Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей факультета заочного обучения
Скачать 0.78 Mb.
|
| Part 1 Assume there is a market where there are individuals, each of whom starts with given amounts of various commodities. Each one would like to make trades that will result in a number of goods preferred to those goods to be exchanged. The theory assumes that for each trader the purpose of trade is to improve the trader's position. Hence, the trader would not willingly leave the market with the goods worth less than his or her initial holdings. The theory also assumes that each trader owns the commodities to be traded and they can be traded on terms that are possible for the parties directly involved in an exchange. Each trader may accept or reject the terms offered. Do you know these words? to result in приводить к чему-либо amount количество commodity товар потребления to exchange обменивать holdings вклады to own владеть on terms на условиях party сторона (участвующая в сделке) Pure Exchange Part 2 Competition requires voluntary exchange so that no trader is compelled to accept or reject offers without freely given consent. The exchange implies, therefore, a voluntary agreement among those who are directly involved in the transaction on the terms that each one willingly accepts. In pure exchange, although the total quantity of the commodities exchanged among the parties is constant, each one must regard the obtained goods as worth more than the exchanged goods. If the parties can reach agreement on mutually beneficial terms of exchange, the result is an allocation of the commodities among the individuals that must make at least one of them better than before. Do you know these words? to be compelled быть обязанным to imply подразумевать among среди transaction сделка to involve вовлекать allocation размещение УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to assume возможный purpose отклонять to improve принимать possible предполагать directly цель to accept улучшать to reject напрямую competition постоянный to require взаимно consent согласие agreement конкуренция constant требовать mutually соглашение II. Переведите предложения: 1. Your instructions should have been issued for the same sum in dollars. 2. The sum should have been remitted long ago. 3. The original Bill of Lading should be sent to us. 4. We ask you to return our advice which should not have been sent to you. 5. The funds should be credited to the account of the sellers. III. Раскройте скобки и переведите модальные глаголы в соответствующем времени. 1. Today they (должны будут) prepare the document for tomorrow's meeting. 2. In the late 1940s, the Japanese government (могло) maintain only a very low level of living for the most part of population. However, the country (смогла) develop its industry by introduction of new technologies. 3. The country did not harvest enough crops last year, so it (была вынуждена) import additional foodstuffs. 4. Some small European industrialized countries (могут) provide large credits for developing countries. 5. Some economists think that such rapidly developing Asian countries as China and Taiwan (смогут) overtake the USA in high-tech in future. 6. Nowadays some goods manufactured in developing countries (могут) compete successfully in the world market. 7. The scientists (следует) study better how people's activities influence the earth's climate and ecology. 8. Belgium (вынуждена была) specialize only in some manufactured goods, for example, in cars. 9. Early in the 20th century, developing countries (не могли) enter the world market as there were strong trade barriers. 10. A small nation (не должна) produce all manufactured goods as it (может) import them at a lower price from other countries. IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива. 1. Our aim was to include all information that came to our attention up to October, 31. 2. The primary task of economic analysis is to make economic phenomena intelligible by basing it on individual purposes and plans 3. The aim is to demonstrate how economic analysis can generate information that is valuable for us. 4. The object of this book is to explain how the market operates. 5. The function of the staff is to maintain the service of plants, to assist in finding raw materials and to give advice if necessary. 6. The purpose of this book is to help the reader understand capitalism. 7. One of the reasons to study economics is to develop a better understanding of where capitalism will be going in the future. 8. The usual method of scientific puzzle-solving is to carefully state a hypothesis. 9. Our preferred method of research is to study an economic event or institution historically. 10. The only solution is to buy even more of what is still the cheapest food available. 11. The fundamental idea is to examine the forces behind relative prices in a causal sense. 12. The next step is to investigate the value of labor itself. V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива в функции определения. 1. We shall study goods to be produced next year. 2. The problem to consider next is concerned with unemployment. 3. There are some other price fluctuations to be considered at this point. 4. There are some other groups of consumers to be mentioned. 