Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей факультета заочного обучения
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ТЕКСТ 10 Corporation A corporation is a business organization authorized by the state to conduct business and is a separate legal entity from its owners. It is the dominant form of American business because it makes possible to raise large amounts of capital. Before a corporation may do business, it must receive a charter from the state. The state must approve the articles of incorporation, which describe the basic purpose and structure of the proposed corporation. The stockholders usually meet once a year to elect directors and to carry on other important business. Each share of stock entitles its owner to one vote. A stock holder who cannot attend the meeting can legally authorize another to vote his or her shares by proxy. Management of a corporation consists of the board of directors who decide corporate policy, and the officers, who carry on the daily operations. The board is elected by the stockholders, and the officers are appointed by the board. Do you know these words? to conduct business вести бизнес to raise (money) собирать (деньги) an article статья a stockholder акционер to carry on вести (дела) stock зд.акции by proxy заочно to appoint назначать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : state избирать form встреча to approve государство to elect совет директоров meeting одобрять board of directors форма II. Вставьте необходимые модальные глаголы или их заменители: (could, shall, be able, can, needn't, must, couldn't, should) 1. The goods ... not be shipped last week. 2. You ... remind us of your order, because the goods were already sent to you yesterday. 3. We ... handle the orders because we were pressed with time. 4. The faulty goods … to be replaced. 5.... you allow three days for shipment? 6. «... we discuss this question now?» - «No, we ...— We ... do it tomorrow. 7. I'm glad you ... come. 8. «... you ... to come and have dinner with us tomorrow?* - *I'd love to.» 8. «Please send them this catalogue. - «... I do it now?» 9. The payments ... be effected within 24 hours. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. They couldn't explain anything. 2. You must make out the order in three copies. 3. Can you deliver the goods tomorrow? 4. The customers may take these free catalogues. 5. You should answer the letter immediately. 6. The contract must be signed by both parties. 7. Who must answer this enquiry letter? 8. The flight must arrive to Moscow at 10. 9. May we make changes in the contract? 10. I have an appointment. We must meet at 10 o'clock. IV. Замените модальные глаголы из предыдущего упражнения соответствующими эквивалентами. V. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых употребляются модальные глаголы. VI. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту и ответьте на них. ТЕКСТ 11 The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization whose membership comprises mainly the economically advanced countries of the world. The OECD provides a regular forum for discussions amongst government finance and trade ministers on economic matters affecting their mutual interests, particularly the promotion of economic growth and international trade, and it coordinates the provision of economic aid to the less developed countries. The OECD is a main source of international economic data and regularly compiles and publishes standardized inter-country statistics. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has published a new set of guidelines for multinational enterprises, setting out the ways in which its member countries would like these global corporations to behave. Do you know these words? guidelines рекомендации to comprise включать amongst среди to affect влиять, воздействовать would like хотели бы matter дело source источник УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : international данные membership международный mutual развитый promotion членство developed вести себя data продвижение to behave взаимный II. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень от следующих прилагательных и наречий: 1. large, tall, long, easy, hot, big, cold, nice, bad, strong, short, wide, good, happy, high, low, busy, well, little, many, far. 2. wonderful, necessary, quickly, interesting, comfortable, popular, active, famous, pleasant, beautiful, slowly, clearly. III. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную степень сравнения прилагательного/наречия: 1. Shipping by sea is (expensive) than shipping by air. 2. Moscow is (large) than St. Petersburg. 3. What is (fast), train or plane? 4. We offer (low) possible prices. 5. We offer (good) prices than other firms. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. The goods must be (well) packed when they are delivered by sea. 9. The prices will be (high) next month. 10. Express delivery is (quick) way to send the goods. 11. The quality of the goods was (bad) than we expected. 12. Today unloading of the goods is carried on (slowly) than usually. IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод слова most. 1. These are the most interesting books on economics. 