Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей факультета заочного обучения
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ТЕКСТ 5 Changes in consumer demand Increases or decreases in demand are changes in the quantities that will be bought at any possible price. Changes in demand are shifts or movements of the entire demand curve. A shift to the right means an increase in demand. It can come from any one or a combination of the following: a change in consumer desire or taste, sometimes caused by advertising; a rise in consumers income; a rise in the prices of substitutes; or a fall in the prices of complements. Of course, opposite changes in these factors cause a decrease in demand. An exception here applies to inferior goods, which are defined as those goods and services bought in smaller amounts as consumer incomes rise. In an uncertain economy, especially an inflationary one, price expectation can affect demand. For storable commodities, when consumers believe that expected future prices will be higher, buyers tend to increase their current demand. Do you know these words? commodity товар потребления to cause вызывать a substitute товар-заместитель current текущий, в настоящий момент a complement товар – дополнение range диапазон increase увеличение decrease уменьшение advertising реклама inferior низкое качество УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : quantity подъем to buy спад shift сдвиг movement влиять curve количество to mean полагать rise кривая fall движение to affect покупать to believe означать II. Выберите причастие I или II и переведите словосочетания на русский язык: employers (creating/created) new jobs; wages (paying/paid) to workers; unemployment rate (going/gone) down under conditions of economic growth; retirement pensions (paying/ paid) from the private pension funds; a man (applying/applied) for a job; the Internet provider (limiting/limited) free access to some resources; skills (differing/differed) from those (requiring/ required) by the employers III. Образуйте из следующих словосочетаний словосочетания с причастием I в функции определения: Образец: a student who is reading - a reading student; incomes that vary from year to year — incomes varying from year to year the company that leads in manufacturing mobile phones; the enterprise that is employing workers; energy scarcity that is increasing; high demand that raises prices; scientists who study climate; students who make progress in English; the degree of risk that is growing; the farm that raises wheat; efficiency that grows further; a conflict that leads to war IV. Выберите причастие I или II: prices (affecting/affected) by market forces; farms (raising/ raised) wheat and other crops; livestock (raising/raised) in southern regions; enterprises (working/worked) successfully; recently (buying/bought) machinery; supply of agricultural products (depending/depended) on weather conditions; a book (dealing/dealt) with problems of education economics, consumption (growing/grown) every year; differences in buyers' behaviour (considering/considered) by the economist V. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы причастия и причастные обороты. Выпишите причастия и определите, от каких глаголов они образованы. VI. Что такое потребительский спрос? Укажите ключевые слова, которые необходимо использовать при описании этого термина. ТЕКСТ 6 Recruiting Managers perform various functions, but one of the most important and least understood aspects of their job is proper utilization of people. Research reveals that worker performance is closely related to motivation; thus keeping employee motivated is an essential component of good management. In business motivation refers to the stimulus that directs the behavior of workers toward the company goals. In order to achieve company goals, managers must be aware of workers` needs. Recruiting good people is a difficult task. It is time-consuming and costly. But a well-chosen labor force will be more productive than a poorly-chosen one. Do a good job of selecting and recruiting employee and they will stay with you. People who work a territory for years build up goodwill for the company; they become well-acquainted with the customers` needs and are able to give advice based on experience. Customers place a lot of confidence in such people. A poorly-selected labor force means a high staff turnover. A manager who has an understanding of what the employee wants from work will have a better chance of having more satisfied and productive employees. Do you know these words? turnover текучесть (раб.силы) recruiting набор рабочей силы to utilize использовать performance деятельность, работа to keep поддерживать, сохранять time-consuming требующий много времени costly дорогостоящий employ нанимать на работу employee рабочий, служащий goodwill (хорошая) репутация УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to perform рабочая сила the least исследование research выполнять closely важный essential направлять to direct наименее goal близко task цель labor force задача advice совет II. Найдите в предложениях герундий. Переведите предложения: 1. We inform you of crediting your account with the sum of $500. 2. I am grateful for his helping me. 3. What is the purpose of sending the invoice? 4. We thank you for sending us your catalogues. 