5. Here are some more figures to be referred to later. VI. Найдите в тексте модальные глаголы. Выпишите предложения, используя вместо модальных глаголов их эквиваленты. ТЕКСТ 4 Labour Economics Part 1 Labour economics studies the functioning of the market for labour, its participants - workers and employers - and the resulting wages and employment. It is an important subject because unemployment affects the public most severely. Full employment is a goal of many governments. Let's have a look at major concepts of labour economics. Labour force is the number of employed people plus the unemployed seeking work. It does not include those who are not looking for work such as prisoners or the disabled, stay-at-home spouses, children or the military. Labour force depends on the size of population and its natural growth, immigration and retirements. The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed workers expressed as a percentage of the labour force. Natural rate of unemployment is a result of time needed to find a job and of mismatch between workers' skills and skills demanded by employers. Unemployment beyond the natural rate results from insufficient demand in economy. Do you know these words? stay-at-home spouse домохозяйка employment занятость unemployment безработица labour force рабочая сила disabled нетрудоспособный to look for искать skills мастерство, навыки to result from происходить из-за… Part 2 Labour economics focuses on labour markets which are both similar to markets of goods and differ from them. Perhaps the most important difference is the way in which demand for labour influences its supply and price. In markets for goods, if the price is high, more goods will be produced until the demand is met. If wages rise the supply of labour, in many situations, will not be increased. The supply will not be changed or even less labour will be supplied as workers take more time off to spend their increased wages. Another difference of labour market from other markets is a greater role of non-economic factors both for workers and employers. Workers more willingly apply for jobs where they have personal connections and they are more willingly hired there. Group membership, race or nationality of the worker influences firms' hiring decisions. Do you know these words? to meet the demand удовлетворять спрос to influence влиять to increase увеличивать, повышать both…and и…и employer наниматель to apply for… обращаться за чем-то race раса to hire нанимать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to study работодатель participant естественный employer изучать wage цель goal выражать to depend on население population зависеть to express участник natural заработная плата market производить to differ тратить price повышать to produce работа (рабочее место) to rise рынок to spend решение job отличаться decision цена II. Вставьте причастия I или II. 1. Large nations relatively well (providing/ provided) with fundamentals may follow the policy of self-sufficiency. 2. Small nations (imported/ importing) large amounts of foodstuffs and natural resources are more dependent on the world market. 3. The country (following/ followed) the policy of self-sufficiency should rely only on its domestic resources. 4. Enterprises (manufacturing/ manufactured) final goods get higher profits than enterprises which only export resources. 5. The government policy (restraining/ restrained) trade cannot ensure prosperity of such a country. 6. Protective tariffs (introduced/ introducing) by the government last month may only lead to conflicts in foreign trade. 7. The government (reduced/ reducing) the import of foreign goods in the country may make domestic producers less competitive. 8. The livestock (grown/ growing) on this farm has been sold recently. 9. Recently (increasing/ increased) influence of monopolies can be restrained by special government laws. 10. Universities (maintained/ maintaining) high requirements to their students are recognized for their better education. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I haven't yet looked through all the magazines sent to us from Moscow. 2. The machines ordered from the Moscow factory will arrive in a few days. 3. I have already corrected all the compositions written by the students in (or: of) my group. 4. Show me the list of students learning English. 5. All the students taking part in this work must come to the Institute at six o'clock to-night. 6. He gave me the list of newspapers and magazines received by our library. 7. While reading this text, I came across some interesting expressions. 8. Being a good engineer, he was able to fulfil this work in a short time. 9. In his article there are a lot of figures illustrating the development of our industry. 10. He sat at the table looking through the correspondence received the day before. 11. He showed us the list of goods exported by this organization. 12. The railway line connecting this village with the town was built last year. 13. The workers discharging the steamer will be free in an hour. IV. Найдите в тексте причастия. Напишите глаголы, от которых они образованы. ТЕКСТ 5 Investment Investment as a term has two meanings: 1. Expenditure on the purchase of financial securities such as stocks and shares. It is also called financial investment. Portfolio investment is undertaken by persons, firms and financial institutions in the expectation of earning a return in the form of interest or dividends, or an appreciation in the capital value of the securities. 