложения, выражающие нереальное условие, относятся к прошедшему времени.
If I had seen him at the conference yesterday, I would have told him about it.
Если бы я увидел его вчера на конференции, я бы сказал ему об этом.
But for him, I would not have finished my experiment.
Если бы не он, я бы не закончил свой эксперимент.
4. Смешанные случаи
Одним из смешанных случаев является выражение формальной просьбы.
I would be grateful to you if you would send me your paper.
Я был бы вам очень благодарен, если бы вы прислали мне свою статью.
5. Бессоюзное соединение
Иногда придаточное условия вводится без союза. Тогда на первое место выносится глагол. Переводится также условным предложением.
Should he come, I will tell him about it.
Если он придет, я ему скажу об этом.
Had I seen him, I would have told him about it.
Если бы я его увидел, я бы ему сказал об этом.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
ЧАСТЬ 1
Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык.
If it rains, the roads get slippery and dangerous.
If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on time.
If I met Brad Pitt, I would ask him about his next film.
If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have made such a big mistake.
If he should turn up, tell him to wait for me.
If I were you, I wouldn’t travel on my own.
If you lend me some money, I will buy that book.
Should he fail to be re-elected, it would be a great disappointment for him.
Were he more careful, he would make fewer mistakes.
Had she been asked, she would have given her permission.
If we go for a walk, we will take the dog with us.
But for your advice, I wouldn’t have been able to solve my problems.
Providing we are paid overtime, we will agree to work Saturdays.
Suppose you were fired, what would you do?
Unless you help me, I won’t cope with my task.
The experiments show agreement with the theory provided the conditions are met.
The system will fail to perform, unless the requirements are satisfied.
If I were you, I would recheck the results.
Had we had the time, we would have tested the sample twice.
If my aunt had been a man, she would have been my uncle.
Упр. 2. Продолжите предложения.
I would be surprised if
I would be angry if
If I were him,
If I were you,
What would happen if
I wouldn't mind living in London if
We would live happily if
This soup would taste better if
I would buy that book if
If I hadn't been so tired,
The accident wouldn't have happened if
I wouldn't have become a researcher if
If I had brought my camera,
If I had a million dollars,
If I had a million roses,
If I didn't go to work tomorrow,
If you listen carefully,
If I were the President of our country,
If I had a chance of traveling around the world
If I had taken my mother's advice,
If I were not so lazy,
If I had worked harder,
If I pass my exams successfully,
If I go to London,
Упр. 3. Продолжите предложения.
If you had come yesterday,
If I had accepted that job,
If the USA had been a poor country,
If I hadn’t forgotten to say “Happy Valentine!” to her,
If I had bought a diamond ring to her,
If I had kissed him,
If I hadn’t got married,
If I hadn’t had an argument with him,
I would study English better if
I’ll be famous if
I would answer your question if
If I knew grammar better,
If you sent me a message,
All your problems would be solved if
If the theory were correct,
If I lived nearer,
If you correct your mistake today,
I will translate the text if
I would be glad if
I’ll go to the party if
If you help me,
If we finish the project on time,
If I were you,
But for you
I would be furious if
I would be astonished if
I would be grateful to you if
Would it be convenient if
Would you mind if
I would go to the conference if
Упр. 4. Закончите предложения.
I would have regretted it if
If things were different,
If I had met her earlier,
You won’t find a job if
I’ll love you forever if
If you do that again,
I would have changed my life if
I would not have had any problems if
If I had found a better job,
If I need your help,
You would have got a 5% discount if
I would be able to help you if
I wouldn’t be upset if
If your work had met these conditions,
If conditions are favourable,
We would start the work earlier if
We would have started assembling much earlier if
We would have finished this project earlier if
We would have obtained better results if
All our problems would be solved if
If the installation had worked properly,
If I had known about it earlier,
If it were possible to measure such a pressure,
If it were possible to measure the weight,
If I miss the bus,
If you had given me a message,
If I see him,
I would have met you if
Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык.
Если бы я был на твоём месте, я бы сделал это немедленно.
Если бы он был здесь, он бы нам помог.
Если бы у меня было время вчера, я бы пошёл с тобой на вечеринку.
Если бы я знал её электронный адрес, я бы пригласил её на наш семинар.
Если он переедет в Оксфорд, он будет поступать в Оксфордский университет.
Если ты придёшь пораньше, мы успеем на концерт.
Если бы эти факты были нам известны в то время, это значительно изменило бы направление нашей работы.
Если бы мы работали совместно с биохимиками, наши результаты были бы более интересными.
Если бы мы подошли к этому вопросу с другой точки зрения, то не потратили бы столько времени зря.
Если бы это объяснение было правильным, оно не противоречило бы полученным результатам.
Если бы было изменено хоть одно условие, нам не удалось бы воспроизвести результат с такой точностью.
Если мы попытаемся систематизировать всё, что известно по этому вопросу, то данные будут немногочисленны.
ТЕСТ
Выберите нужную форму глагола.