5. The way of covering is indicated in the Payment Order. 6. We would greatly appreciate your sending us the duplicate advice as soon as possible. 7. We look forward to being of service to you. 8. We cannot locate receiving the above remittance. 9. We would appreciate hearing from you in the future. 10. We authorize you to make payment by debiting our account with you. 11. We would appreciate your considering the matter urgently. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. I have no hope of seeing him soon. 2. The idea of spending our holidays on the Volga belongs to my brother. 3. You can improve your pronunciation by reading aloud every day. 4. I shall not be able to translate this document without looking up a few words in the dictionary. 5. He understands the importance of learning foreign languages. 6. On receiving the telegram I rang the, director up immediately. 7. In planning your work for next month you should take this into consideration. 8. I felt great satisfaction in doing this work. 9. There are special ships for transporting timber. 10. I must finish this work before going home. 11. He decided to send her a letter by air mail instead of sending a telegram. 12. He succeeded in finishing his work in time. 13. They have just finished loading the steamer. 14. This work is far from being easy. 15. He is against informing them of it now. 16. I am thankful to you for answering my letter so quickly. IV. Переведите предложения. Укажите значение слова «order». 1. In order to run an enterprise efficiently the manager must have industry-specific knowledge. 2. The words in a dictionary are in alphabetical order. 3. In order to achieve the highest efficiency of the enterprise, the economist analyzes the production process. 4. The machine now is in perfect running order. 5. The government takes different measures in order to keep inflation low. 6. Mixed economy is an economic order of most countries in the world. V. В тексте найдите предложения, в которых употребляется герундий. Предложения переведите. VI. Составьте краткий план текста. К каждому пункту плана выпишите ключевые слова. ТЕКСТ 7 Labour market Labour market is a market that provides for an exchange of work for wages. The supply side of the market is represented by individual workers or trade unions bargaining on a collective basis. The demand side of the market is represented by firms who are requiring labour as a factor input in the production process. The determination of wage rates in labour markets depends upon the supply of and demand for labour. The supply of labour depends upon the size of the population, school-leaving and retirement ages, geographic mobility, skills, training and experience, entry barriers to professions and jobs and many other things. The demand for labour is influenced by, for example, the size and strength of demand for the goods and services produced by workers, the proportion of total production costs, and the labour used in the production process. The labour market cannot be regarded as a single homogeneous market but must be seen as a number of separate labour markets each with its own particular characteristics. For example, a group of workers such as surgeons, whose skills are in limited supply and the demand for whose services is high, will receive a high wage rate; by contrast, office cleaners, who require little or no training or skill, are usually in high supply in relation to the demand for their services, so their wage rates are comparatively low. Do you know these words? labour труд market рынок wage зарплата trade union профсоюз input вложения determination определение to depend (on) зависеть от to bargain заключать сделки to account for объяснять to influence влиять costs издержки (производства) training профессиональная подготовка in relation to по отношению к УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : exchange низкий basis суммарный to represent обмен to require производить rate размер size уровень, ставка strength основа to produce относительно total представлять homogeneous сила low однородный comparatively требовать II. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени сравнения прилагательных, обращая внимание на правила правописания: few, high, low, fast, easy, cheap, necessary, proper, big, important, essential, serious, old, expensive, small, early III. Переведите на русский: 1. This book is not so interesting as that one. 2. The Baltic Sea is not so warm as the Black Sea. 3. The more you read, the more you know. 4. My brother is not as tall as you are. 5. The earlier you get up, the more you can do. 6. Today it is as warm as it was yesterday. 7. Your room is as light as mine. 8. John knows Russian as well as English. 9. Mary is not so lazy as her brother. 10. The longer the night is, the shorter the day. 11. The less people think, the more they talk. IV. Образуйте от прилагательных, стоящих в скобкам, сравнительную или превосходную степень, в зависимости от смысла: 1. The Trans-Siberian railway is (long) in the world. 2. The twenty-second of December the (short) day in the year. 3. Iron is (useful) of all metals. 4. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) than the Moskva River. 5. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains. 6. His plan is (practical) than yours. 7. His plan is (practical) of all. 8. This room is (small) than all the rooms in the house. 