2. Keynes is the most famous economist. 3. Most countries of Central Europe belong to developed countries. 4. Most reports at the conference were made in English. 5. Most of the time was spent on the analysis of the statistical data. 6. Most of his books were translated into other languages. 7. Most of these journals are bought by the university library. V. Раскройте скобки: 1. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 2. Moscow is (large) than Tula. 3. Which is (long) day of the year? 4. The Alps are (high) mountains in Europe. 5. Even (long) day has an end. 6. It is one of (important) questions of our conference. 7. Your English is (good) now. 8. Who knows him (well) than you? 9. We have (little) interest in this work than you. 10. Health is (good) than wealth. 11. Victor worked (well) of all. 12. Today you worked (slowly) than usually. VI. Найдите в тексте прилагательные. Переведите их. КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ВАРИАНТ 1 Mixed economies Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals has considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. ВАРИАНТ 2 Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a branch of economics concerned with the analysis of the economy in the large. It deals with such large aggregates as the total production, total employment, the rate of economic growth, saving and investment, the national income and so on. Macroeconomics measures and analyses overall economic activity. An important task of macroeconomics is to develop ways of aggregating, i.e. ways of bringing together or summing primary data. To this end such concepts as gross domestic product (GDP), aggregate demand, aggregate supply and the national income were developed. For example, the national income is an aggregate, in contrast with the income of an individual. Macroeconomics is concerned with such major policy issues as the maintenance of full employment and price stability. ВАРИАНТ 3 What Do Economists Do? Economics deals with the problems of scarcity and choice that have faced societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern economics began in the 17th century. Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they do business and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories, and other resources. ВАРИАНТ 4 The Nation's Economy The economy of the country is like a machine which provides us with things we need, i.e. goods and services. The economy creates the wealth of the country. The government through its economic policy plays an important role in the control of the economy machine. The major branches of economic policy are fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policy deals with taxes and government spending activities. Monetary policy is concerned with controlling the supply of money and credit. A nation's economy can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary sector deals with extraction of minerals, agriculture, fishing, and forestry. Processing of the primary sector materials and production of manufactured goods is the field of the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such as transportation, distribution, catering as well as financial services and tourism. The role of the manufacturing sector in the advanced industrialized countries is decreasing while the service sector is becoming more important. I КУРС ПРОДОЛЖАЮЩИЕ ТЕКСТ 1 What is economics? One of the things that people discover every day is that you can’t have everything. You are reminded of it every time you shop. Although you may see twenty or thirty items that you would really like to buy, you know that you will have to limit your selection to one or two. Every business, even sports teams must choose from among the things they would like to have because they cannot have everything. Governments, too, cannot have everything. Every year the most important political debates concern questions about spending taxpayers` money. Neither individuals nor societies can have all the things they would like to have. There simply is not enough of everything. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want. There is, however, a limit to the resources, things used to produce goods and services, available to satisfy those wants. Once that limit is reached, nothing else can be produced. In other words, when nation’s resources (all its workers, factories, farms, etc.) are full employed, the only way to increase the production of one thing is to reduce the production of something else. Do you know these words? to remind напоминать to shop ходить по магазинам, делать покупки although хотя item предмет you would like вы отели бы neither…nor ни…ни taxpayer налогоплательщик available доступный society общество УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to limit завод team деньги government достигать money ограничивать amount удовлетворять to satisfy количество to reach сокращать factory команда to reduce правительство II. Поставьте существительные в следующих предложениях во множественное число (обратите внимание на изменения в местоимениях и формах глагола to be): 1. A new house is in our street. 