II СЕМЕСТР
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
The Modal verbs and their equivalents
CAN
Физическая/умственная возможность
I can play the piano. She can speak Finnish.
He can lift this heavy dox.
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COULD
Форма прошедшего времени от can
My aunt could speak five languages.
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BE ABLE TO
Успешно завершившееся действие, (на русский язык часто переводится «могу, смог, смогу»).
Although it was snowing I was able to cover the distance of 3,000 meters in 15 minutes.
It is hard but we are able to solve the problems.
The computer will be able to solve this equation.
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MUST
Необходимость/долженствование (часто от самого говорящего)
You must know the truth.
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HAVE TO
Необходимость/долженствование (возникшее в силу обстоятельств)
I often have to work on Sundays.
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DON’T / DOESN’T HAVE TO
I don’t have to go to the Institute on Saturdays.
He doesn’t have to wait for us if he is busy.
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HAD TO
Необходимость/долженствование в прошлом, на русский язык часто переводится «пришлось»; вопросительные и отрицательные формы образует при помощи did
We had to work much last Friday.
Did you have to wear a uniform at your office? – Yes, I did.
The weather was fine yesterday, so I didn’t have to put on a warm coat.
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SHOULD
Совет/пожелание
You shouldn’t read so much here. It’s dark
I don’t think he should swim so much. The water is cold.
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MAY
Предположение с невысокой степенью уверенности
It may rain in the evening.
Sam may break this expensive vase.
Разрешение (официально/формально)
May I help you?
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MIGHT
Предположение с невысокой степенью уверенности
She might be speaking over the telephone now.
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BE ALLOWED TO
Разрешение
The students are allowed to work in the laboratory.
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Exercises
I. Fill in the gaps using the following modal verbs or their equivalents (must, have to, should, can, could, be able to, may, be allowed to).
1. All of us … be in time for classes.
2. I live far from the Institute and I … get up early.
3. Will you … have lunch with me tomorrow?
4. You … go out.
5. … I take your pen?
6. I … not go to the stadium with them last night because I … revise grammar rules for the test.
7. Please, send them the message. Oh, … I do it now?
8. You … take a taxi if you don’t want to be late for the concert.
9. He … to enter the concert hall after the third bell.
II. Talk about your own job, using the expressions given below:
I have to …/ must …/ don’t have to …/ can …/ can’t …/ mustn’t …
… visit customers
… be late for office hours
… wear a uniform for work
… do paper work promptly
… speak English and French in the company
… be ready to do overtime work
… control myself
III. Fill in the gaps using the following modal verbs in the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1 – can
2 – to be able to
3 – should
4 – may
5 – must
6 – had to
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a. I think you … help her.
b. This play … be good. It’s much spoken about.
c. We … go to the country if it doesn’t rain.
d. I … stay at home yesterday as I was tired.
e. He … speak five languages.
f. Despite traffic jams I … be on time for my lecture.
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VI. Read the following text and comment on the modal verbs. Answer the questions. Choose a)-e) from the list. Pay attention to the words given below, read and memorize them.
Drive (v) – приводить в действие, водить, управлять (транспортным средством)
Carriage (n) [‘kæri] – коляска, экипаж, карета, вагонетка
Cart (n) – телега, повозка, подвода
Toothed (adj) [tu:θt] – зубчатый
Paddle (n) – гребное колесо, колесо с лопастями
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Gear (n) [‘giə] – передаточный механизм, привод, зубчатая передача
Lathe (n) – токарный станок
Dig (v) – копать, разыскивать
Petrol (n) – бензин, моторное топливо
Wire (n) [‘waiə] – проволока, электрический привод
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A Steam Engine and an Electric Motor
When first steam engines appeared the workers didn’t like them as they had to leave their homes every day to work in the factories. Some did not have any work at all because the machines worked so well. But in time it meant that everybody could have more clothes.
The new engines could drive many machines at once. One might do the work of thirty men. Some men wanted to use the new steam engines instead of horses.
An engineer named William Murdoch worked for James Watt. He built himself a steam carriage which he drove around the country side. It had a steam engine which turned the wheels. This was perhaps the first steam engine ever to be used for road transport.