9. London is the (large) city in England. 10. Silver is (heavy) than copper. 11. This wall is (low) than that one. 12. This exercise is (good) than the last one. V. Заполните пропуски словами as ... as, so ... as: 1. The temperature to-day is ... high ... it was yesterday. 2. He is not ... did ... he looks. 3. He is ... strong ... his brother. 4. This street is ... wide ... the next one. 5. The trunk is not ... heavy ... I expected it to be. 6. His radio set is not ... powerful ... mine. 7. She is ... tall ... her sister. VI. Найдите в тексте прилагательные. Поставьте их в превосходную и сравнительную степень. VII. Расскажите о рынке труда. Какие ключевые слова необходимы для вашего рассказа? ТЕКСТ 8 What is a central bank? Just as a prudent driver keeps an eye on the road and a hand on the wheel, every country’s central bank watches economic data carefully and adjusts the money supply in an effort to keep the economy headed in the right direction. Instead of taking deposits and making loans as normal banks do, a central bank controls the economy by increasing or decreasing the country’s supply of money. Cranking up the printing presses is not the only way for a central bank to increase the economy’s supply of money. In fact, in most modern economies printed notes and coins are only a small percentage – often less than 10 percent – of the money supply. Central banks usually print only enough currency to satisfy the everyday needs of businesses and consumers. Since most “money” is actually nothing more than a savings or checking account at a local bank, the most effective way for a central bank to control the economy is to increase or decrease bank lending and bank deposits. When banks have money to lend to their customers, the economy grows. When the banks are forced to cut back lending, the economy slows. Do you know these words? wheel зд.руль to keep an eye on следить за… to lend давать взаймы data данные money supply денежная масса to satisfy удовлетворить since так как, поскольку savings сбережения checking account чековый вклад УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : country уменьшать effort увеличивать instead страна to control попытка modern местный to increase вынуждать local современный to decrease вместо to force контролировать II. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива. 1. To maximize utility is to reach the maximum possible level of utility. 2. To maximize utility, the consumer has to solve the problem of choice. 3. To have no transactions with the rest of the world is to act within a closed economy. 4. To have some new transaction, our enterprise is ready to sign a contract. 5. To increase spending, the government creates a budget deficit. 6. To create a budget deficit is to reduce taxation and to increase expenditures. 7. To replace most fuels by others is to rise prices for other fuels. 8. To replace old machinery, we should have enough profit. III. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, could, may, must. 1. If there are a few firms in an industry, the change in the behaviour of one firm ... influence other firms. 2. ... developing countries enter the European Union? — No, they.... 3. The firm ... increase its profits by means of new materials or technologies. 4. Any crisis in the economy of the USA... seriously influence the economies of other nations. 5, Any country ... follow some rules in international trade. 6. ... Russia supply its population with necessary amounts of gas and petrol? - Yes, it.... 7. British farmers ... (not) ensure the required quality of meat when there was an infection among animals a few years ago. 8. You ... have a special licence to import or export exotic animals. IV. Вставьте must, should или to have to, to be to в нужной форме. 1. The building firm ... finish the construction of the new plant this year. 2. There are no parking facilities for manufactured cars, so the company ... buy some land. 3. The workers... produce the first 100 cars by the end of the year. 4. African countries ... buy a large part of machinery and equipment for their plants from developed countries. 5. The engineers... follow the instructions how to use new equipment. 6. Last year the local government... (not) spend much on transport facilities as they were well maintained. 7. Companies trading in the world market... ensure high standards. 8. When most countries of Central Europe exhausted their coal resources they... import large quantities of gas and oil from abroad. 9. The government... spend more money to improve sports facilities in the country in order to involve more children in sports. 10. Such large countries as the USA and Canada ... (not) import wheat because they produce this crop on large areas in their countries. V. Найдите в тексте глагол to be. Обратите внимание на его использование. VI. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту и ответьте на них. Для ответа выпишите ключевые слова. ТЕКСТ 9 Forms of money Many years ago a great variety of commodities (wheat, salt, gold, silver) served as a medium of exchange in economies based in the division of labour. At the same time other forms of money developed. They are referred to as credit money or money without material value because their value as a means of payment is greater than their nominal value. For example, the paper on which a £ 100 banknote is printed is worth much less than the banknote`s nominal value. This is also true of most coins used nowadays. In addition to the notes and coins in circulation, “cashless” means of payment were introduced. These include checks, transfer orders and credit cards which became popular long ago. The progress made in computer technology led to new forms of cashless payments. These forms of money were called “deposit or giro money”. Do you know these words? variety разнообразие medium of exchange средство обмена division разделение develop развиваться means of payment средство платежа note банкнота transfer order переводной платеж in circulation в обращении giro money деньги жирó УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : commodity ценность to serve включать в себя value вводить to print популярный coin печатать to introduce приводить to include популярный popular служить to lead to товар II. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение существительного means и глагола to mean. 1. То start business a manufacturer should buy the necessary means of production. 2. Nowadays people can easily communicate with each other by means of the Internet. 3. Oligopoly means a market condition in which relatively few firms produce identical or similar products. 4. A high tariff on imported goods is a possible means to reduce domestic demand for these goods. 5. For many developing countries the US assistance meant economic dependence. 6. New means of communication have appeared with the introduction of computers in people's life. 7. The development of trade relations will mean larger international income. 8. A plane is known as the quickest means of travel to the farthest places on the earth. 9. What does the term "economic security" mean in economic theory? III. Переведите однокоренные слова и определите, какими частями речи они являются. 1. depend, dependence, interdependence, independence, independent 2. necessary, necessities, necessarily, unnecessary, unnecessaries 3. vary, various, variety 4. secure, security 5. relative, relatively 6. profit, profitable, profitability, profitably, profitless, unprofitable 7. maintain, maintenance 8. communicate, communication 9. possible, possibility, impossible, possibly, contribute, contribution, contributor IV. Вставьте в пропуски слова из предыдущего упражнения в нужной форме. 1. The USA is known as one of the main ... to many international funds. 2. Such means of... as the Internet is widely used by businessmen and in e-commerce (электронная коммерция). 3. A lot of technological processes greatly... on the supply of electricity. 4. In economics food, water, clothes and a house are known as the main ... for man's life. 5. It is ... for companies to provide proper ... systems in order to keep their future plans secret from competitors. 6. The level of living does not ... greatly in main industrialized countries, it is ... the same. 7. If costs are higher than the business is... and the firm will go bankrupt. 8. It is important for national governments to ... trade facilities such as roads, railways, sea ports, and airports in good condition. V. Объедините следующие слова в синонимические и антонимические пары: equipment, to employ, rapidly, social, retired, unemployment, work, to hire, to seek, active, insufficient, public, area, to look for, employment, region, labour, machinery, sufficient, private, fast. VI. Выпишите первые три предложения текста. Подчеркните в них подлежащее и сказуемое. В каком времени выражен глагол-сказуемое в этих предложениях? ТЕКСТ 10 Monetarism The supply of money is the dominant influence on nominal income. The level of economic activity is determined primarily by the supply of money. Changes in the money supply are to cause changes in nominal income. The level and growth of money supply are determined by the actions of the central bank. In the long run, the influence of money is on the price level and other nominal magnitudes. In the long run, real variables, such as real output and employment, are determined by real, not monetary, factors, such as the stock of capital goods, the size and quality of the labour force, and the state of technology. In the short run, supply of money influence real variables. Money is the dominant factor causing cyclical movements in output and employment. In the short run, prices, including wage rates, are not perfectly flexible. Hence, when the quantity of money changes, prices do not make the full adjustment. Output and employment are also affected. The private sector is stable. Instability in the economy is primarily the result of government policies. Do you know these words? money supply денежная масса (to) be to должен (модальный глагол) long run длительный период magnitude величина variable переменная величина stock запас capital главный, основной state состояние employment занятость wage rate уровень зарплаты to make adjustment приспосабливаться to affect влиять, воздействовать УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : influence цена level в основном primarily политика to cause влияние to determine вызывать price гибкий size движение quality стабильный movement качество flexible уровень stable размер policy определять II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настоящего или прошедшего простого времени в действительном либо в страдательном залоге. 