1. They … their plane if they had not woken up late.
a) would not miss b) would not have missed
c) did not miss d) will not miss
2. If he were careful, he … things.
a) would not break b) would not have broken
c) did not break d) will not break
3. If the scientists had arranged the experiment properly, they … better results.
a) have got c) would have got
b) got d) would get
4. What would you have done if you … the exam?
a) will fail c) had failed
b) fail d) would fail
5. Provided you … you will succeed.
a) don’t worry c) are not worry
b) didn’t worry d) will not worry
6. Nick would continue his education abroad if he … money to pay for it.
a) had c) had had
b) have had d) has
7. It would have been a nice thing if you … our meeting yesterday.
a) attended c) would attend
b) had attended d) could attend
8. If a passer-by hadn’t helped us, we … the way.
a) will not find c) would not have found
b) would have d) did not find
9. If the soil … dry, practically very little, if any, water absorption takes place.
a) is c) was
b) will be d) were
10. If he were better educated, he … the job.
a) will get c) got
b) would get d) had got
11. If we … then what to do, we would have acted decisively.
a) knew c) know
b) had known d) would know
12. Were he here now, he … us.
a) will defend c) defended
b) had defended d) would defend
13. Students … a lot if they didn’t have to take exams from time to time.
a) would forget c) forgot
b) are forgetting d) will forget
14. If he had all the necessary materials, he ….. his model in time.
a) would accomplish c) will accomplish
b) would accomplished d) accomplished
15. The plan would not have been fulfilled in time if the people …. with such
energy.
a) did not work c) had not worked
b) would not work d) were not working
16. If I had known the truth, I …. it.
a) wouldn’t do c) wouldn’t have done
b) haven’t done d) wouldn’t had done
ЧАСТЬ 2
Переведите на русский язык
If we examine a large number of such pulses, their amplitudes will not all be the same.
Should lightning-impulse stress occur, layer windings will ensure an optimal voltage distribution with few oscillations.
Should the cover be removed, its interlock contacts will cause the power converter to be switched off.
If water is substituted for the air, its absorption properties per unit mass do not differ greatly because the average atomic number of water is much the same as that of air.
If the interaction does not occur within the detector, these uncharged radiations (e.g., neutron or gamma rays) can pass completely through the detector volume without revealing the slightest hint that they were ever there.
For example, if an energy calibration is to be carried out for electron detectors, it is much more convenient to use a source of monoenergetic electrons.
In absence of the external force, this work corresponds to the energy loss (or gain) of the charges, provided that the velocity of the charge does not change significantly.
It can be shown that the range of a charged particle in a compound material can also be estimated provided its range is known in all the constituent elements.
We find that, of the models considered, only that proposed by Bando et al. is able to consistently account for all information, provided one allows its parameter A to vary from the usual value of 2 to 2.4.
If neutrinos (or antineutrinos) were present after the decay to cancel the additive separate lepton numbers of the electron and muon, the decay would not violate anything.
If all the default conditions were satisfactory for the problem, only the mnemonic SDFF would be required.
W and D would be diagonal if there were no isospin-violating effects.
If such analyses were used in dynamic translation, high performance degradation would be experienced during the translation.
Calibration would be extraordinary difficult were it not that Nature herself supplies the means through the phenomenon known as aberration of starlight.
If the full Lagrangian statistics of the flow were known, then the particle dispersion could be calculated.
If the sum of these three angles were known, the mass of the lepton could be reconstructed.
Were the same wire to be annealed at 700 - 800˚C for a few hours, the J may drop by an order of magnitude, leaving T and B basically unchanged.
Had those first authors given their results more thought, they too might reverse their conclusion.
II
If catalysts occupy these sites, the rate of sintering will be affected.
If catalysts react with the support to form a new chemical compound, then the reorganization of the new compound will be involved.
It is clear that if we wanted to consider higher average loadings, we would need to increase the upper limit on the loading of a given cage.
If these variables were unrelated, the probability would be 0.01.
If such aberrant coding were due to the differential modification of tRNAs, this modification would be expected to be most noticeable in these tRNAs.
If this simplification were the only reason for the deviation, however, the difference of these binding constants would be surprisingly large.
If this were the case for the dicarboxylic amino acids, one would expect that RNAse hydrolysis of the aminoacyl-tRNAs would produce two isomeric amino-acyladenosines for each of these aminoacids.
Even this low level would not be required in the cytoplasm if the oligonucleotide could gain access to the nucleus.
Thus, the observation that mutation or chemical modification of residues at many different locations within the polymerase cleft has an effect on DNA binding is as expected; indeed, it would be surprising if this were not so.
Extension from a misaligned DNA molecule could occur if the template were to "collapse" around the lesion site, placing the primer terminus opposite the template base to the 5'- side of the lesion.
Evidently, tRNAs with certain combinations of mutations could be isolated only if they exhibited a very low tRNA level, or could be maintained only under conditions of reduced efficiency.
If KBL were of similar magnitude as KAL, a plot of 1/Kp against L would not be linear, but would show a deviation resulting from the quadratic term in Eq.(7).
The complex activity profiles shown by lipoxygenase in reverse micelles would be easier to interpret if the changes in the phase where the enzyme is active could be followed.
If free hydroxyl radicals were generated in solution by the S, 10-phenanthroline-copper system, DNA cleavage would be observed as is the case for ferrous-EDTA.
The existence of the z-DNA structure, first observed at high salt or alcohol concentrations, would be of little interest to the molecular biologist, but for two observations.
III
If this is the case, the value of the quotient will be determined by continuity.
Provided that the integral can be differentiated under the sign of integration we find the following.
Lagrange problems are said to be autonomous provided the functions f are independent of time.
If such a neighbourhood were free from points of γ, n (γ, z) would be defined and constant in the neighbourhood.
Thus, any coefficient would be topologically allowed if T and l were chosen appropriately.
Were x=0 conjugate to x=τ there would exist a nonnull solution such that η(0) = η(τ)=0.
Obviously, greater coherence would be achieved if we defined normal families of meromorphic functions with the help of uniform convergence on the Riemann sphere.
This graph is acyclic, for if there were a cycle, all nodes on the cycle would be in the same strongly connected component.
Had we used the stronger stop criterion 2 (non-strict instantiation), the partial evaluator would have produced the same code as in Figure 3.
Conclusion: everything can be represented linearly provided one takes a sufficient number of dimensions.
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