Методическая разработка по предмету «Английский язык» по теме : «фос по специальностям спо «Технология машиностроения»
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| часть) If an armature revolves between two stationary field poles, the current in the armature moves in one direc tion during half of each revolution and in the other di rection during the other half. To produce a steady flow of unidirectional, or direct, current from such a device, it is necessary to provide a means of reversing the cur rent flow outside the generator once during each revolu tion. In older machines this reversal is accomplished by means of a commutator (коллектор) — a split metal ring mounted on the shaft of the armature. The two halves of the ring are insulated from each other and serve as the terminals of the armature coil. Fixed brushes of metal or carbon are held against the commutator as it revolves, connecting the coil electrically to external wires. As the armature turns, each brush is in contact alternately with the halves of the commutator, changing position at the moment when the current in the armature coil reverses its direction. Thus there is a flow of unidirectional cur rent in the outside circuit to which the generator is con nected. DC generators are usually operated at fairly low voltages to avoid the sparking between brushes and com mutator that occurs at high voltage. The highest poten tial commonly developed by such generators is 1500 V. In some newer machines this reversal is accomplished using power electronic devices, for example, diode recti fiers. 2. ТЕСТЫ. TEST 1. WORD ORDER 1. often - the cinema - The Milnes - to - go A The Milnes go to the cinema often. В The Milnes often go to the cinema. 2. cigarettes - his - give - him A Give his cigarettes him. В Give him his cigarettes. 3. the theatre - go - often - very - we - to A We go to the theatre very often. В We very often go to the theatre. С Very often we go to the theatre.
A Give to him his cigarettes. В Give his cigarettes to him. 5.drink - coffee -1 - usually - strong - don't A I usually don't drink strong coffee. В I don' t usually drink strong coffee. С I don' t drink strong coffee usually. 6.round - at - table - wooden - they - a - large – sat A They sat at a large wooden round table. В They sat at a round large wooden table. С They sat at a large round wooden table. 7.doing - men - what - those - are? A What are those men doing? В What are doing those men? С What those men are doing? TEST 2 ARTICLES WITH PROPER NAMES A the B- 1. Would you like to go to.. .Kremlin? 2. .. .Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 3. ... West End is the symbol of wealthy and Luxurious life. 4. Where's... John's raincoat? 5. ... Pacific is the largest ocean on our planet. 6. Have you ever been to.. .Bolshoi Theatre? 7. Does... Mark speak... Spanish? 8. Show me... Canada Island on this map, please. 9.How much does it cost to stay at...Grand Hotel? 10.... Volga flows into... Caspian Sea. 11.Although the north of... Scotland is called... Highlands the mountains aren't high there-.. .Ben Nevis (1343m) is the highest peak. 12.I've made up my mind to go to.. .Black Sea next summer. 13.Two of my classmates entered.. .Moscow State University last year Экзаменационный билет № 12 1.ТЕКСТ «AC Motors»(1 часть) Two basic types of motors are designed to operate on alternating current: synchronous motors and induction motors. The synchronous motor is essentially a three-phase alternator operated in reverse. The field magnets are mounted on the rotor and are excited by di rect current, and the armature winding is divided into three parts and fed with three-phase alternating current. The variation of the three waves of current in the arma ture causes a varying magnetic reaction with the poles of the field magnets, and makes the field rotate at a con stant speed that is determined by the frequency of the current in the AC power line. The constant speed of a synchronous motor is advan tageous in certain devices. However, in applications where the mechanical load on the motor becomes very great, synchronous motors cannot be used, because if the motor slows down under load it will «fall out of step» with the frequency of the current and come to a stop. Synchro nous motors can be made to operate from a single-phase power source by the inclusion of suitable circuit elements that cause a rotating magnetic field. The simplest of all electric motors is the squirrel-cage type of induction motor used with a three-phase supply. The armature of the squirrel-cage motor con sists of three fixed coils similar to the armature of the synchronous motor. The rotating member consists of a core in which are imbedded a series of heavy conduc tors arranged in a circle around the shaft and parallel to it. With the core removed, the rotor conductors resemble in form the cylindrical cages once used to ex ercise pet squirrels. The three-phase current flowing in the stationary armature windings generates a rotating magnetic field, and this field induces a current in the conductors of the cage. 2.ТЕСТЫ. TEST 1. PASSIVE 1.The day before yesterday we (invited) to the restaurant by Tom Jenkins. A are invited В were invited С invite . 2.Look! The bridge (repair). A is being repaired В is been repaired С has being repaired 3.. The letter and the parcel (post) tomorrow. A will be post В will have been posted С will be posted 4.Margaret (know) to be a very industrious person. A has been known В is known С is been known 5.In Greece the Olympic Games (hold) once in four years. A were held В are being held С are held 6.The problem (study) for three years, but they haven't got any results. A has been studied В has being studied С was studied 7.Dad phoned us and asked if our luggage (already/pack). A was already being packed В had already been packed С was packed 8.The doctor said that Tommy's leg (X-rayed) the following day. A will be X-rayed В would be X-rayed С will have been X-rayed 9.A police car came when the injured man (carry off) the road. A was being carried off В was been carrying off С has been carried off 10. I (bear) in a small Russian town not far from Samara. A was borne В am born С was born 11.This book (republish) by the end of September. A would been republished В will have been republished С will been republished TEST 2 DEGREES OF COMPARISON 1. This house is (old) of all the houses in the street. A as old as В older С the oldest 2.Go to the library if you need (far) information. A farther В further С farer 3 . Life is (easy) it used to be. A so easy as В more easy than С easier than 4.I'm getting (fat) and (fat). A the fattest and the fattest В fatter and fatter С fat and fat 5.The problem was (serious) we expected. A seriouser than В more serious than 6.Moscow is (large) city in Russia. A the largest В largest С larger 7.Let's go by train. It's much (cheap). A cheap В cheaper С the cheapest 8. Where is (near) post-office, please? A the nearest В the next С nearer 9. That's (good) film I've ever seen. A a good В the goodest С the best Экзаменационный билет №13 1.