2. Capital expenditure on the purchase of physical assets such as plant, machinery and equipment (fixed investment) and stocks (inventory investment), i.e. physical or real investment. In economic analysis, the term "investment" is considered to relate specifically to physical investment. Physical investment creates new assets thereby adding to the country's productive capacity, where financial investment only transfers the ownership of existing assets from one person or institution to another. The long-term significance of investment lies in the contribution it makes to economic prosperity. Building new factories, adding new machinery and equipment, and investing in new techniques and products enables industry to supply a greater quantity of more sophisticated products and services to the consuming public, while similar investments in social capital (schools, health, etc.) are sure to contribute to the up-grading of general living standards. Do you know these words? expenditure расходы securities ценные бумаги stocks облигации shares акции to earn зарабатывать return прибыль interest процент assets активы fixed investment основная инвестиция inventory investment инвентарная инвестиция contribution вклад upgrading повышение качества УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : purchase создавать to call добавлять institution называть plant владение equipment здоровье to create количество to add покупка ownership учреждение prosperity услуга quantity процветание service завод health оборудование II. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия. 1. Do you mind my closing the window? 2. His being appointed chief engineer at our plant is probable. 3. There is no chance of their calling on us tonight. 4. Seeing him this week is impossible for us. 5. There is no hope of your receiving a letter from him soon. 6. We were informed of the ship having arrived at the port. 7. You will excuse my asking you again. 8. We insisted on his coming with us. 9. Would you mind his coming to your lecture? 10. They informed us of the cargo having been insured. 11. Answering them immediately is the only way to sign the contract. III. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия. 1. Have you got the means of helping him now? 2. She was quire disappointed at not seeing them there again. 3. What is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 4. Before signing the contract he wanted to get the approval of the chairman. 5. There was no chance of finding a vessel of the required size. 6. The sellers were informed of the importance of preparing the goods for shipment immediately. 7. The arbitrators found that the shipowners had not exercised due diligence by allowing the steamer to start without sufficient bunker coal. 8. The cost of repairing the damage sustained by the steamer through being delayed in the ice is estimated at 4,000 roubles. 9. Extensions are being made to the factory with a view to increasing the output. 10. We insisted on the goods being packed in double bags. 11. We objected to the ore being shipped in bulk. 12. They informed us of the vessel having left the port. 13. We have heard of an agreement having been reached. 14. Can you depend on their executing the order carefully? 15. The buyers had not the right to transfer their rights and obligations under the contract without the sellers' consent being previously obtained. IV. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитивной конструкции «Сложное подлежащее». 1. Не seems to know all about this matter. 2. The question appears to be of great importance to them. 3. The results of the test seemed to have disappointed them. 4. He seemed to want to do it himself. 5. He didn't appear to be surprised at this news. 6. The goods don't appear to have been packed very carefully. 7. He doesn't seem to have been discouraged by his failure. 8. She seemed to have been waiting for a long time. 9. The plan proved to be a great success. 10. This plant seems to have been producing such equipment since 1946. 11. There seem to be no objections to their proposal. 12. There proved to be another solution of the problem. V. Проанализируйте текст и выпишите все -ing формы. Какими частями речи они являются? ТЕКСТ 6 The terms In order to employ factors of production, a firm has to have finance. This is usually divided into working capital and fixed capital. Working capital is for purchasing single-use factors or 'variable factors'. They are labour, raw materials, petrol, stationery, fertilizers, etc. Finance for working capital can be obtained from a variety of sources: banks, trade, credit, finance companies, tax reserves, inter-company finance, advance deposits from customers and the government. For example, a company may secure some funds through the Enterprise Allowance Scheme which on conditions provides an allowance of £40 per week for a year when starting a new business. Fixed capital covers factors which are used many times—factories, machines, land, lorries, etc. Some finance for fixed capital is therefore required initially for advance payments on factory buildings, machinery and so on before the firm is earning revenue, though it is possible to convert fixed capital into working capital by renting buildings, hiring plant and vehicles or by