Учебник в двух частях Часть 2 2-е издание, исправленное и дополненное Допущено Министерством образования и науки РФ в качестве учебника для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по нелингвистическим специальностям Издательство «мгимо-университет»

ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ Вид Время Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Present am/is/are built am/is/are being built have/has been built – Past was/were built was/were being built had been built – Future shall/will be built – shall/will have been built – Future-in-the-Past would be built – would have been built – Passive Voice 1. a) Read and underline the verbs in the Passive Voice. Great Britain is an island between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and for those who live near the sea, fish and shellfish have always been seen as the most important food. Away from the sea, sheep, cows and chickens have been kept on farms for centuries. Before people had fridges to keep food cold and fresh, fish and meat had been kept from going bad by salting, drying or smoking. During the Middle Ages, spices were often used to hide the taste of food which was going bad. One thing which has changed is the way some foods are seen as ordinary and cheap, and others are considered to be special and valuable. Shellfish, like oysters, used to be popular with poor people because they could be picked up easily by anyone. Today, they are harder to find and are usually served in expensive restaurants. b) Discuss the text. (Ask disjunctive and special questions, let your fellow students answer them.) Indefinite Tense forms 2. Paraphrase using the Passive Voice. Model: T – They build a lot of houses in this district every year. St – A lot of houses are built in this district every year. 3. Ask and answer as in the model: Model: St-1 – What is your bag made of? St-2 – It is made of leather (plastic). shoes jacket blouse trousers jeans sweater ['swetR] glasses earrings leather ['leTR], viscose ['vIskRus] polyester [LpOlI'estR] man-made material(s) linen ['lInIn] plastic cotton metal wood wool glass silk 4. Answer the questions as in the model. Choose the right hints from the box below. Model: T – What do we call the longest river in the world? St – The longest river in the world is called the Nile. the Amazon the Volga the Nile the Rhine the Pacific Ocean the Indian Ocean the Atlantic Ocean the Arctic Ocean Mont Blanc Everest the Caucasus the Urals Lake Victoria Lake Baikal the Caspian Sea the English Channel 5. Complete the sentences using the dates given in the box: 1. The Declaration of Independence (to adopt) in… by 13 American states. 2. The South Pole first (to reach) in… by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. 3. The first A-bomb (to use) in… by the United States of America. 3. The steam machine (to invent) by Denis Papin in… . 4. The telephone (to invent) by A. Bell in… . 6. America (to discover) by Columbus in… . 7. Napoleon (to defeat) in Russia in… . 8. The first English Parliament (to call) by Simon de Montfort in… . 1776 1812 1911 1492 1265 1945 1690 1877 Continuous Tense forms 6. Answer the teacher’s questions. 7. Repeat and add a sentence logically connected. Use the prompts given below: Model: T – Magda cannot drive you to the station in her car. (to repair) St – Magda cannot drive you to the station in her car. It is being repaired. 1. to follow; 2. to redecorate; 3. to build; 4. to clean; 5. to interview; 6. to repair; 7. to record; 8. piano/to tune. Perfect Tense forms 8. Paraphrase using the Passive Voice. 9. Ask and answer as in the model: Model: St-1 – Why don’t you lay the table for lunch? St-2 – But it has already been laid! 1. to invite one’s friends to a birthday party; 2. to wash the dishes; 3. to air the room; 4. to cut sandwiches for a picnic; 5. to fry eggs for breakfast; 6. to offer coffee to the guests; 7. to buy fruit for the party; 8. to take out plates for lunch. 10. Ask questions to get additional information. Use the Passive Voice. Model: T – A bank was robbed last week. St-1 – Which bank was robbed? St-2 – Who was it robbed by? St-3 – Were the police sent for? St-4 – Have the robbers been arrested? 11. a) Open the brackets and use the verbs in the appropriate forms. Chocolate is the most popular sweet snack, and the British ... (1 – to eat) more than eight kilograms per person a year of it. Christopher Columbus, the Italian traveler, ... (2 – to bring) chocolate from Central America to Europe at the end of the fifteenth century but it ... (3 – not/to eat) in Britain until the mid-nineteenth century. The Cadbury family ... (4 – to begin) to make drinking chocolate in Birmingham in 1831 and by 1878 the factory ... (5 – to extend) and 200 workers ... (6 – to employ). They needed a bigger factory, so some land ... (7 – to buy) and a new factory ... (8 – to build). They also ... (9 – to build) a village for the workers, which ... (10 – to call) Bournville. By 1881 they ... (11 – to sell) chocolate as far away as Australia, and by 1899 they ... (12 – to have) more than 2,600 workers. Chocolate ... (13 – to eat) almost anywhere, any time, but is very popular at Christmas and Easter. Dark chocolate, milk chocolate, white chocolate – there are many kinds to choose from, and British chocolate products ... (14 – to sell) today all over the world. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. Глаголы, имеющие предложное дополнение, сохраняют предлог в страдательном залоге: Fred sent for the police at once. The police were sent for at once. 12. Paraphrase as in the model, pay particular attention to the use of verbs with prepositional objects: to look at to look after to listen to to send for to wait for to laugh at to speak to to remind of to take care of to talk about to pay attention to to refer to to think of to put an end to to hear of Model 1: T – Don’t say such things. People will laugh at you if you do it. St – You will be laughed at if you say such things. Model 2: T – It is necessary to look after little children. St – Little children must be looked after. 13. Translate into English. HOME ACTIVITIES 14. Open the brackets and insert the verbs in the proper forms.  