2. This contract is very important. 3. The clerk is the office. 4. Put this letter on that table. 5. What is his name? 6. He keeps his papers in a box. 7. This man -works at our office. 8. I'll give you the instruction. 9. The computer was on the table. 10. This offer is not very interesting. 11. Is that your best price? 12. This story is good. 13. Is this a good match? 14. The student put his book on the desk. 15. That house is new. III. Поставьте следующие словосочетания во множественное число (обратите внимание на изменения в указательных местоимениях): this man, that match, this tea-cap, this egg, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this knife IV. Выберите правильный вариант, обращая внимание на исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные: 1. I'm going to buy new sunglass/sunglasses. 2. He's going to buy some new trouser/trousers. 3. They are going to buy some new furniture/furnitures. 4. His hair/hairs is fair. 5. He's got much information/informations about his travel. 6. They gave us some advice/advices. V. Найдите в тексте существительные в единственном и во множественном числе. Сделайте из единственного числа множественное, а из множественного единственное, где это возможно. VI. Выпишите из каждого абзаца текста ключевые слова. Составьте краткий план пересказа. Перескажите текст на русском языке. ТЕКСТ 2 Economic systems An economic system is the way in which a country uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country’s citizens. There are three main economic systems. Planned economies Planned economies are sometimes called “command economies” because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features The state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. Do you know these words? complicated сложный inhabitant житель demand for спрос на (что-либо) good товар service услуга supply предложение the standard of living уровень жизни to enjoy пользоваться to own владеть, иметь в собственности amount количество direction управление state государство to vary изменяться feature особенность УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : country полностью land точно because страна use земля completely потому что precisely использование II. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глагол to be. 1. They are still at the restaurant. 2. She is not with me now. 3. Is she busy? 4. He is on holiday in the mountains. 5. My elder daughter is also in the mountains. 6. She is fond of skiing. 7. There are five of us. 8. This is my family. 9. I was in Moscow last year. 10. Nick and Pete are Russian businessmen. 11. One day they were at the Sheremetievo airport. 12. Have you been to London? 13. Have you been to England? 14. Now the businessmen are at the restaurant. III. Вставьте нужную форму глагола to be и переведите предложения. 1. Не ... born in 1985. 2. We ... students now. 3. We ... good friends in our group. 4. It ... an interesting book. 5. Who ... absent today? 6. He ... a student. 7. What ... he? 8. ... he a doctor ? 9. These ... my pencils. 10. Where ... this book? It ... on the table. 11. What ... their names? 12. Mary ... a girl. 13. Who ... he? 14. What ... you? 15. This man ... in the room. 16. How ... she? 17. How ... you? I ... fine. 18. How ... your friend? 19. ... he your son? 20. Tomorrow we ... at home. 21. ... you a sportsman? IV. Вставьте to be в нужной форме: 1.There ... a telegram on the table. 2. ... there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there ... some. 3. ... there a flight for Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there ... . 4. There ... much snow last winter. 5. There ... a lot of stars and planets in space. 6. ... there ... a lift in this building? -Yes, there ... . 7. Some years ago there ... many old houses in our street. 8. There ... many places of interest in London. 9. ... there a lamp over the table? Yes, there ... . 10. ... there anything interesting in today's mail? 11. There ... 7 days in a week. 12. There was much work last week. 13. There ... many new houses in our street soon. 14. There 4 seasons in a year. 15. There ... a conference next week. 16. There ... nobody in the room when I came. V. Перепишите предложения в прошедшем и будущем временах: 1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 4 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library. 5. There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall. VI. Найдите в тексте предложения с оборотом there is/are. Выпишите их и переведите на русский язык. VII. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту и ответьте на них. ТЕКСТ 3 Economic systems Market Economy In industrial countries market is to allocate resources and is the process by which production and consumption are controlled through prices. A free market economy has no government intervention, so most modern economies are mixed with a different dose of government intervention. The optimal level of intervention is still a problem of great importance. In free market economies there is not any government regulation of the consumption, production and exchange of goods. The level of economy regulation is different in different countries. In some countries it has grown in recent years, in others more freedom has been granted to firms and individuals. But the general tendency is to keep government regulation at a high level. Mixed economies In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones. Thus, we can see that in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products. Do you know these words? the means of production средство производства to intervene вмешиваться supply of capital деньги, капитал surplus избыток, излишек according to в соответствии to persuade склонять rather than скорее чем (to) be to должен сonsumer потребитель УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : through тратить level желать consumption уровень private возможность wage прибыль to spend посредством opportunity потребление profit возможность to desire частный II. Раскройте скобки и употребите глаголы в Present Simple. 1. Factories (not/ to use) this method of processing. 2. Not only goods but also services (to be) important for consumers. 3. The industry (not/to use) the resources intensively. 4. The factory (to belong) to a Japanese company. 5. The primary sector (not/ to include) services to consumers. 6. There (to be) a lot of agricultural land in this part of the country. 7. Manufacturing (to grow) fast in the UK and mining (not/ to grow) fast now. 8. There (to be) several industries which (to belong) to the primary sector. 9. You (to be) a manager? III. Сделайте следующие предложения утвердительными или отрицательными в зависимости от смысла, употребив глаголы в Present Simple. 1. Manufacturing industries (to be) important in all countries. 2. Agriculture (to include) crop and animal farming. 3. Mining (to belong) to the service sector. 4. Industries of the primary sector (to process) resources. 5. Fishing, forestry, and beekeeping (to be) industries of the secondary sector, they (to belong) to the primary sector. 6. Countries which (to be) rich in land (to produce) agricultural products. 7. Mining (to be) a very important industry in Russia. 8. Agriculture (to provide) goods for consumers and manufacturing. 9. In industrialized countries, the service sector (to grow) very fast. IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настоящего продолженного времени. 1. The factory (to employ) new workers now. 2. They (to study) the economic situation in the area. 3. I (not/ to learn) French, I (to learn) English. 4. They haven't sold the products, they (to sell) them now. 5. The two companies (to compete) in the market. 6. We (to apply) a new technology. 7. You (to work) at the report on a macroeconomic problem? 8. The consumption of fruit and vegetables (to increase) in our country. 9. Unemployment (to grow) at the moment? V. Найдите в тексте глаголы в форме Present Simple и Present Continuous. Объясните употребление данных времен. VI. Вы ознакомились с разными типами экономических систем. Чем они отличаются друг от друга? Выпишите ключевые слова, характеризующие ту или иную экономическую систему. ТЕКСТ 4 Microeconomics The word “micro” means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics. Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labor economics, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfields. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and even a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems. Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer tends to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer tends to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy. Do you know these words? a key role главная роль to impose облагать, налагать to tend иметь тенденцию, склоняться common ground общее основание, основа as a whole в целом aggregation совокупность applied economics прикладная экономика subject to подверженный constraint ограничение to operate действовать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to mean затраты to provide означать to investigate благосостояние to use область area диапазон range предоставлять utility исследовать cost использовать welfare полезность II. Выберите правильный вариант ответа. 1. The site of Windsor (defended, was defended) by William the Conqueror 2. The building of the Castle (enlarged, was enlarged) continually. 3. The rooms (decorated, are decorated) with carvings by famous artists. 4. The furnishings of the Doll's House (design, are designed} at one-twelfth lifesize. 5. Part of the Railway Station (has converted, has been converted) to a waxworks museum. 6. The museum recreates the scene in 1879 when a special train (has arrived, arrived) here to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Payment is received every month. 2. Documentary letters of credit are opened by the importer's bank. 3. The proceeds are reimbursed by the importer's bank. 4. Documentary collection bills are presented to the importer's bank 5. Now mail and telegraphic tiansfers are replaced by SWIFT messages. 6. A message can be delivered in under 20 seconds. 7. Over 1 million messages are sent every day. IV. Раскройте скобки, употребите глагол в форме страдательного или действительного залога после модального глагола. 