Среднего профессионального образования свердловской области «Уральский государственный колледж имени И. И. Ползунова» практическое пособие по английскому языку
Скачать 0.67 Mb.
|
3. Find antonyms for the following words. Write one sentence with each: a) expected — b) complex — c) possible — d) future — e) competitive — 4. Find the synonyms of the following: a) accountant — b) calculate — c) permit — d) expect — e) complex — f) opportunity — g) businessman — 5. Define the following terms in English: a) aggregate supply b) opportunity costs c) sole proprietor d) elasticity of supply e) coefficient of elasticity Questions for discussion: 1. How do you understand: «Economists differ from accountants and from the Internal Revenue Service»? 2. In what sphere can a person with the economic education work? 3. What is a better-paid job for economist: applied economics or theoretical research? Give examples to support your opinion. Unit III. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. Text 1. An economic system is the way in which a country Uses its available resources (land, workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country's citizens. There are three main economic systems: 1. Planned economies Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached. A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantages: • Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living. • Nations do not waste resources duplicating production. • The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to wherever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health care or that transport is available. Several disadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years: • There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies. • Any profits that are made are paid to the government. • Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward. • As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products. Vocabulary inhabitants - жители, на селение to own - владеть natural resources -природ ные ресурсы a large amount - большой объем central planning and direction - центральное планирование и руко водство consumption - потребление obviously -очевидно complicated - сложный to have a number of common features -иметь ряд об щих черт intention - намерение to comply with - подчи няться a production target to meet - производственная за дача (задание), которую надо выполнить an objective - цель, задача an overall aim - общая цель to enjoy a basic standard of living - иметь основной уровень жизни to duplicate production - дублировать производ ство to divert - отвлекать (напр., ресурсы на другие цели) to abandon - отказываться от чего- либо a major problem faced by command or planned economies - основная проблема, стоящая перед командной или плановой экономикой changes in tastes and fashions - изменения вкусов и моды to underproduce - недопроизводить to regard smth as -воспри нимать что- либо, отно ситься к чему- либо как... obsolete (syn. out of date) -устарелый, вышедший из употребления to overproduce -перепро изводить delays and queues - зд. пере бои (с товарами) и очереди 1. Answer the questions: 1. What is an economic system? 2. What does a standard of living depend on? 3. What is a planned economy? 4. What are the main features of a planned economy? 5. What are the advantages of a planned economy? 6. What are the disadvantages of a planned economy? 7. What causes delays and queues for some products? 8. What are other advantages and disadvantages of a planned economy? 2. Find Russian equivalents to the following: 1. each factory is set a production target to meet 2. to divert resources to wherever it wants 3. new ideas rarely come forward 4. tend to be slow when responding to changes З. Find synonyms for the words in italics: Obsolete products; it can ensure that; it can be very inefficient. There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies. It led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years. 4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following: 1. имеющиеся в распоряжении ресурсы 2. управлять использованием ресурсов 3. управление экономикой 4. отказываться от плановой экономики 5. иметь высокий жизненный уровень 6. иметь общие черты 7. подчиняться 5-летнему плану 8. значительное количество 9. ставить производственные задачи 10. полученная прибыль 11. стимул к эффективной работе 12. перебои и очереди 13. реагировать на изменения спроса 14. предсказывать изменения спроса 15. основная проблема, стоящая перед... 5. Translate into English: 1. Если хозяйство плановое, то работа промышлен ности подчиняется плану, в котором государство опре деляет производственные задачи и планирует разви тие на 5 лет вперед. 2. В плановой экономике покупатели лишены воз можности влиять на производство товаров. 3. Поскольку значительная доля полученной при были должна быть выплачена государству, то в усло виях плановой экономики стимулы работать эффек тивно невелики. 4. Промышленность часто выпускает непривлека тельные и старомодные товары, поскольку невозмож но предсказать изменения моды на 5 лет вперед. 5. Государство в условиях плановой экономики мо жет гарантировать своим гражданам образование и медицинское обслуживание. 6. Все крупные решения, касающиеся объема ис пользуемых ресурсов, структуры и распределения про дукции, производства и потребления, принимаются центральным плановым органом. Text 2. Market economies In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones. Thus, we can see that in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products. Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible. In a free market individual people are free to pursue their own interests. They can become millionaires, for example. Suppose you invent a new kind of car. You want to make money out of it in your own interests. But when you have that car produced, you are in fact moving the production possibility frontier outwards. You actually make the society better-off by creating new jobs and opportunities, even though you become a millionaire in the process, and you do it without any government help or intervention. Not surprisingly there are also problems. Some goods would be underpurchased if the government did not provide free or subsidized supplies. Examples of this type of good and service are health and education. There are other goods and services, such as defence and policing, that are impossible to supply individually in response to consumer spending. Once defence or a police force is supplied to a country then everyone in this country benefits. A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands. These swift changes can, however, have serious consequences. Imagine a firm, which switches from labour-intensive production to the one where new technology is employed in the factory. The resulting unemployment could lead to many social as well as economic problems. In a market economy there might be minimal control on working conditions and safety standards concerning products and services. It is necessary to have large-scale government intervention to pass laws to protect consumers and workers. Some firms produce goods and then advertise heavily to gain sufficient sales. Besides wasting resources on advertising, firms may also duplicate one another's services. Rival firms, providing rail services, for example, could mean that two or more systems of rail are laid. Finally, firms have to have confidence in future sales if they are to produce new goods and services. At certain times they tend to lack confidence and cut back on production and the development of new ideas. This decision, when taken by many firms, can lead to a recession. A recession means less spending, fewer jobs and a decline in the prosperity of the nation. Vocabulary to own and run (to manage, to operate) businesses - владеть и управлять бизнесом to intervene - вмешиваться private enterprise (entrepreneurship) - частное предпринима тельство private ownership (property) of the means of production - частная собственность на сред ства производства public property, common ownership - обществен ная собственность personal property - лич ная собственность state-owned property, state ownership - государ ственная собственность private supplies of capital -частный капитал surplus income available for investment in new business activities - дополнительный доход (излишек дохода), который можно вло жить (инвестировать) в новое дело (бизнес) to employ - использовать; предоставлять работу, нанимать employer -работодатель employee - служащий employment - занятость unemployment - безрабо тица to persuade - убеждать at first view (at first sight) - на первый взгляд to adjust automatically - автоматически приспо сабливаться; приводить ся в соответствие competitive - конкурентос пособный to make the largest profits possible -получить наибольшую возможную прибыль to pursue one's own interests - преследовать свои интересы to make money out of it -заработать деньги на этом to move the production possibility frontier outwards - продвинуть вперед предел производ ственных возможностей to make the society better-off - сделать общество более состоятельным to create new jobs and opportunities - создать новые рабочие места, новые возможности to underpurchase - недо статочно раскупать to provide free or subsidized supplies - обеспечить бесплатное или субсидированное (дотированное) предос тавление (товаров, услуг) in response to (in answer to) - в ответ на Large-scale intervention - широкомасштабное вмешательство a cornerstone -краеугольный камень to pass Laws -принимать законы to alter swiftly - быстро меняться to gain sufficient sales -добиться достаточного объема продаж |
Похожие:
 | Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования свердловской области «уральский колледж... |  | |
| Наименование оу: Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования «Губкинский государственный... | | Министерство общего и среднего профессионального образования Свердловской области |
| Положения об учебной и производственной практике студентов (курсантов), осваивающих основные профессиональные образовательные программы... | | Право и организация социального обеспечения, Положения о практике обучающихся, осваивающих основные профессиональные образовательные... |
| Настоящие Правила приема (далее – Правила) в Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования... | | Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации и Уставом Государственного бюджетного профессионального образовательного учреждения... |
| Министерство общего и профессионального образования Свердловской области Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное... | | Государственном бюджетном образовательном учреждении среднего профессионального образования Свердловской области «Уральский техникум... |