1. Economists (to consider) a firm as an economic unit. 2. The company (to distribute) its goods in many Russian cities but some goods (to distribute) in European countries. 3. The family income (not/to rise) last year. 4. Consumers (to provide) with both goods and services in this supermarket. 5. The living standard of population (to fall) last year? 6. New workers (to employ) by the company every year? III. Раскройте скобки, укажите время глагола: 1. Не (know) several foreign languages. 2. We (learn) about this from your letter. 3. Usually the delivery (begin) after our reception of your payment. 4. He often (visit) them last year. 5. As a rule we (sell) the goods by lots. 6. She (work) abroad next year. 7. She (not/receive) the mail yesterday. 8. Our customers usually (ask) many questions. 9. At present he (work) with a big trade firm. 10. Mr. Smith is not in. He (go) away five minutes ago. 11. He (write) the letter but he (not/send) it. 12. We already (made) the order. 13. I (not see) him for three years. 14. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 15. When the inspectors (arrive)? — They (arrive) tomorrow at 2.00. 16. He (go) to Moscow next week? 17. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 18. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 19. We already (answer) your letter. 20. We just (send) you our quotations. 21. What she (do) now? - She (type) the contract. 22. They (go) to Moscow some days ago. 23. We (discuss) your plan tomorrow at 10 o'clock. IV. Проанализируйте текст. Определите, какие временные формы были использованы. V. Задайте 4 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них. Выпишите ключевые слова, необходимые для ответа. КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ВАРИАНТ 1 Free Market In a free market, competition takes place among sellers of the same commodity, and among those who wish to buy that commodity. Such competition influences the prices prevailing in the market. Prices inevitably fluctuate, and such fluctuations are also affected by current supply and demand. When people who are willing to sell a commodity contact people who are willing to buy it, a market for that commodity is created. In a perfect market, communications are easy, buyers and sellers are numerous and competition is completely free. In a perfect market there can be only one price for any given commodity: the lowest price which sellers will accept and the highest which consumers will pay. There are, however, no really perfect markets, and each commodity market is characterized by special conditions. It can be said, however, that the price ruling in a market indicates the point where supply and demand meet. ВАРИАНТ 2 Stability and Efficiency All economic systems try to keep the business cycle stable. The business cycle reflects fluctuations in economic activity that recur over a period of years. An ideal business cycle produces a gradual, steady rise in output. In reality, there are periods of decreasing as well as increasing activity, which can be dramatically sharp. The practical goal of an economic system is to make these fluctuations as smooth as possible. In practice it seeks to maintain steady average wage and price levels. The second fundamental goal of economic systems is efficiency. A society must make the best use of its limited store of resources. Two types of efficiency are important. Technical efficiency refers to “full employment” of resources or the production of maximum output using available inputs in the most efficient manner. Economic, or allocative, efficiency refers to the match between individual preferences and the economy's products. When an economy is economically efficient the goods and services which it is producing match the purchasing preferences of its customers. ВАРИАНТ 3 Commercial Banking Commercial banks are designed to make a profit for their stockholders. They receive money in the form of deposits, savings or repayments from the public, then lend it at interest to borrowers. Profit is made primarily from interest. Obviously, banks do not keep most of the money they receive; indeed the bank will have on hand only enough to pay those customers who want to withdraw their money on a given day. A modern bank usually needs no more than 2 percent of its money in cash. Yet law requires the same bank to deposit a sixth or seventh of its resources in non-earning funds. ВАРИАНТ 4 The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a multinational institution set up in 1947 (following the Bretton Woods Conference, 1944) to provide economic aid to member countries - mainly developing countries - to strengthen their economics. The Bank has supported a wide range of long-term investments including infrastructure projects such as roads, telecommunications and electricity supply; agriculture and industrial projects including the establishment of new industries, as well as social, training and educational programmes. The Bank's funds come largely from the developed counties, but it also raises money on international capital markets. The Bank operates according to 'business principles' lending at commercial rates of interest only to those governments who are able to repay their debts. In 1960, however, it established an agency, the International Development Association, to provide low-interest loans to its poorer members. Another affiliate of