As we know, a horse can pull only one cart, in some cases several carts. Some engineers thought that a steam engine might pull many carriages (cars). But they were afraid the wheels would spin round on the metal rails. Richard Trevithick built a steam locomotive. It had a toothed wheel and rail to stop it slipping.
An engineer named George Stephenson worked at a mine in the North of England where he looked after a steam engine which was driving machinery. The coal was pulled away by horses.
Stephenson wanted to use an engine instead of horses. He thought that it would work even with smooth rails. He made many steam locomotives and became very famous. Soon, his engines were pulling people as well as coal. In 1830, his locomotive, the Rocket, pulled a train from Manchester to Liverpool.
From this time railways were built all over the world.
At sea, sailing ships had to rely on the wind for power. They could not go straight across the oceans, because the winds might be in the wrong direction and sometimes they would be becalmed for weeks.
Now all this changed too. Iron ships with steam engines, could travel quickly across the seas. At first, the ships had large paddles on each side. These were like water wheels but the steam power turned them. The paddles pressed on the water and pushed the ship along.
Propellers are used now. The engines are turbines driven by steam or oil. There are many, placed side by side, and they are very powerful. Steam engines were much more powerful than windmills and watermills. They could work many more machines.
At first, machines were made of iron. Then steel began to be used. The wheels, gears, and levers which made up the machines could now be made finer. Machines became smaller and neater. They worked better.
Still more machines were invented. Today many clothes, boots and shoes, furniture, and even parts of houses are made by machines. Machines were even invented to make parts of machines. The most important of these is the lathe which can make many circular machine parts including gear wheels.
For about 150 years, coal has been used to drive our engines. Today, many are driven by oil. Oil is deep in the earth that wells have to be dug for it. Pipes carry the oil to seaports from where ships carry it to countries all over the world.
A new kind of engine driven by oil was invented. These large powerful engines are driven by heavy oil called fuel oil or diesel oil.
We can travel in a machine which contains a machine which contains a smaller engine. It is the motor car. Lighter oil called petrol is used, although buses and lorries often use fuel oil or diesel oil.
But this is not the end of the story. Today, we have a new power to drive our machines. It is electricity. Electricity is made in large power stations. It is carried by wires to factories and houses everywhere. By moving a switch we can make it drive many kinds of machines.
Most of these machines have the same kind of engine inside them. It is an electric motor. They may be large or small, but they are similar. Inside them, electricity turns a wheel made up of magnets and electric wire.
Today we live in a world of machines. They are doing more and more of our work. All are driven by engines which need energy from gas, coal, petrol or oil.
But the greatest servant we have today is electricity. It will even come into our houses, clean them, wash the clothes, work the clocks, the toys, the doorbell and do many other kinds of work.
1. What might one machine driven by a steam engine do?
a) The might of a team of workers.
b) The work of a team of 13 people.
c) The work of a team of 3 men.
d) The work of a team of 300 people.
e) The work of a team of 30 people.
2. Who built the first steam carriage?
a) James Watt d) George Stephenson
b) Richard Trevithick e) Dmitry Mendeleyev
c) William Murdoch
3. What did some engineers think about the use of a steam engine?
a) They thought that it might be used to pull a lot of cars.
b) They thought that it might be used to pull many horses.
c) No information is given in the text.
d) They thought that it might be used to burn coal.
e) They thought that it might be used to boil water.
4. What did George Stephenson do in the northern part of England?
a) He mined coal there.
b) He worked as an engineer at a mine.
c) He looked after horses in the North of England.
d) He repaired rails there.
e) He worked as a manager at a mine.
5. Whose locomotive dragged along a train from one town to another?
a) Watt’s d) Polzunov’s
b) Trevithick’s e) Stephenson’s
c) Murdoch’s
6. What is more powerful a steam engine or a windmill?
a) A windmill is.
b) A steam engine is.
c) Neither a windmill nor a steam engine is.
d) No information is given in the text.
e) A watermill is.
7. What fuel is used to drive an engine nowadays?
a) coal c) water e) sunlight
b) wood d) oil
8. What fuel is used to drive a motorcar?
a) wood c) uranium e) petrol
b) coal d) manpower
9. How is electricity transmitted to plants and houses?
a) by pipes c) by wires e) by air
b) by switches d) by machines
10. What is needed to produce power?
a) natural gas c) oil e) wood
b) coal d) natural gas, coal, petrol or oil.
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