Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей факультета заочного обучения
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II КУРС НАЧИНАЮЩИЕ ТЕКСТ 1 Production Life Cycle Products have been viewed as having a life cycle. The products life cycle concept describes the stages which a new product goes through in the marketplace: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The introduction stage of the product life cycle occurs when the product first enters the market, sales grow slowly, and profit is little. The second stage of the product life cycle, growth, is characterized by rapid increases in sales, and it is in the stage that competitor appears. The third stage, maturity, is characterized by a leveling off of total industry sales revenue. Also, marginal competitors begin to leave the market. Most consumers who will buy the product are either repeat purchasers of the item or have tried and abandoned it. The decline stage is the beginning of the end and occurs when sales and profits are steadily dropping. Frequently a product enters this stage not because of any wrong strategy of the company but because of environmental changes. Do you know these words? to level off выравнивать to abandon smth отказываться through через stage стадия increase увеличение revenue доход either…or или…или to occur происходить because of из-за УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to describe относящийся к окружающей среде growth спад decline рост to grow падать profit расти rapid устойчиво steadily описывать to drop быстрый environmental прибыль II. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужные формы страдательного залога: 1. The faulty goods (to return) to the Seller yesterday. 2. The production of this company (to exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why this letter (not /to answer)? 4. The consignment (to take) to the warehouse today, and (to ship) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (to use) only on special occasions. 6. Letters must (not/to type) on bad paper. 7. This letter (not/to read) because the envelope (not/to open). 8. Hooks may (not/to use) when loading the cases. 9. Usually the correspondence (to receive) every day, but it (not/to receive) yesterday. 10. This letter (to leave) unanswered yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (to build) every year. 12. This computer (not/to use) for a long time. 13. The amount (to remit) to the Seller tomorrow. 14. We (to inform) that the payee has not yet received the funds. 15. These funds (not /to credit) to the beneficiaries' account yet. III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страдательного залога прошедшего простого времени. 1. When this book (to write)? 2. These goods (to produce) in Great Britain. 3. Not many bank services (to provide) for clients in the Soviet Union. 4.1 (not/ to teach) French at school, I (to teach) English. 5. Several models (to make) by the economists. 6. Such a situation (to predict) by economists long ago. 7. Consumers' behaviour (to study) by a group of economists. 8. This plant (to build) 80 years ago. 9. Who (to make) the manager of the factory? IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настоящего совершенного времени в страдательном залоге. 1. The degree of concentration (to increase) in this country recently. 2. Prices of electricity (to raise) already twice this year. 3. New wind and water energy sources (to develop). 4. Applied fields of economics (to teach) to students of different universities. 5. A high living standard (not/to reach) in most developing countries yet. 6. How the degree of competition (to influence) by the increase in the number of firms in the industry? 7. No changes (to make) to distinguish the new product from identical products. V. В тексте найдите предложения, в которых используется страдательный залог. Определите, какое время было использовано. VI. Составьте краткий план текста. Для каждого пункта плана выпишите ключевые слова. Перескажите текст по-русски. ТЕКСТ 2 Factors of Production The resources that go into the creation of goods and services are called the factors of production. The factors of production include natural resources, human resources, capital and entrepreneurship. Each factor of production has a place in economic system, and each has a particular function. People who own or use a factor of production are expecting a “return or reward”. This generates income which, as it is spent, becomes a kind of fuel that drives the economy. Natural Resources or “Land” Natural resources are the things provided by nature and used to create goods and services. They include such things as minerals, wildlife and timber resources. Economists also use the term “land” when they speak of natural resources as a factor of production. The price paid for the use of land is called rent. Rent becomes income to the owner of the land. Do you know these words? good товар service услуга entrepreneurship предпринимательство to own владеть, иметь в собственности to generate создавать fuel топливо to provide обеспечивать Capital To the economist, physical capital (or “capital” as it is commonly called) is something created by people to produce other goods and services. A factory, tools and machines are capital resources because they can be used to produce other goods and services. The term capital is often used by business people to refer to money they can use to buy factories, machinery and other similar productive resources. Payment for the use of someone else’s money, or capital, is called interest. Entrepreneurship Closely associated with labor is the concept of entrepreneurship, the managerial or organizational skills needed by most firms to produce goods and services. The entrepreneur brings together the other three factors of production. When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profits. When they are not successful, they suffer losses. As the reward to entrepreneurs for the risks, innovative ideas and efforts that they have put into the business, they obtain the money that remains after the owners of land, labor and capital have received their payments. Do you know these words? tool инструмент to produce производить term термин interest процент closely близко, тесно skills навыки, мастерство to bring together соединять to suffer losses нести потери to obtain получать, добиваться УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to include доход each создавать people платить to expect каждый income ожидать to create включать в себя to pay люди factory получать machine приписывать to refer награда production завод reward машина, станок innovative платеж to receive инновационный payment производство II. Укажите, в каких предложениях most имеет значение «большинство». 