1. The principle of international cooperation (should/ support) by all countries. 2. Private information in the Internet (must/ protect) by new security means. 3. Either dry weather or a lot of rains (may/ cause) poor harvest. 4. Students and schoolchildren (should/ provide) with free Internet service. 5. The government (must/ ensure) some benefits for less developed sectors of economy. 6. In difficult situations an American farmer (may/ rely) on bank credit. 7. Most of the large firms (may/ produce) one or a few products, for example, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) produces computers. However, the largest manufacturing firms (may/ engage) in various industries. 8. More public organizations (must/ deal) with ecological problems in order to restrain exploitation of nature. V. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие в себе страдательный залог. VI. Что такое микроэкономика? Выпишите несколько ключевых слов из текста. ТЕКСТ 5 Market and rates The foreign exchange market is the market in which the currencies of different countries are exchanged for one another. The foreign exchange market is made up of thousands of people all over the world – importers and exporters, banks and specialists in buying and selling of foreign exchange called foreign exchange brokers. The foreign exchange market opens on Monday morning in Tokyo, when it is still midnight on Sunday in London. As the day goes on the foreign exchange market also opens in Zurich, Frankfurt, London, New York and finally in Vancouver and Los Angeles. Before these last two markets have closed, Tokyo is open again for the next day of business. The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate. In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound will be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England will intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it will not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time. Do you know these words? foreign exchange rates обменный курс валюты fixed rate фиксированный курс flexible rate гибкий курс managed rate управляемый курс to peg поддерживать intervention интервенция (купля-продажа центральным банком валюты с целью воздействия на курс национальной валюты) to intervene осуществлять интервенцию to smooth out fluctuations устранить колебания constant постоянный syn. permanent to maintain поддерживать value стоимость УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : currency сила to make up возможный world стремиться last валюта possible последний force составлять to seek мир II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глаголы в форме будущего простого времени. 1. I don't think this plant (to produce) good radios. 2. They think the new car (to be) very good. 3. If you speak English, you (to get) a better job. 4. When they introduce the new method, productivity (to rise). 5. If the company raises labour efficiency, it (to become) more profitable. 6. You (to like) Professor Smith's lectures in economics. III. Употребите правильные формы глаголов в предложениях с придаточными времени и условия. 1. Fewer workers (to employ) if the plant buys new equipment. 2. A student should read a lot of additional literature before he (to make) a report at the conference. 3. Students will be able to work during their summer holidays after they (to take) exams. 4. The farmers will be able to harvest crops in a short time if the weather (to be) fine. 5. The demand for a good may fall when the price (to raise). 6. The company may ask the bank for a credit if it (not/ to have) enough money. 7. Students should learn about the consumers' behaviour if they (to work) as managers after university. 8. It may be difficult to find a large variety of goods in the country after the government (to introduce) protective tariffs. IV. Раскройте скобки, употребляя оборот to be going to 1. We (to go) to Paris on winter holiday. 2. My mother (to watch) TV in the evening. 3.1 (not to read) any textbooks for the exam, I (to read) my lecture notes. 4. My friend (to take) a computer course this winter. 5. These students (to become) economists in five years. 6. I (to find) a job during my summer holiday. V. В тексте найдите предложения, в которых употребляется Future Simple. Выпишите их. VI. Объясните, в чем разница между фиксированным, управляемым и гибким курсом? Выпишите из текста слова, характеризующие эти понятия. ТЕКСТ 6 Perfect competition A model of industrial structure in which many small firms compete in the supply of a single product. Three primary features characterize a perfectly competitive industry. 1. There is a multitude of firms (buyers as well as sellers) all too small to have any individual impact on market price. Therefore, marginal revenue and price are equal. 2. All firms aim to maximize profit. 