ТЕКСТ «AC Motors»(2часть) The magnetic reaction between the rotating field and the current-carrying conductors of the rotor makes the rotor turn. If the rotor is re volving at exactly the same speed as the magnetic field no currents will be induced in it, and hence the rotor should not turn at a synchronous speed. In operation the speeds of rotation of the rotor and the field differ by about 2 to 5 per cent. This speed difference is known as slip. Motors with squirrel-cage rotors can be used on sin gle-phase alternating current by means of various ar rangements of inductance and capacitance that alter the characteristics of the single-phase voltage and make it resemble a two-phase voltage. Such motors are called split-phase motors or condenser motors (or capacitor motors), depending on the arrangement used. Single-phase squirrel-cage motors do not have a large starting torque, and for applications where such torque is required, repulsion-induction motors are used. A repulsion-induction motor may be of the split-phase or condenser type, but has a manual or au tomatic switch that allows current to flow between brushes on the commutator when the motor is start ing, and short-circuits all commutator segments after the motor reaches a critical speed. Repulsion-induc tion motors are so named because their starting torque depends on the repulsion between the rotor and the stator, and their torque while running depends on in duction. Series-wound motors with commutators, which will operate on direct or alternating current, are called universal motors. They are usually made only in small sizes and are commonly used in household ap pliances. 2.ТЕСТЫ. TEST 1. FUTURE SIMPLE / FUTURE PERFECT / FUTURE CONTINUOUS 1.He (sleep) when you come back tonight, A will sleep В will be sleeping 2.By the time I come they (go). A will go В will have gone 3.-It is snowing heavily. Have you listened to the weather forecast for tomorrow? -I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning. A will stop В will be stopping С will have stopped 4.My sister (know) the result of her exam on economy in three days. A will know В will have known С will be knowing 5.-Let'smeet at the station at 5 o'clock. - O.K. I (wait) for you there. A will wait. В will be waiting С will have waited 6.The work of the scientist (achieve) the proper acclaim. A will achieve В will have achieved TEST 2. PRONOUNS (use pronouns) 1. At Christmas... (friends) often give Mary presents. 2.... (Mary ) likes her friends. 3.. I've got a tortoise. I feed ... on vegetables. 4.... (the burd) is singing lovely. Экзаменационный билет №14 1.ТЕКСТ «Manual and Automatic Transmissions». The transmission is a mechanism that changes speed and power ratios between the engine and the driving wheels. Three general types of transmission are in cur rent use: conventional or sliding-gear, Hydra-Matic, and torque-converter systems. The conventional transmission provides for three or four forward speeds and one reverse speed. It consists of two shafts, each with gears of varying diameters. One shaft drives the other at a preselected speed by meshing the appropriate set of gears. For reverse speed/an extra gear, known as the idler gear, is required to turn the driven shaft in the opposite direction from normal rota tion. In high gear, the two shafts usually turn at the same speed. In low, second, and reverse gears, the driven shaft turns more slowly than the driving shaft. When a pair of gears permits the driven shaft to turn more rapidly than the driving shaft, the transmission is said to have overdrive. Overdrive is designed to increase the speed of a car. The Hydra-Matic type of transmission combines the automatic clutch provided by fluid coupling with a semi automatic transmission. A mechanical governor, control led by the pressure exerted on the accelerator pedal, regu lates gear selection through a system of hydraulically controlled shift valves. Hydra-Matic transmission pro vides for several forward gears. The torque-converter type of transmission provides an unlimited number of gear ratios with no shifting of gears. The torque converter is a hydraulic mechanism using engine power to drive a pump, which impels streams of oil against the blades of a turbine. The tur bine is connected to the drive shaft and causes it to ro tate. Both Hydra-Matic and torque-converter systems are controlled by a selector lever on the steering column, which provides also for reverse and sometimes for emer gency-low gears. 2.ТЕСТЫ. TEST1. PRESENT PERFECT / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1.He knows Africa well because he (travel | a lot there. A has been travelling В has travelled ' 2.You (write) this composition for two hours and can't com plete it. A have been writing В have written 3.- John is still repairing his car. -He must be tired. He (repair) it all day. A has repaired В has been repairing 4. Alice promised to come, but she's absent. Something (hap pen) to her. A has been happening В has happened 5.The children are drawing. They (draw) since they came home. A have been drawing В have drawn 6.... they (tell) anything about their summer plans? A Have they been telling В Have they told 7. My aunt (have) the big house in the country. A has always been having В has always had Задание 2. Напишите время. a)8.15 b)1.30 c)7.45 d)22.00 e)It`s a quarter to ten. Напишите даты. a)1 сентября 1974 b)31 декабря 1905 c)2 ноября 1634 d)10 мая 1900 Напишите числительные. 6,372,000 35.25 0.1 Five and two thirds 57th 2.45 Sixty thousand two hundred and fifty Экзаменационный билет № 15 1.ТЕКСТ «DIRECT-CURRENT (DC) GENERATORS».(2 |
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