БЛОК ЧТЕНИЯ
Special field reading
Read the text and find the answers to the questions in the text below.
Arrange (v) [ə‘rein] – классифицировать, систематизировать, организовывать
Subject (v) [səb‘ekt] – подвергать (воздействию, влиянию)
Structural (adj) [‘str∧kt∫(ə)r(ə)l] – строительный, конструкционный
METALS
Metals are elements. There are about seventy metallic elements. Mendeleyev, the great Russian scientist, was the first chemist to arrange the elements according to a definite system. Arranging them according to their atomic weights we find similar elements at certain definite intervals. Mendeleyev’s system is called the Periodic Law. The Periodic Law as stated by Mendeleyev is of great importance to science. It allowed to put into one orderly table almost all known chemical elements and enabled Mendeleyev to make several bold suppositions proved later by experiments. In arranging the table the Russian chemist was obliged to leave several blanks in order to put the elements of similar properties in the same group. These blanks stood for undiscovered elements. Mendeleyev predicted not only existence of these elements but their physical and chemical properties as well. He predicted the properties of what he called eko-aluminium, which when finally discovered was called gallium. Titanium, discovered 40 years after Mendeleyev’s death, found its place in the great scientist’s periodic table.
There are large deposits titanium located all over the world. It is the fourth most abundant structural material in nature. Titanium has many advantages over other metals. Titanium is light-weight, strong and corrosion-resistant. It has a high melting point of 3,135° F. Its melting point is 2,000° F above that of aluminium. Engineers find wide use of this high-strength metal and prefer it to aluminium which loses its strength rapidly when subjected to high temperatures. Titanium is one of the most useful structural materials applied for making ships, airplanes, cars, bridges, turbines. Engineers believe that it will find many other fields for its application.
What are metals?
According to what property did D.I. Mendeleyev arrange elements in his periodic system?
What is D.I. Mendeleyev’s system called?
What was the purpose of leaving the blanks in D.I. Mendeleyev’s table?
When was titanium discovered?
What can be said about physical and chemical properties of titanium?
Which of the two metals do engineers prefer to use widely: titanium or aluminium?
Where is titanium applied as one of the widely used structural materials?
Discuss in groups what you have learnt about aluminium and titanium.
Find in the text and read the sentences that contain the Gerund and Participles.
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Read the text and answer the questions.
Common salt – поваренная соль
Rock salt – каменная соль
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Bed (n) – дно (моря), пласт, слой
Well (n) – скважина, отстойник, водоем
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SALT
Salt is one of the most common minerals used in every day life. Primitive people that lived mainly upon raw meat did not need salt. Meat itself retained natural salts. When people passed on to the agricultural stage and began to raise crops, salt became a necessity. Bread and vegetables were not only improved in taste, but the salt itself was required for the body’s well-being.
The fact that salt could preserve food made it the symbol of lasting quality. To offer salt to somebody at one’s table was a sign of friendship. Some of the great roads in ancient times were built to make the transportation of salt easier. One of the oldest roads in Italy was called “Via Salaria” - “The Salt Read”. In Abyssinia and Tibet where salt was greatly needed, it was used as money.
Common salt consists of two elements – sodium, a bright, soft metal, which takes fire in contact with water, and of chlorine, a greenish-yellow gas. It is therefore called sodium chloride. Salt can be dissolved in water and obtained again unchanged by evaporating the water. It forms the greater part of the dissolved material in sea water and in certain lakes.
Rock salt is a kind of salt when sea water evaporates. In places separated from the sea by sandbanks the sea water evaporated and there were left layers of salt crystals. Then the sea covered these places again, again water evaporated and there was left more salt. This process was repeated many times and resulted in beds of pure salt, sometimes 100 feet thick, which were finally covered by mud and sand.
Salt can be obtained either by mining rock salt or by evaporating sea water in the salt wells situated near salt deposits. Sometimes the sea salt is frozen out of the solution. But usually the solution is evaporated under reduced pressure. The pure salt crystallizes out first and if necessary can be collected and recrystallized. When salt is to be used for industrial purposes it is generally taken as mined.
Why was salt of little importance for primitive people?
When did salt become a necessity?
How did salt improve people’s food?
Where was salt exchanged as a sort of currency?
What is common salt?
How can salt be obtained?
Thanks to what process can rock salt be found in nature?
Tell your fellow-students where salt can be used.
Tell your fellow-students about the deposits where salt is mined or obtained by different methods.
Discuss in groups the present-day methods of obtaining salt.
Find in the text and read the sentences that contain the infinitives and modal verbs and their equivalents.