3.Firms can costlessly enter and exit the industry. Also, it is assumed that the outputs traded are homogeneous. Perfect competition is economically efficient. In the short run, profit maximization ensures that each firm will set its output so that its marginal cost is equal to its marginal revenue. To produce when marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue implies that cutting back production will save more than the revenue lost; and to produce when marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost implies that expanding production will increase revenue more than costs. Thus, marginal revenue will equal marginal cost. Moreover, under the price-taking assumption, the effect is that marginal cost equals price. This is efficient for the allocation of resources, because it ensures that no consumer will be deterred from buying something which he values more than it costs to make. Do you know these words? marginal revenue предельный доход short run = short period perfect идеальный supply предложение feature особенность homogeneous однородный to ensure гарантировать costs издержки to cost стоимость to value оценивать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to compete выйти competitive войти impact объем производства equal превышать to enter влияние to exit конкурировать output равный to exceed конкурентный, конкурентоспособный II. Образуйте от прилагательных наречия и приведите сравнительную и превосходную степень тех наречий, которые ее имеют. Domestic, actual, soon, close, different, rapid, independent, economical, free, essential, individual, natural, intelligent, local, possible, main, recent, uniform, profitable. III. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных, обращая внимание на артикли. 1. The central regions of the country are (industrialized) than northern parts. 2. Living conditions in some Latin American countries are (bad) than in developing Asian countries. 3. It was (easy) to make a decision than economists thought. 4. This is (important) stage in the processing of the product. 5. Nowadays mining plants use (modern) machines than ten years ago. 6. Bananas require (hot) climate for growth than potatoes. 7. Consumers were interested in (cheap) goods of (high) quality. 8. Sometimes the work of a farmer is (difficult) than that of an industrial worker. 9. Food, clothes and a house are (necessary) things for man's life. 10. Angola is known as a (little) developed country. IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. The more we work together, the more successful is our cooperation. 2. This brand of coffee is not so expensive as that one. 3. The lower is the price, the more you can buy. 4. Repairing cars is as profitable as selling them. 5. The more profits you get, the more you can invest into your business. 6. Our business is not as profitable as yours. 7. The earlier we get your order, the sooner you can receive the goods. 8. Today our prices are as low as they were a month ago. 9. The sooner you come, the better. 10. Our prices are not so high as those of our competitors. 11. The longer you stay in the hotel, the more you pay. 12. John knows Russian as well as English. 13. The more people know about the product, the better they buy it. 14. The longer is the delay in delivery the higher are the penalties. 15. The more you read, the more you know. V. Выпишите из текста прилагательные. Проанализируйте их. VI. Напишите 5 прилагательных, чтобы охарактеризовать экономику любой отдельно взятой страны. Придумайте предложения, в которых эти прилагательные можно было бы употребить в сравнительной и превосходной степени. ТЕКСТ 7 Globalization of world economy Globalization is understood as increasing internationalization of ideas, science, communication and technology that must be distinguished from economic globalization. The latter means the process of integration of markets, great changes in trade and finance and the establishment of the global economy. The main aim of economic globalization is to change the world into one dynamic market which has uniform characteristics in different countries. Globalization should lead to a free mobility of capital as well as to privatization of the economy and a sharp reduction in government budgets. Besides, globalization means wide advertising of new consumer products all over the world, low taxes for producers both domestic and foreign and similar life-styles for people of different nationalities. First steps towards globalization in Europe were made by the establishment of the Common Market in 1993 and the introduction of the “euro” as the new single currency for Europe on January 1, 1999. Since that time the euro has been used in foreign trade transactions by the countries which joined the euro-zone. Euro banknotes were introduced in circulation in 12 member-countries of the European Union on January 1, 2002. Do you know these words? to change into превращаться uniform (a) одинаковый transaction сделка to join вступать, присоединяться to distinguish from отличать to advertise рекламировать tax налог to introduce in circulation вводить в обращение УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to understand внутренний, отечественный establishment приводить aim создание, установление to lead to острый sharp создавать low понимать domestic низкий to make цель II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме прошедшего простого времени. 1. What data the economist (to analyze) last year? - He (to analyze) the changes in prices for chocolate. 