leasing or buying on deferred payments through a finance company. Thus many companies, especially new ones, raise capital, both working and fixed, by borrowing, by selling their shares. Do you know these words? advance deposit авансовый счет working capital оборотный капитал allowance денежные выплаты, помощь variable (factors) изменчивый, неустойчивый fixed capital основной капитал working capital оборотный (рабочий) капитал to raise capital собирать (капитал) деньги tax налог customer потребитель through через, посредством vehicle транспортное средство to borrow брать взаймы share акция term термин УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to employ торговля to devide предоставлять labour разделять raw materials использовать trade труд to provide земля per week требовать land сырье to require в неделю II. Поставьте глаголы, стоящие в скобках, в страдательный залог и в требуемом по смыслу времени: 1. Don't enter the room! A student (to examine) there. 2. The event (to report) by the newspapers. 3. After the accident he (to take) home immediately. 4. I am sure that his work (to complete) the end of the month. 5. Some new magazines just (to bring). Would you like to look them through? 6. We think that the ship (to charter) next week. 7. The goods not (to examine) yet at custom-house. When they (to examine)? 8. The question which (to discuss) now at the conference is very important. 9. This bridge (to build) in 1954. 10. The documents not (to sign) yet by our manager. They (to check) now. III. Измените следующие предложения, употребив глагол в форме страдательного залога. Образец: The company is going to hire a lot of workers. - A lot of workers are going to be hired (by the company). 1. The economist is seeking data about unemployment in this area. 2. The law will not increase the retirement age. 3. The local government has created some jobs for the unemployed this year. 4. Americans spend more money on sports and healthy food now than twenty years ago and they are going to spend still more money on them. 5. The law limits the number of hours worked by workers every day. 6. Economics neglected unpaid labour in the past. 7. The government will raise the minimum wage. IV. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели. 1. This method is not accurate enough to give reliable results. 2. In order tо understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts. 3. The other firms can hold their prices in order to gain market share. 4. The trust or cartel assigns production quotas to its members in order to keep production down. 5. They had to become even bigger in order to control prices. 6. The firm will normally adjust its output in order to maintain its target price. 7. Large U.S. firms need to merge in order to compete with large Japanese and European competitors. 8. Government can head off inflationary pressure by running a surplus budget in order to reduce demand. V. Найдите в тексте инфинитив цели. VI. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых употребляется страдательный залог. ТЕКСТ 7 Attractions of mixed economy Mixed economy as a system is, at first view, attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In a free market individual people are free to have their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility outwards. You actually make the society better by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention. Do you know these words? government правительство, государство intervention вмешательство to meet demands удовлетворить спрос since так как, поскольку which что to employ нанимать environment среда (to) have to должен, вынужден to move outwards перемещать заграницу jobs рабочие места УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : attractive прибыль available повышать competitive цена price продажа to increase прибыль sale привлекательный profit доступный kind возможность to invent вид opportunity конкурентоспособный II. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения. 1. The first question to be considered is whether the offer of the sellers should be accepted. 2. A committee headed by him began to work out a resolution to be presented to the conference. 3. The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25. 4. The barges loaded with coal were lowed to the dock where the vessel to be coaled was lying. 5. The buyers agreed to accept the goods at a price to be fixed by arbitration. 6. We have discussed the terms to be included in the letter of credit to be opened by the buyer in favour of the seller. 7. The hydroelectric power plant to be constructed in this region will be of great importance for the development of local industries. 8. The new vessel to be launched in a few days is equipped with powerful engines. 9. The goods to be loaded on this steamer consist of different kinds of machinery. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод страдательного залога: 1. My watch is made of steel. 2. Knives are generally made of steel. 3. These books are sold here. 4. These books are sold out. 5. As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one. 6. The roof of my house is painted every year. 7. The letter is written in ink. IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод in order to. 1. As the working class spends more, the capitalist class will invest more in order to meet the growing demand. 