Учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка для студентов 1-го курса во направлений: 08. 03. 01 «Строительство», 38. 03. 01 «Экономика», 15. 03. 05 «Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машинострои
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Unit 11. КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ И СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН. В английском языке существует закон согласования времён, который действует в сфере одной временной плоскости. Данный закон действует преимущественно в сложных предложениях с придаточным дополнительным, т.е. временная форма глагола в придаточном предложении зависит от временной формы глагола в главном предложении и определяется правилами согласования времён. 1) Если глагол в главном предложении имеет форму настоящего или будущего времени, то в придаточном предложении глагол ставится в том времени, которое требуется по смыслу. 2) Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в одном из прошедших времён, то в придаточном предложении происходит сдвиг времени в прошедшее (по сравнению с тем, которое требуется по смыслу и ситуации). При переводе прямой речи в косвенную происходит сдвиг времён в соответствии с данной таблицей.
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную одновременно с временным сдвигом меняются некоторые указательные местоимения, обстоятельства времени, места, наречия и другие слова, обозначающие время действия.
Примечание. В некоторых случаях временного сдвига в придаточных предложениях не происходит: 1) глагол в определительных, причинных и сравнительных придаточных предложениях ставится в той форме, которая соответствует смыслу и ситуации. I couldn’t find the book you are speaking about. It was not so cold yesterday as it is today. I did not answer your letter because I don’t like to write letters. 2) глагол must употребляется в придаточном предложении независимо от времени глагола в главном предложении. The mother told the child that she must not play in the street. 3) если в придаточном предложении указывается определённая дата события, то употребляется Past Simple (Indefinite). He said that he was born in 1989. 4) временного сдвига не наблюдается, если он приведёт к противоречию с действительностью. I thought you received this letter yesterday. Приказ или просьба в косвенной речи передаётся через инфинитив. Наиболее используемые глаголы для передачи приказа в косвенной речи: to tell, to order, to command. Просьба в косвенной речи обычно передаётся с помощью глагола to ask. Наиболее эмоциональные формы передаются через глаголы to beg, to implore (умолять), to urge (настаивать, уговаривать). В косвенных вопросах меняется порядок слов, т.е. вопрос превращается в придаточное предложение, если необходимо, то меняется и время глагола в придаточном предложении. Для введения косвенного вопроса используются союзы if/whether после глаголов ask, want to know, wonder, not know, didn’t say, tell me. Специальные косвенные вопросы вводятся теми же вопросительными местоимениями, которые использовались в прямой речи. grammar exercises 1. Choose the correct variant. 1. I was told my friends (to visit) the art gallery the following week. a) had visited; b) was visited; c) would visit 2. Teacher told us the story that (to happen) many centuries ago. a) would happen; b) had happened; c) has happened 3. He understood that his brother (to want) to go with him. a) wants; b) had wanted; c) wanted 4. She hoped that her parents (not to return) home early. a) didn’t return; b) haven’t returned; c) wouldn’t return 5. Margaret knew that we (to be) at the conference then. a) were; b) are; c) had been 6. Bill said that he (to be) busy the day before. a) would be; b) was; c) had been 7. He told us that he (to translate) the text then. a) had translated; b) was translating; c) had translated 8. I knew that my classes already (to finish).a) had finished; b) are finished; c) were finished 9. They thought that he (to come) in some minutes. a) had come; b) had came; c) would come 10. He didn’t know that she (to leave) a week ago. a) was leaving; b) had left; c) left 2. Change into reported speech. 1. John (to his sister): Buy three envelopes for me. 2. Richard (to his younger brother): Don’t play in the street. 3. Kate (to her friend): Let me have the August number of the magazine, please. 4. Steve (to his mother): We have received a registered letter from Moscow. 5. Rose: I hope I shall be back in an hour. 6. Roger: I have never been in mountains. 7. Jack: I’m expecting a letter from my pen-friend. 8. Mother to her children: Don’t turn off the gas! 9. Man: I had to buy the newspaper at a stand. 10. Woman (to the shop-assistant): Have you weighed and rapped up the chicken? 3. Choose the correct sentence in reported speech. 