2. I (not/to study) economics last year. 3. My parents (not/ to study) economics at the University, they (to study) medicine. 4. Trade between the two countries (to develop) well last year. 5. What goods this firm (to sell)? 6. They (to make) a correct decision? - No, they .... 7. Industry (to develop) fast at that time? III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме прошедшего простого (Past Simple) или настоящего совершенного времени (Present Perfect). 1. You ever (to be) to China? Yes, we (to visit) it last month. 2. I (not/ to finish) my report about exports of foodstuffs to developed countries yet, but I (to find) already the necessary data in the Internet. 3. In the 1960s, Mexico (to make) great progress in the development of its light manufacturing industry. 4. We (to see) just a documentary film on TV about Brazil which (to make) by the BBC a year ago. 5. Some African countries (not/ to solve) the problem of education for all population yet, but they (to reach) a success in some industries recently. 6. The world population (to increase) in recent years because African and Asian population (to grow) very fast. 7. The economic growth in China (to be) the highest lately. 8. The prices for the goods of the company never (to be) so high before. 9. We (to see) the latest figures about the income per capita in the country, they (to publish) in a newspaper yesterday. 10. Since India (to become) an English colony, English (to be) an official language in the country and most Indians (to speak) it for many years. IV. Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, какими частями речи они являются. 1. globe, globalization, global, globally 2. establish, establishment, established, establishing 3. advertising, advertise, advertisement, advertiser 4. reduce, reduced, reduction, reducing 5. introduced, introducing, introduce, introduction 6. competitive, competitiveness, compete, competition, competitor 7. participator, participation, participate, participating 8. promotion, promote, promoter, promoting 9. Europe, European, euro 10. circulate, circulating, circulation V. Вставьте слова из предыдущего упражнения. Обратите внимание на то, какую часть речи следует использовать. 1. The ... in taxes usually stimulates production. 2. Both small and large companies spend money on ... in newspapers or on TV to promote their goods and services. 3. ... may help people to move from one country to another easily to seek for better jobs. 4. To get more profits companies try to ... goods. 5. The ... of the single currency has made transactions between different foreign companies much easier and faster. 6. The members of the ... Union started to use the ... as the single currency in ... in 2002. 7. Most countries of Central and Eastern Europe try to join the European Union as ... in such a union can provide certain benefits in trade. 8. Famous American companies such as Coca Cola, and McDonalds have already ... subsidiaries in Russia and they can successfully ... with domestic producers for consumers. VI. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глагол to be в качестве связки. 1. То understand this phenomenon is to understand the structure of market. 2. То explain this simple fact is not so very easy. 3. То get the profit in time was then of prime importance. 4. Our present concern is to discuss the information obtained during the flight. 5. The problem has been to handle such a transaction. VII. Найдите в тексте случаи употребления Past Simple и Present Perfect. VIII. Выпишите из текста существительные с характерными суффиксами. Образуйте от них другие части речи. XIX. Что такое глобализация в вашем понимании? Выпишите несколько слов, чтобы охарактеризовать это понятие. ТЕКСТ 8 Business enterprises Business enterprises usually take one of three forms: individual proprietorships, partnerships, or limited-liability companies (or corporations). In the first form, a single person holds the entire operation as his personal property, usually managing it on a day-to-day basis. Most businesses are of this type. The second form, the partnership, may have from two to 50 or more members, as in the case of large law and accounting firms, brokerage houses, and advertising agencies. This form of business is owned by the partners themselves: they may receive varying shares of the profits depending on their investment or contribution. Whenever a member leaves or a new member is added, the firm must be reconstituted as a new partnership. The third form, the limited-liability company, or corporation, denotes incorporated groups of persons – that is, a number of persons considered as a legal entity (or fictive/artificial “person”) with property, powers, and liabilities separate from those of its members. This type of company is also legally separate from the individuals who work for it, whether they are shareholders or employees or both: it can enter into legal relations with them, make contracts with them, and sue and be sued by them. Most large industrial and commercial organizations are limited-liability companies. Do you know these words? proprietorships предпринимательство |
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