the World Bank is the International Finance Corporation which can invest directly in companies by acquiring shares. II КУРС ПРОДОЛЖАЮЩИЕ ТЕКСТ 1 Functions of money People accept money in exchange for goods and services. But the role of money depends on the state of development of an economy. Money has become an essential element of economies based on the division of labour, in which individuals have specialized in certain activities and enterprises have focused on manufacturing specific goods and rendering specific services. In order to make transactions as simple and efficient as possible, the introduction of a generally accepted medium of exchange is necessary. Money performs the function of a medium of exchange or means of payment with goods being exchanged for money and money for goods. At the same time it also acts as a unit of account. Money is a store of value, as part of an individual's income may be set aside for future consumption. These three functions of money - medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value - can only be fulfilled if there is great confidence in its stability of value. Safe monetary stability is the primary task of the central banks all over the world. Moreover, the central bank has the function of regulating the money supply in order to guarantee a smooth functioning of the monetary system. Do you know these words? money supply денежная масса to render a service предоставлять услугу in exchange for в обмен на… to depend on зависеть от essential существенный division разделение to manufacture производить medium of exchange средство обмена means of payment средство платежа unit of account единица счета same тот же (самый) store of value средство сбережения confidence доверие УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to accept задача development особенный certain предприятие specific определенный enterprise мир to perform принимать to act гладкий consumption развитие task потребление world выполнять smooth действовать II. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужную форму. 1. The degree of economic interdependence between different countries in the world (to increase) today as a result of close trade relations. 2. Even now the protective tariffs (to impose) on the export of some manufactured goods from Latin American countries to Europe. 3. Modern and improved transport facilities (to build) in Moscow in the near future. 4. Some economists (to think) that such organizations as the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank (may/ to replace) by new organizations in order to develop new trade and investment rules. 5. Harvard University (to have) this name because in 1638 John Harvard (to leave) all his money to a school that later (to become) the well-known university. 6. You (to lose out) if you (to pay) in dollars when their value (to fall). 7. If the company (to establish) a subsidiary in this country, its goods (to become) cheaper and more competitive in Russia. III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в нужной форме (Past Simple Tense, Present Simple Tense, Present Perfect Tense), в действительном или страдательном залоге. 1. The European Economic Union (to form) in 1958. 2. A new policy of advertising goods (to introduce) by the firm recently. 3. Not much money (to require) for the company to start business a month ago. 4. The OPEC (to include) many oil producers, however, it (not/ to supply) all the world's oil. 5. The market for computers (to increase) since the prices for old models (to fall). 6. The government (not/ to cope) with the problem of high unemployment yet. 7. Russia (to know) as an important oil producer in the world market. 8. The USA and Canada (to become) the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 1960. 9. What (to cause) energy scarcity in recent years? 10. Global energy crisis (not/ to take) place for the last five years. 11. The number of workers engaged in the service sector in the USA (to grow) in recent decades. 12. What industrial economics (to deal) with? 13. Consumption of foodstuffs (not/ to rise) lately. IV. Вставьте слова в нужной форме: to deal with; a competitor; applied; various; loss; recent; to cope with; to engage; closely connected; scarcity; to influence; profit; an adjustment; equipment; a consumption; an enterprise (2); a competition; a degree; a rise. 1. The economics of energy is... with industrial economics. 2. Labour economics ... such problems as employment, unemployment, education etc. 3. Agricultural economics as one of the ... fields is very important for countries with a large agricultural sector. 4. Governments in developing countries try... the problem of economic dependence on developed countries. 5. There is a great... of qualified specialists such as teachers, doctors, mechanics in agricultural areas. 6. The behaviour of a monopolist greatly ... the price for the industry's products. 7. Sometimes government ... are necessary to protect domestic producers from foreign .... 8. There is a strong... among large companies in the world market. 9. The ... of price control is low in this country. 10. Any manager studies the ...and … of his company before he makes decisions about its work. 11. There are manufacturing ... as well as agricultural... in this area. 12. ... universities and laboratories have been invited by the government to work at this project. Now very many qualified specialists are ... in this work. 13. The ... in ... of oil products has increased their price. 