1. She said, “He’s having a bath” a) She said that he would have a bath. b) She said that he was having a bath. 2. He told the boy, “Don’t be afraid of my dog”. a) He told the boy not to be afraid of his dog. b) He told the boy don’t be afraid of his dog. 3. They told us, “We’ve bought everything we need”. a) They told us that they had bought everything they need. b) They told us that they bought everything they need. 4. He asked me, “Are you busy now?” a) He asked me if I were busy then. b) He asked me if I would be busy then. 5. She told him, “Come here and sit down”. a) She told him that he would come there and sit down. b) She told him to come there and to sit down. 6. Mother told her child, “Why did you go there?” a) Mother asked her son why he went there. b) Mother asked her son why he had gone there. 7. Teacher told me, “Show me your notes”. a) Teacher asked me to show my notes. b) Teacher told me that I show her my notes. 8. They asked Bill, “Will you see her tomorrow?” a) They asked Bill would he see her tomorrow. b) They asked Bill if he would see her the next day. 9. He asked his students, “Who has written the essay?” a) He asked his students who was written the essay. b) He asked his students who had written the essay. 10. His friend said, “I’ve been looking for my glasses since morning”. a) His friend said that he had been looking for his glasses since morning. b) His friend said that he has been looking for his glasses since morning. 4. Change the following sentences into Direct Speech. 1. My sister said that she hadn’t got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I hadn’t seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the University. 5. She told the grocer that she didn’t want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we didn’t understand his question. 7. He told the taxi-driver that he was driving too fast. 8. She said that her children were playing in the garden. 9. The mother asked if we promised not to play with the ball in the street. 10. The passenger asked the man when the train would arrive at the station. 5. Choose the correct word from those in parentheses. 1. My grandmother always ____ me about her childhood. (says/tells) 2. “Don’t do that!” she ____ them. (said/told) 3. Did she ____ you where she had put my books? (say/tell) 4. When I was introduced to the actor he ____ a few words to me. (said/told) 5. That little boy is very bad. He ____ a lot of lies. (says/tells) 6. She ____ to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told) 7. He often ____ things like that. (says/tells) 8. The porter ____ the passengers where their luggage was. (asked/interested) 9. George ____ to the boys didn’t miss their school. (asked/urged) 6. Put sentences into reported speech in the form of orders, requests or commands. 1. Father said, “Pack the things, Johnny”. 2. Mother said, “Don’t put your old boots in the suitcase, Dick”. 3. Lily said, “Will you please carry this heavy box for me, William?” 4. George said to the boys, “Don’t miss your classes!” 5. The pilot said to the passengers, “Don’t leave your places, please!” 6. The father said to the family, “Get the things ready by two o’clock”. 7. Mary said to her brother, “Take the letter to the Post Office, please.” 8. The old man said to the little girl, “Don’t run across the street.” 9. I said to my friend, “Meet me outside the cinema at six o’clock.” 10. The doctor said to the sick man, “Don’t go back to work for a fortnight.” 7. Put sentences into reported speech in the form of questions. 1. The mother said, “Do you promise not to play with the ball in the street?” 2. The man asked the clerk behind the counter, “Is it true that train 35 is late?” 3. The porter asked the passengers, “Where is your luggage?” 4. The woman asked the girl, “Does train 17 leave at 6 or at 7 p.m.” 5. The boy asked his mother, “Which plain is ours?” 6. The man asked his friend, “Do you agree to go there by plane?” 7. Mother asked Jane, “What are you doing here?” 8. Ann asked Mary, “What do you usually have for breakfast?” 9. The inspector asked, “Who caused the accident?” 10. Margaret asked Richard, “Where are you going for your holidays?” 8. Open the brackets, paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses and translate the sentences into Russian. 1. I didn’t know that you already (to read) this book. 2. He did it better than I (to expect). 3. He said that the bus (to be) soon. 4. I think it all happened soon after the meeting (to end). 5. They decided that they (to bring) us all necessary books. 6. He said that he (can) not do it without my help. 7. He asked the students whether they ever (to see) such a film. 8. It was decided that we (to start) our work at eight o’clock. 9. I told you that I (to leave) for Minsk on the following day. 10. The visitors were told that the secretary just (to go out) and (to come back). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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