***
Read the text and answer the questions.
Transparent (adj) – прозрачный, просвечивающий
Conductor (n) – проводник (тепла, электричества)
Metal-working – металлообработка
DIAMONDS
A diamond like a common graphite, is almost pure carbon. So, graphite and diamond are two forms of the same substance, but still their properties differ. Graphite is a black, non-transparent and light substance. It is a good conductor of electricity. A diamond is colourless, very hard, transparent and non-conductor. This is explained by the difference in the structure of their crystals.
Many industrial processes have become possible due to a diamond, for instance, metal-working. Not long ago Russian scientists (L.F. Vereshchagin among them) discovered how to synthesize diamonds. It is a great success as new industries need super-hard materials, diamonds in particular. Artificial diamonds are cheaper than natural ones and can be applied in many industries.
1. What is the difference between diamond and graphite?
2. Which of the minerals is good conductor of electricity?
3. What industry cannot do without diamonds?
4. What is the difference between natural diamonds and artificial ones?
I. Tell your fellow-students about the industries and industrial processes where diamond is widely used.
II. Tell your fellow-students about deposits where diamond is mined.
***
Read the text and answer the questions.
Paraffin (n) – керосин
Crude oil – сырая, неочищенная нефть
Spurt out (v) [‘spə:t‘aut] – бить струей
Gusher (n) [‘g∧∫ə] – нефтяной фонтан
Tap (v) – вставлять трубу, подключать
(к трубопроводу), поставить заглушку
Refinery (n) [ri‘fainəri] – нефтеперегонный завод
Fracture (v) [‘frækt∫ə] – разрывать, раздроблять, крошить, ломать
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Fold (n) складка, флексура
Fault (n) – разлом, сброс, сдвиг, нарушение
Sediment (n) – осадочная порода, отложение
Impermeable (adj) [im‘pə:mjəbl] – непроницаемый
Trap (n) – ловушка, фильтр герметический
Crust (n) – земная кора
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WHAT IS OIL?
The petrol in a car, the paraffin in a heater and anything made of plastic or nylon all have one thing in common. They originally came from thick black crude oil, which is pumped out of the ground in different places throughout the world. When crude oil spurts out of the ground it is called a gusher. This gusher will soon be tapped and the oil sent by tankers or pipeline to an oil refinery where it will be turned into oil products. Despite the fact that millions of gallons of oil are used every day throughout the world, it is not known exactly how oil came to be formed in the first place. However, after a lot of study, scientists believe they have a good idea how this essential source of power was made.
Stage 1. The story begins 400 million years ago. In clear and warm seas millions of tiny sea creatures (similar to the plankton of today) lived and died. When these creatures died they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over thousands of years all their bodies built up to make quite a thick layer. At the same time the mountains on the nearby land were being worn down by the rain and the rivers. The rivers carried the worn-down material, usually fine sand and clay, to the sea. This clay and sand is known as sediment.
Stage 2. After millions of years the mountains on the land have been worn almost flat. The sediments which the rivers have carried to the sea have nearly filled the sea. They have completely covered the layer of the bodies of the sea creatures. The pressure of these sediments, combined with chemical action, turns the bodies into oil. Over more time the sediments covering the oil turned into hard rock.
Stage 3. There the oil remains until the area is disturbed by movements in the earth’s crust. These movements bend and fracture the rocks, forming folds and faults. Under great pressure the oil is squeezed out and moved, sometimes many miles, until it finds a new home. This new home is a rock which can hold the oil rather like a bath sponge holds water. This type of rock is called porous. In fact much oil was squeezed so hard that it found its way to the surface of the earth and was lost forever. Fortunately for us in many areas the porous rock with the oil was surrounded with rocks which would not let oil through, whatever the pressure. These rocks are known as impermeable rock and helped to form oil traps. It is in oil traps where we can find oil now.
1. What is used to make plastic, petrol and paraffin?
2. When did the story of oil formation begin?
3. What phenomenon contributed to the formation of oil?
4. Where is oil held?
5. What happens with oil as a result of great pressure?
6. What is an oil trap?
I. Tell your fellow-students where oil products can be used.
II. Tell your fellow-students about the deposits where oil is mined.
III. Tell your fellow-students about the industries and industrial processes where oil is widely used today.
IV. Find in the text and read synonyms for the words: small, neighbouring, to change into, to take a way, to compress, land, to trouble.
V. Find in the text, read and translate all the past participles.
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Read the text and answer the questions.