2. The application of this new philosophy was necessary in order to save capitalism. 3. A school district issues bonds in order to build new schools. 4. Costs are determined by the prices of the things the company must buy or rent in order to produce its products. 5. If there is a shortage of new automobiles, manufacturers will schedule more overtime or add another shift in order to take advantage of the high levels of demand. 6. In order to answer this question, we need to know the wage rate and the interest rate. 7. The firm decreased its productivity in order to increase profits. 8. A new culture of management had to be developed in order to administer multi-plant firms. V. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использован страдательный залог. ТЕКСТ 8 Production function Production function is a function that shows for a given state of technological knowledge the relationship between physical quantities of factor inputs and the physical quantities of output involved in producing a good or service. It is important to emphasize that factor inputs can be combined in a number of different ways to produce the same amount of output. One method which is technically the most efficient is the one which uses the only small amounts of labour, while another method may employ large quantities of labour and only a little capital. In physical terms the method which is technically the most efficient is the one which uses the fewest inputs. Economists are more concerned with the costs aspects of the input-output relationship, specifically the least costly way of producing a given output. Such relationships can be analysed using special schemes, formulae and maps. Do you know these words? formulae (pl. от formula) формулы to depend on/upon smth зависеть от чего-либо to depict изображать, описывать notation запись; изображение условными знаками,цифрами, буквами to combine соединять terms выражения, язык, способ выражения; условия specifically специально,особенно;в частности the same тот же самый, такой же given данный state состояние to involve вовлекать few несколько, немного costs издержки input вложения output объем производства costly дорогостоящий УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : function эффективный relationship функция quantity карта a number of ряд efficient взаимосвязь a little количество map мало II. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. It is necessary for you to be here at 5 o'clock tomorrow. 2. It is easy for him to do it. 3. It is difficult for us to do this work in such a short time. 4. It is very difficult for her to translate this article. 5. It is very difficult for us to get this information. 6. It is necessary for the documents to be sent off to-day. 7. It is very important for him to receive the documents this week. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на времена страдательного залога. 1. My watch is fast, it cannot be relied upon. 2. The time of shipment has been agreed upon. 3. The goods were disposed of by auction. 4. The clause proposed by the buyers was objected to by the sellers. 5. We cannot change the terms of payment which were agreed upon negotiations. 6. The speaker, who was listened to with great interest, spoke about the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. 7. The terms agreed upon were advantageous for both the parties. 8. The article of the agreement objected to during the negotiations must be reconsidered. IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные функции слова one. 1. One must do one's duty. 2. One sees other people's faults sooner than one's own. 3. When one does not know grammar, one often makes mistakes. 4. In such circumstances one sometimes doesn't know what one should do. 5. One might have expected a politer answer from him. 6. One must always observe the traffic regulations. 7. His room is good, but the one you live in is much better. 8. I liked this story very much, but I disliked the one you told us yesterday. V. Найдите в тексте слово one. Обратите внимание на то, какую функцию оно выполняет и как переводится. ТЕКСТ 9 Theory of the Consumer |
Похожие:
 | Данное пособие предназначено для студентов экономических специальностей, обучающихся на III курсе очной формы обучения |  | ... |
| Разработано учебное пособие в соответствии с требованиями Программы дисциплины английский язык для направления 080 100. 62 «Экономика»... | | Методическая разработка предназначена для студентов IV курса очного и заочного отделений филологического факультета. Целью является... |
| Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов и аспирантов экономических специальностей, а также для преподавателей-экономистов | | Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов заочного отделения, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 43. 03. 03 Гостиничное дело.... |
| Данное учебное пособие прнедназначено для студентов 1 курса миу и является первой частью пособия по общему языку | | Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса заочного обучения вгифк. Заочная система обучения предусматривает,... |
| Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса заочного обучения вгифк. Заочная система обучения предусматривает,... | | Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса заочного обучения вгифк. Заочная система обучения предусматривает,... |