1. Economist is the most popular profession with young people now. 2. Most economic problems are discussed by the government at the meetings every week. 3. The USA is the most industrialized country in the world today. 4. The supply of fuel is one of the most serious problems for most European countries. 5. The President usually makes the final decision about most social programs in the country. 6. Most of the lands in the North of the country have not been used yet. 7. The problem of economic independence is most essential for developing countries. III. Переведите на русский язык: 1. I called every morning to see if there was any news. 2. He came here to speak to me, not to you. 3. The car was waiting at the door to take them to the station. 4. To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard. 5. The steamship "Minsk" was chartered to carry a cargo of timber from Leningrad to Hull. 6. Under clause 35 the charterers were to supply the steamer with icebreaker assistance to enable her to enter or to leave the port of loading. 7. To meet the increased demand for industrial goods, a great number of new shops have been opened in the towns and villages. 8. The first lot is ready for shipment, but to economize on freight we have decided to ship it together with the second lot. 9. Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20th May. IV. Найдите в текстах предложения, содержащие в себе инфинитив. Как они переводятся? V. Расскажите о факторах производства. Какими ключевыми словами их можно охарактеризовать? ТЕКСТ 3 GDP and GNP Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy over a one-year period. Gross domestic product can be measured in three ways:
method),
method),
expenditure method). Gross National Product (GNP) is the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy over a one-year period plus income from abroad (interest, rent, dividends and profits). GNP is an important measure of a countries` general economic prosperity. Do you know these words? GDP внутренний валовой продукт GNP внешний валовой продукт value стоимость to measure измерять measure мера way способ to receive получать to add добавлять output объем производства expenditures расходы, затраты УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : total важный sum за границей industry общий, суммарный domestic поцветание abroad сумма important промышленность prosperity внутренний, отечественный II. Образуйте сложные существительные и переведите их. Образец: English, a man — Englishman — англичанин 1) a school, a girl 2) a week, an end 3) a bed, a room 4) a birth, a day 5) news, paper III. Переведите следующие словосочетания: market analysis, labour economics, labour market study, goods and services prices, growth economics problems, actual economic situation details, consumer behaviour, future prediction, growth mechanism, agriculture and manufacturing relationship, mineral resources prices, agricultural product price growth, area development, trade growth prediction, life insurance, payment agreement, tin trade, home market prices, meat price decrease, five-year plan, ten-pound note IV. Объедините следующие слова в синонимические и антонимические пары: equipment, to employ, rapidly, social, retired, unemployment, work, to hire, to seek, active, insufficient, public, area, to look for, employment, region, labour, machinery, sufficient, private, fast. V. Найдите в тексте примеры существительных в функции определения и выпишите их. VI. Расскажите, в чем отличие ВНП от ВВП. Выпишите ключевые слова, характеризующие эти термины. ТЕКСТ 4 The law of demand Demand is a key concept in both macroeconomics and microeconomics. In the former, consumption is mainly a function of income; whereas in the latter, consumption or demand is primarily, but not exclusively, a function of price. This analysis of demand relates to microeconomic theory. Much economic analysis focuses on the relation between prices and quantities demanded, the other variables being provisionally constant. At the various prices that can prevail in a market during some period of time, different quantities of a good or service will be bought. Demand, then, is considered as a list of prices and quantities, with one quantity for each possible price. The relation between price and quantity is usually called the law of demand. Do you know these words? key главный, ключевой law закон the former первый (из упомянутых) the latter последний (из упомянутых) consumption потребление variable переменная величина to buy (bought) покупать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : demand доход income возможный price преобладать relation спрос quantity demanded цена prevail взаимосвязь possible количество спроса II. Употребите глагол в утвердительной или отрицательной форме. 1. The term "macroeconomics" (to use) in the 19th century. 2. The British economist J.M. Keynes (to develop) microeconomics. He (to write) a book on macroeconomic problems in 1935. 3. Macroeconomics (to consider) economy in all its relationships. 4. Microeconomics (to analyze) distribution of products and income among consumers and firms. 5. There (to be) an economic depression early in the 1930s. It (to require) the development of an economic theory. 6. Development economics (to be) one of the three main approaches to economics. 7. High living standards (to achieve) by means of proper government policies. 8. Foreign firms (to dominate) tobacco industry in Russia in the 1990s. 9. Russia's economy (to grow) fast in the 1990s. 10. Prices for fuel and energy (to grow) in this country now. III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страдательного или действительного залога простого будущего времени. 1. When and where (to hold) the next OPEC meeting? 2. With the development of the system of mobile phones in Russia the price for this service (to fall). 3. The construction of new manufacturing plants (to ensure) economic security for the country. 4. The price for oil (to change) in accordance with the demand and supply in the world market. 5. If little wheat is produced this summer, additional grain (to buy) in order to meet the demand on the domestic market. 6. New technologies used in modern agriculture mean that no additional area (to cultivate), but more productive crop varieties (to sow) by farmers. 7. If people continue to cut trees on such large areas, it (to cause) problems with the supply of oxygen in atmosphere in future. 8. The results of this research work (to recognize) if they are supported with statistical data. IV. Найдите в тексте случаи употребления страдательного залога. Предложения выпишите. Образуйте отрицательную и вопросительную форму. V. Задайте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них. Какие ключевые слова будут использованы в вашем ответе? |
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