14. A lot of new... has been bought by the factory in... years. V. Проанализируйте первый абзац текста. Какие временные формы были использованы? ТЕКСТ 2 Gradualist Monetarism If the Central Bank increases money supply, according to Gradualist Monetarists, the reaction of the economy is reflected in an increase in prices to more extent than an increase in output. Although there could be a rise in output as well. Restoration of output till the potential level can take longer time than the New Classical economics think. The wages are rather rigid in the short-run. Fiscal and monetary policies could be effective in the short-run, but government policy is, in general, undesirable. The economy will automatically return back to the full-employment level any way. In the long-run, the government policy will lead to inflation, as the output stays at the full-employment level. The government should keep money growth at a low and constant rate. The low rate of money growth ensures no inflation in the long-run; the constant level of monetary increases leads to no exacerbating cycles in the economy. On the other hand, tight monetary policy is not recommended; it can lead to a slump because wages and prices adjust only slowly. And there should be no sharp changes in government policy. Only gradual ones must be implemented in order to give the economy time to adjust wages and prices. Hence, the aims of the government policy are to increase the potential output and to prevent or to reduce inflation. Do you know these words? money supply денежная масса on the other hand с другой стороны exacerbate усиливать, обострять slump резкий спад, кризис (экон.) to more extent в большей степени according to в соответствии с… policy политика short run короткий период времени as well также, тоже rate уровень tight жесткий УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to increase постепенный to reflect резкий level думать to think удерживать to lead to сокращать to keep уровень to ensure отражать sharp повышать gradual предотвращать to prevent приводить to reduce обеспечивать II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глаголы в нужной форме. 1. In the past clothes (to make) by individuals, now clothes (to make) both by individuals and at big factories. 2. Some years ago the plant (not/to manufacture) televisions, it only (to manufacture) radios. Now both radios and televisions (to manufacture) here. 3. Such a situation (not/ to predict) by the group of economists who (to study) the problem last year. 4. Prices for fuel (to grow) last year? 5. Industrial products (to manufacture) in the area? — No, it is an agricultural area. Only some agricultural products (to process) here at small factories. 6. The plant (not/to employ) new workers this year. 7. All data (to consider) before a decision (to make). 8. High living standards (to achieve) in West European countries after World War II. 9. Unemployment (to be) very high in the 1930s in the USA. 10. The market of services (to develop) very fast in Russia in the 1990s. 11. There (to be) forces in the Parliament that opposed the decision which (to make) by the government. III. Измените предложения, употребив глагол в форме страдательного залога. 1. Banks provide new services for consumers. 2. Economists use models in order to study actual relations in an economy. 3. The economists predicted the growth of unemployment. 4. We consider individuals as suppliers of labour and capital. 5. The government achieved high employment. 6. The economist chose correct methods and models for his analysis. 7. They employ many workers in the service sector. 8. They developed mining industry in the 19th century in Great Britain, but in the 20th century they closed down many mines. 9. He wrote the book in 1968. 10. They followed these principles in the analysis of the economic situation. IV. Измените следующие предложения, употребив глаголы в форме страдательного залога. 1. They are raising labour efficiency by means of new machinery. 2. The government policy is changing economic conditions in the region. 3. The economists are studying the distribution of labour force in the country. 4. They have bought new equipment. 5. Demand and supply influence prices of goods. 6. Japan produces a variety of electronic equipment. 7. They are developing a new technology to use less oil. 8. They are analyzing natural conditions of the region. 9. The company has increased prices of its goods. 10. Under conditions of competition companies are introducing new better products. V. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива. 1. I asked you to come to inform you of it. 2. I will take a taxi not to miss the train. 3. He is not strong enough to take part in such an expedition. 4. He is too tired to go there now. 5. I have come in order to speak to you about an important matter. 6. He went to the library to take the magazines and books which he needs for his examination in Political Economy. 7. He is clever enough to understand it. 8. He read the rule several times in order to understand it better. VI. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использован страдательный залог. ТЕКСТ 3 Pure Exchange |
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