Boulder (n) – валун
Conglomerate (n) – конгломерат (сцементированная обломочная горная порода)
Consolidate (v) – затвердевать
Deposit (v) – осаждаться, отлагаться
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External conditions – внешние условия
Igneous rock – изверженная порода
Lay down (v) – покрывать
Lime (n) – известь
Loose (adj) – рыхлый, неплотный (о консистенции, структуре и пр.)
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Mantle (v) – покрывать
Marble (n) – мрамор
Metamorphic rock – метаморфическая
порода
Mouth (n) – устье (реки)
Pebble (n) – валун, галечная порода
Plutonic (adj) – глубинный
Precipitation (n) – выпадение в осадок
Recrystalization (n) – перекристаллизация
Recycle (v) – осуществлять цикл развития
Sandstone (n) – песчаник
Schist (n) – кристаллический сланец
Sediment (n) – осадок, отложение
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Sedimentary rock – осадочная порода
Settle (v) – осаждаться (о почве, растворе и т.п.)
Shale (n) – (глинистый) сланец
Shell (n) – раковина, панцирь
Silt (n) – ил
Slate (n) – (аспидный) сланец
Spread along (v) – распространяться
Strata (pl. From stratum) – 1) слои, пласты; 2) напластование, отложение пород.
Stratify (v) – наслаиваться
Structure (n) – тектоника, отдельность
Texture (n) – текстура горной породы
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ROCKS
Rocks are consolidated or unconsolidated aggregates of minerals or organic matter. The minerals may be all of one type, in which case the rock is monomineralic, or of many types, in which case it is polymineralic. Rocks are made up mostly of crystals of different kinds of minerals, or broken pieces of crystals, or broken pieces of rocks. Some rocks are made of the shells of once-living animals, or of compressed pieces of plants.
Rocks are divided into three basic types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, depending upon how they were formed. The aggregate of minerals can form by: (a) accretion or precipitation of grains during Earth surface processes to give sedimentary rocks; (b) crystallization of magma to give igneous rocks; and (c) solid-state recrystallization in response to changes in external conditions (e.g. pressure and temperature) to give metamorphic rocks. The grain relationships (textures) of these three rock types contrast. Plate tectonics provides an explanation for how rocks are recycled from igneous to sedimentary to metamorphic and back to igneous again.
Rocks do not remain the same forever. They are broken down every day by wind, temperature changes, water, and ice. Large blocks of rock fall from cliffs. Eventually they break up into pebbles, sand, and mud. They are washed into the rivers, and the rivers spread them along their banks and deposit them at their mouths in lakes and the sea. When these materials come to rest they are know as sediment, meaning “matter that settles.” At first sediments are soft and loose. As layer settles upon layer, the overlying weight squeezes the material close together. Meanwhile dissolved mineral matter settles around the grains of the sediments and cements them together. The solid mass is then a sedimentary rock.
Sedimentary rocks can be recognized by two features. First, they are made up of materials that once were a part of older formations, such as the igneous rocks. Second, because of the sorting action of the water in which they were laid down, they lie in layers, called strata. So it is said that sedimentary rocks are stratified. Much of the North American is mantled with sedimentary rocks. They have been raised from the floor of the sea where they were formed on top of the older igneous rocks that mark the real crust of the Earth.
One of the commonest sedimentary rocks is sandstone. It consists of cemented sand. Shale is cemented mud, silt, or clay. Conglomerate is a coarse rock made up of pebbles and even boulders. If the large fragments still are rough and angular, the rock is called breccia. Limestone is a rock made up of the shells and skeletal materials of lime-secreting plants and animals. Coal is a sedimentary rock of plant origin. Fossils are found in sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic rock results when heat and pressure change the original composition and structure of rock. Deep in the Earth’s crust the heat is much greater than it is near the surface. There the hot rock is subjected to pressures from the weight of the crust above and from lateral movements of the crust. Sometimes fluids and gases also act on the rock to change it.
Limestone, a sedimentary rock, changes to marble as a result of such forces. Under stress the mineral grains in shale grow in new directions to form slate, a metamorphic rock. Continued stress changes the slate to phyllite and then to schist, a rock that is very different in appearance, composition, and structure from the original shale. Quartzite, one of the hardest and most compact rocks, is the metamorphic form of the relatively soft, grainy sandstone.
Igneous Rock is rock that has formed by the cooling and consequent solidification of magma, a hot molten mass of rock material. These rocks are divided into two large groups: plutonic rocks crystallized within the earth’s crust, and volcanic rocks formed from magma that has reached the earth’s surface. Many different names have been given to rocks of both types, depending on chemical and mineral composition, texture and occurrence.