1. Christianity ________________ (1 – to spread) throughout Britain from two different directions during the sixth and seventh centuries. It ___________ (2 – to come) directly from Rome when St Augustine _______________ (3 – to arrive) in 579 and established a church at Canterbury in the south-east of England. It already ______________ ________________ (4 – to introduce) into Scotland and Ireland, which __________ ______________ (5 – to become) Christian more than 150 years earlier. Although Roman Christianity took over the whole of the British Isles, the Celtic model __________________ (6 – to persist) in Scotland and Ireland for several hundred years. It _________________________ (7 – less/to organize) centrally, and had less need for a strong monarchy to support it. 2. Potatoes, one of the most important foods in the British diet, first __________ _____ (8 – to bring) from America. They __________________ (9 – to grow) by farmers in Peru since the 13th century. The Spanish ________________ (10 – to bring) them to Europe in the mid-sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century potatoes _______________________ (11 – to introduce) to the British Isles from mainland Europe and became a very important crop, especially in Ireland. 3. We cannot talk about potatoes and not talk about one of Britain’s favourite snacks: crisps. Over seven million packets of crisps ________________ (12 – to eat) in Britain every day. The first potato crisps ________________ (13 – to fry) in the USA in 1852 but they __________________ (14 – not/to make) in Britain until the early 1900s. Crisps _________________ (15 – to become) more popular during the Second World War because although it was difficult to get many kinds of food, potatoes __________________ (16 – still/to sell). Most supermarkets today ________________ (17 – to sell) many different types, like salted, cheese and onion, beef and chicken. 15. Translate into English.  1. Все надеялись, что будет сделан правильный выбор. 2. Ей не сказали правды, потому что она была больна. 3. Что случилось? – Этого человека укусила собака. 4. Мне сказали, что это путешествие вполне безопасно. 5. Он был серьезно болен. Теперь его будут регулярно осматривать врачи. 6. Этот секрет тщательно хранится ими уже много лет. 7. Декан спросил, избрали ли нового председателя. 8. Его отец был убит на войне. 9. “Я никогда не была так разочарована в своих учениках”, – сказала Барбара. 10. Чарльз считал, что его обманули. 11. Почему выбрана эта статья? 12. Мне кажется, что человека, укравшего на прошлой неделе картину из местного музея, уже поймали. 13. На этой улице строится новая школа. 14. Что обсуждалось, когда вы пришли? 15. Когда мы пришли, они обсуждали новую статью. 16. За адвокатом уже послали. 17. С тех пор о нем ничего не слышали. 18. О вашем совете стоит подумать. Может быть, мы и примем его. 19. О вашем совете стоит подумать. Может быть, он будет принят комитетом. 20. Над его шутками всегда смеются. 1. Everybody hoped that the right choice would be made. 2. She wasn’t told the truth because she was ill. 3. What has happened? – This man has been bitten by a dog. 4. I was told that the journey was quite safe. 5. He was seriously ill. Now he will be regularly checked /examined by doctors. 6. This secret has been carefully kept by them for many years already. 7. The dean asked if a new chairman had been elected. 8. His father was killed in the war. 9. “I have never been so disappointed in my students,” Barbara said. 10. Charles considered that he had been cheated. 11. Why has this article been chosen? 12. It seems to me that the man who stole a picture from the local museum last week has already been caught. 13. A new school is being built in this street. 14. What was being discussed when you came? 15. When we came they were discussing a new article. 16. The lawyer has already been sent for. 17. He has never been heard of since. 18. Your advice is worth thinking about. We may take it. 19. Your advice is worth thinking about. It may be taken by the committee. 20. His jokes are always laughed at. 16. Translate into English.  1. Мысль построить туннель, который соединит Великобританию и Францию, была впервые предложена французским инженером Матьё (Mathieu). Идея была поддержана Наполеоном, который планировал вторжение в (invasion of) в Великобританию. Но тогда эта идея не была реализована. До 1994 года было предпринято две попытки (to make an attempt) построить туннель. Первая попытка была предпринята в 1882 году, но она не удалась, поскольку наука и техника того времени еще не были достаточно развиты, чтобы реализовать эти планы. Вторая попытка была предпринята в 1974 году, но проект был слишком дорогим, поэтому от идеи снова отказались (to give up). 17. a) Listen to the text Food and drink in Britain. Read it after the speaker. b) Get ready to read the text aloud in class. c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them.  широкий выбор еды и напитков; готовая каша-полуфабрикат (хлопья); яйцо всмятку/вкрутую; горячий завтрак; качество; обеденный перерыв; столовая самообслуживания; мясо с двойным гарниром; сладкое блюдо; потребитель сахара; консервированные продукты; мята; есть в кафе/ресторане; рабочая столовая; плотная/основательная еда; еда «на вынос» (с собой); вегетарианская еда. CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2) GRAMMAR EXERCISES Two Passive Constructions with verbs which take Two Direct Objects (to ask, to envy, to teach, to forgive) С глаголами ask, teach, forgive, envy (имеющими два прямых дополнения) страдательный залог употребляется по двум моделям: The reporters asked the spokesperson a lot of questions after the press-conference. Model 1: The spokesperson was asked a lot of questions. Model 2: A lot of questions were asked after the press-conference. 18. Ask questions in the Passive Voice about the two objects given in italics. Model: T – She asked me a strange question. St 1 – Who was asked a strange question? St 2 – What was asked? 1. The lecture was interesting; the students asked the professor a lot of questions. 2. They taught Ann several languages when she was a child. 3. They never forgave him his deception. 4. Children often ask their parents such questions. 5. They teach us two foreign languages at the institute. 6. They will ask you nothing difficult at the interview. 7. I hope they will forgive you the mistake. 8. They envied the young actress her success. 19. Translate into English using Passive Voice.

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