Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов экономических специальностей факультета заочного обучения
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| partnerships партнерство limited-liability companies компания с ограниченной ответственностью to sue преследовать судебным порядком enterprise предприятие that is то есть law firm юридическая фирма accounting бухгалтерия brokerage брокерство depending on в зависимости от УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : entire тип property вклад type полный member владеть to own большой contribution член to consider имущество large рассматривать II. Переведите причастия: Образец: receiving получающий — received полученный stating — stated drawing — drawn accompanying — accompanied notifying - notified signing — signed affecting – affected influencing – influenced following – followed agreeing – agreed III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастные обороты: 1. We enclose the letter received from the beneficiaries requesting details of the above transfer. 2. The letter mentioned above should be sent to the beneficiary. 3. The payment order referred to in your previous letter has been received by the customer. 4. We hope the amount transferred to your bank will be duly (своевременно) received. IV. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания с причастным оборотом: services provided by the company; models made by economists; relationships studied by them; trade developed by these two countries; crops grown in the area; income distributed among many people V.Переведите предложения, содержащие причастие I. 1. The workers taking part in the competition are sure of the success. 2. We visited one of the largest plants producing computers in our country. 3. They discussed the means reducing the cost of production. 4. It is possible to raise the output, installing the new equipment. 5. Trying to control the amount of money in circulation, the government influences the amount of investment, savings and expenditures in the economy. VI. Найдите в тексте причастия. Выпишите их. Напишите глаголы, от которых эти причастия были образованы. VII. Расскажите о существующих формах предприятий. Выпишите ключевые слова для каждой из форм. ТЕКСТ 9 Monopolies versus Competition Pure monopoly is a theoretical market structure where there is only one seller of a commodity or service, where entry into the industry is closed to potential competitors, and where the seller has complete control over the quantity of goods offered for sale and the price at which goods are sold. Pure monopoly is one of two limiting cases used in the analysis of market structure. The other is pure competition, a situation in which there are many sellers who can influence neither the total quantity of a commodity or service offered for sale nor its selling price. Hence, monopoly is the exact antithesis of competition. It is generally agreed that neither of these two limiting cases is to be found among existing market structures. Do you know these words? to agree соглашаться to be found находиться pure чистый seller продавец commodity товар потребления to offer предлагать quantity количество neither…nor ни…ни neither of ни один из… УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : seller конкуренция service среди complete точный sale услуга to influence полный exact продавец competition продажа generally влиять among в основном II. Вставьте модальные глаголы must, should, have to или to be to в нужной форме. 1. The company... advertise the new product to attract more buyers. 2. The firm ... provide quality certificates for all its goods. 3. The government... stimulate the production of necessities and it... prevent the increase in prices. 4. The company ... pay taxes on its profits. 5. The new government policy ... ensure more jobs for population. 6. The trade policy of the Japanese government in the 1950s ... ensure rapid economic growth. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык: 1. We have to sign a contract. 2. You are not allowed to smoke here. 3. Who is able to do this work? 4. He had to leave for Moscow earlier. 5. You are to deliver the goods by 10th of May. 6. You are allowed to pay with your credit card. 7. They were able to do this work in time. 8. We shall be able to make a reduction in our prices. 9. You will be allowed to open a current account. 10. The remittance of money has to come in time. 11. The train is to come soon. 12. Will you be able to fulfill all contract obligations? IV. Вставьте модальные глаголы can, could, may или модальный оборот to be able to в нужной форме. 1. Even at present computers ... (not) translate from one language into another without mistakes. 2. By means of computer programmes economists ... make more complex economic models in future. 3. In the past members of a farmer's family... produce most necessities on their farm, such as clothes and other things. 4. If the company employs a new manager, the productivity ... increase. 5. The firm was closed as it... (not) to pay its debts. 6. The librarian says that the students ... borrow books from the library but only for a week. 7. Manufacturing ... (not) develop before the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. 8. Developing countries ... (not) become economically independent until they import less than they export. 9. The scarcity of natural resources... lead to serious conflicts between countries in future. V. Используя лексику текста, составьте 7 предложений, используя модальные глаголы и их заменители. VI. Чем чистая монополия отличается от чистой конкуренции? Найдите в тексте подтверждение своих слов. Выпишите основные термины, касающиеся этих двух понятий. ТЕКСТ 10 Monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition or imperfect competition or imperfect market is one that is characterized by:
Do you know these words? competition соревнование to prevent from мешать, препятствовать to obstacle препятствовать,создавать препятствия one слово-заместитель that is то есть УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : imperfect составлять to characterize покидать to comprise отношение independently входить respect характеризовать to enter неидеальный to leave независимо II. Переведите предложения с герундием: 1. Would you please stop writing to us at this address? 2. What are your reasons for refusing to pay this amount? 3. We are grateful to you for sending us the remittance. 4. Please excuse us for causing all this trouble. 5. The customers thanked the bank for giving them a loan (заем). 6. I like your way of doing it. 7. Who is responsible for effecting due payments? 8. We are interested in buying these goods. 9. We insist on being sent the documents. III. Объедините следующие слова в синонимические пары: to reach, prosperity, to establish, fast, to obtain, area, necessary, to affect, own, to provide, lately, to manufacture, single, to raise, development, to participate, adjustment, to promote, agriculture, to supply, industrialized, to engage, regulation, region, fundamental, to achieve, to create, whole, advanced, to support, essential, growth, to increase, domestic, animal, to produce, profit, recently, now, personal, to get, nowadays, total, to take part, various, to employ, income, rapidly, to stimulate, well-being, farming, only one, to maintain, livestock, basic, different, to influence IV. Найдите в тексте герундий. Какие еще части речи образуются с использованием ing- форм? ТЕКСТ 11 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization established in 1960 to look after the oil interests of five countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. By 1973 a further eight countries had joined the OPEC: Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon. In 1973 OPEC used its power to administer oil prices away from the American oil corporations and the price of oil quadrupled from $2.5 (American dollars) a barrel to over $11.50 a barrel. The effect of this was balance-of-payments deficits in most oil-consuming countries and a period of protracted world recession. As a result, oil revenues began to fall, to which OPEC responded by increasing prices sharply again in 1979 from under $15 a barrel to around $28 a barrel. OPEC is often cited as an example of a successful producers` CARTEL. In a 'classical' cartel market supply is deliberately restrained in order to force prices up by allocating production QUOTAS to each member. Interestingly, in OPEC's case because of political difficulties formal quotas have not been used to cut production until very recently. Do you know these words? to look after заботиться oil нефть to administer управлять revenue доход cartel картель to force up заставить повыситься to increase увеличивать to allocate размещать deliberately умышленно to cut сокращать because of из-за increasingly все больше и больше case случай УПРАЖНЕНИЯ I. Найдите в правой колонке русские соответствия следующих слов : to join реагировать to use интересно recession цена price спад to fall успешный to respond использовать successful присоединяться interestingly падать II. Измените предложения двумя способами так, чтобы использовать инфинитив цели. Образец: Managers study the situation in the market as they want to know how many goods to produce. 1) Managers study the situation in the market to know how many goods to produce. 2) Managers study the situation in the market in order to know how many goods to produce. 1. We study economics as we want to work as managers. 2. Farmers grow animals as they want to produce meat and milk. 3. Factories and plants use fuel and energy as they are necessary to process resources. 4. Companies produce goods as they want to sell them. 5. Mining gets minerals from the earth as it must provide resources for manufacturing. 6. Factories process resources as they want to sell them as goods. 7. Economists make models because they want to use them in economic analyses. III. В тексте найдите инфинитив цели. Предложения выпишите. IV. Расскажите об организации стран-экспортеров нефти. Напишите краткий план текста, используя ключевые слова. КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ВАРИАНТ 1 Economic systems All economic systems must decide what, how, and how much to produce. Also, they must decide how and to whom the resulting goods and services will be distributed. In the ideal centrally planned system all economic decisions are made by a small group of planners, the government owns all property resources, and the emphasis is placed on the common good. In the ideal market system private individuals own most factors of production, the government plays no role in economic decision-making, and the forces in the marketplace determine answers to the basic economic questions. Almost every country in the world uses a form of either the centrally planned or the market system. In practice market economies often adopt some of the characteristics of centrally planned economies. Similarly, countries using the centrally planned system will adopt some practices of the market system. ВАРИАНТ 2 Profit It is essential to distinguish a few different concepts of 'profit. 'Profit' in everyday life means advantage or good obtained from something. Besides it can mean money gained in business. 'Profit' for an accountant means simply the difference between total receipts and total costs. For an economist 'profit' has a much wider meaning. It is the revenue derived from the use of resources minus the opportunity cost of using those resources. The economist attaches a cost to the use of retained earnings since they could receive revenues if used out-side the business. ВАРИАНТ 3 Taxation Taxation means government receipts from the imposition of taxes on persons' and businesses' income, spending, wealth and capital gains, and on properties. Taxes are used by the government for a variety of purposes, including (a) to raise revenue for the government to cover its own expenditure on the provision of social goods such as schools, hospitals, roads, etc. and social security payments made to individuals in case of unemployment, sickness, etc.; (b) as an instrument of fiscal policy in regulating the level of total spending (AGGREGATE DEMAND) in the economy; (c) to alter the distribution of income and wealth; (d) to control the volume of imports into the country. In national income analysis taxation is a withdrawal from the circular flow of national income. ВАРИАНТ 4 Marketing The American Marketing Association, the organization of marketing specialists in the United States and Canada, states that "marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives." Many people incorrectly believe that marketing is the same thing as advertising or personal selling. This statement shows that marketing is far broader activity. Further, this statement stresses the importance of beneficial exchanges that satisfy the objectives of those who buy and those who sell ideas, goods, and services. To serve both buyers and sellers marketing is to discover the needs of prospective customers and satisfy them. These prospective customers include both individuals buying for themselves and organizations buying for their own use (such as manufacturers) or for resale (such as wholesalers or retailers). To achieve these two objectives is the idea of exchange. |
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