I. State the form and function of the –ing forms below. Translate them from English into Russian.
1. Rocks are made up mostly of crystals of different kinds of minerals, or broken pieces of rocks.
2. Some rocks are made of compressed pieces of plants.
3. Rocks are divided into three basic types, depending upon how they were formed.
4. Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock (magma) crystallizes and solidifies.
5. The Earth in its beginning was a mass of molten matter, or magma.
6. Magma is a hot, doughy material mixed with gases and steam.
7. Some of the magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth’s surface, but most remains trapped below, it cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until it solidifies.
8. Slow cooling means the individual mineral grains have a very long time to grow, so they grow to a relatively large size.
II. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participles.
1. Sedimentary rocks are rocks (form) by the deposition and compression of mineral and rock particles, but often (include) material of organic origin.
2. They have an outer layer of mineral material and are usually lined with quartz crystals (project from) the inner rim toward the hollow center.
3. So, igneous rocks are divided into two groups, (depend upon) where the (melt) rock solidifies.
4. Limestone is a rock (make up) of the shells and skeletal materials of plants and animals.
5. All igneous rocks are characterized by an aggregate of minerals (display) an interlocking texture.
III. State which of the given sentences contain a) passive constructions and their forms; b) which sentences contain Participles. Translate into Russian.
1. Rocks are divided into three basic types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, depending upon how they were formed.
2. Shale is cemented mud, silt, or clay.
3. Rocks are consolidated or unconsolidated aggregate of minerals or organic matter.
4. Rocks are made up mostly of crystals of different kinds of minerals.
5. All igneous rocks are characterized by an aggregate of minerals displaying an interlocking texture.
6. Igneous rocks are crystallized and solidified hot molten rock.
7. Only a small number of organisms are preserved as fossils.
IV. Read the sentences and choose the best alternatives of translation.
1. When these materials come to rest they are know as sediment, meaning “matter that settles.”
A. Когда эти вещества осаждаются, они известны как осадки, что означает «вещество, которое осаждается».
B. Когда это вещество откладывается, оно называется отложением, что означает «вещество, которое оседает».
С. Когда эти вещества приходят в состояние покоя, их называют отложением, что означает «вещество, которое оседает».
2. As layer settles upon layer, the overlying weight squeezes the material close together.
A. Хотя слой оседает за слоем, вышележащий вес сильно сжимает вещество.
B. По мере того, как слой за слоем осаждается, вышележащий вес спрессовывается вещество.
C. Когда слой за слоем оседает, вышележащий вес скрепляет частица вещества вместе.
3. Many different names have been given to rocks of both types, depending on chemical and mineral composition, texture and occurrence.
A. Много разных названий давалось породам обоих типов, зависящих от химического и минерального состава, структуры и месте залегания.
B. Много всяких названий было дано обоим типам пород, в зависимости от их химического и минерального состава, текстуры и места залегания.
C. Много разных названий было дано обоим типам пород, в зависимости от их химического и минерального состава, структуры и места залегания.
Task I. Scan the text again and underline the forms of Passives, Infinitives and Participles.
Task II. Answer the following questions.
1. What are rocks?
2. What are rocks made up of?
3. What are 3 types of rocks divided into?
4. What does plate tectonic provide?
5. How can the sedimentary rocks be recognized?
6. What does sandstone consist of?
7. What does metamorphic rock result from?
8. What are two large groups igneous rocks are divided into?
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Большой англо-русский словарь/ Под. Ред. И.Р. Гальперина. – М.: «Русский язык», 1987. – 940 с.
Баракова М.Я. Учебник английского языка для технических вузов (горно-геологического профиля). Учебник/ М.Я. Баракова. – М.: «Высшая школа», 1989. – 272 с.
Геология/Под ред. Марии Аксеновой. - М.: Аванта, 2002. – 160 с.
Rock and Mineral. Written by Dr R.F. Symes and the staff of the Natural History Museum, London, 1988/ - 320 c.
Ивонина Людмила Константиновна
ТЕКСТЫ И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку
для студентов очно-заочной формы обучения специальности ПРМПИ
Корректор Н.В. Шиляева
Лицензия ЛР № 020370 от 20.01.97
Подписано в печать 23.09.2010. Формат 60 х 90 / 16.
Набор компьютерный. Усл. печ. 4,0.
Тираж 100 Заказ 157 / 2010.
Редакционно-издательский отдел
Пермского государственного технического университета (Березниковский филиал).
Отпечатано в ООО «Типограф».
Адрес: г. Соликамск, Соликамское шоссе, 17.
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