UNIT 4
A crucial battle in the EU's fight against drugs
Preliminary discussion:
What is the law in your country regarding drugs — both pos session of drugs and drug dealing?
Are there any drugs that you think should be made legal? Which ones and why?
What problems have you seen in your community caused by drugs?
What would be the effect of legalizing drugs?
List of key terms and word combinations:
Drug — наркотик.
Frequently — часто.
Precursor — предтеча, предшественник, предвестник.
Drug precursor — исходные вещества для производства нар котиков.
Legitimate — законный.
In particular — в особенности.
Major — главный.
Source — источник.
Concern — интерес, забота, беспокойство.
Extremely — чрезвычайно.
Enormous — огромный.
Value — стоимость, цена.
Drug addiction — наркомания.
Distribution — распределение.
Obvious — очевидный, понятный.
Substance — вещество.
Therefore— поэтому, следовательно.
Legislation — законодательство.
To monitor — контролировать.
Diversion — отклонение.
Crucial— решающий.
To prohibit — запрещать.
Illicit — запрещенный, незаконный.
To divert — отклонять.
To associate — ассоциировать, связывать.
Particular — особенный.
To pose — ставить, предлагать, формулировать, являться.
To produce — производить.
On the ground of — по причине, на основании.
Dimension — важность, серьезность.
To involve — вовлекать, втягивать.
Profit — выгода, доход.
Recent — недавний, новый, свежий.
Hazard — риск.
Administration — управление, ведение, исполнительная власть.
Quantity — количество.
Necessity — необходимость.
Notably — особенно.
To represent — представлять.
Frontier — рубеж, граница.
To misuse — злоупотреблять.
External — внешний.
Stimulant — возбуждающее средство.
In place — взамен.
Regulation — правило, постановление.
A set — комплект, набор.
To aim at — стремиться.
Community — сообщество.
Manufacturer — производитель.
To require — требовать.
Trade — торговля.
To secure — обезопасить.
Transhipment — перегрузка, переотправка, перевалка (с одного судна на другое).
Intermediary — посреднический.
Activities — действия, деятельность.
To identify — отождествлять, опознавать.
In addition — к тому же, кроме того.
To implement — обеспечивать выполнение, приводить в испол нение.
To establish — устанавливать.
Regarding — относительно, касательно.
Concerning— относительно, касательно.
Prior — прежний, более важный.
Individual — единичный, отдельный, частный.
Authorisations — разрешение, санкция, одобрение.
Consignment — груз, партия товара.
Transaction — сделка, дело.
To span — соединять, перекрывать.
Co-operation — сотрудничество.
Significant — важный, существенный.
Purpose — цель.
To prevent — предотвратить.
Relevant — относящийся к делу.
Chemicals — химикаты.
To demonstrate — показывать, демонстрировать, служить до казательством.
Diversion — отклонение, отвлечение внимания, обход, отвод.
Read and translate the text:
A crucial battle in the EU's fight against drugs
«Drug Precursors» are chemical substances frequently used to manufacture illicit drugs such as ecstasy or amphetamines manu facture. Having wide legitimate uses, drug precursors may be ex tremely dangerous when diverted from the licit distribution chan nels for the illicit manufacturing of drugs.
Ecstasy in particular is a major source of concern for the Euro pean Union. Some 2,6 million adults in the EU have used it recent ly, according to the report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction.
Ecstasy poses a problem not only on grounds of the health hazards associated with its use, but also because in recent years the EU has become one of the world's leading manufacturers and exporters of the drug, using imported precursors. And synthetic drugs are also made in the EU in large quantities. Of course what represents enor mous risks for users means huge profits for the drugs «business»: one litre of some key precursors can produce amphetamine-type stimulants with a street value of more than € 500,000.
Fighting precursor diversion is therefore an absolute necessi ty. It is equally obvious that trade in drug precursors cannot be prohibited.
European Community legislation
Different types of administrations are involved in drug precur sor control, notably Health, Police, and Customs. Today, precur sor specific controls through Customs at the EU external frontier are more important than ever. When the EU precursor legislation came into force, the EU used to be an exporter of drug precursors. Today this is still the case, but the EU has also become an importer of drug precursors. Especially those precursors than are generally not produced locally and must be brought into the EU. This situa tion requires particular attention from EU Customs when secur ing the EU external frontier.
A new legal arsenal has been put in place in the EU with the entry into force in August 2005 of a set of three regulations aiming at:
monitoring of trade in drug precursors between the EU and countries outside the Union. It requires that all imports — including transhipment, exports and intermediary activities involving drug precursors be documented by operators, and that drug precursors be clearly identified as such. In addi tion, businesses trading in drug precursors have to hold a license or must be registered;
monitoring of trade within the EU;
implementing rules for the two regulations mentioned above, in order to establish the necessary procedures regarding licen sing, and further detailed rules concerning the monitoring of trade. Imports and exports require prior individual authori sations where specific forms must be used. For transshipment consignments the operator must be able to demonstrate the licit purposes of the transaction.
Diversion of drug precursors is a problem with an obviously international dimension, spanning several continents. This is why co-operation between the EU and other countries has a very significant role to play in preventing relevant chemicals from ending up in the illicit manufacture of ecstasy and other danger ous substances.
Answer the questions:
What does the term «drug precursors» mean?
Why are drug precursors dangerous?
What kinds of administrations are involved in drug precursor's con trol?
The EU has become an importer of drug precursors. Why?
What are EU regulations aimed at?
Why is ecstasy of a particular concern for the European Union?
Match the words with their Russian equivalents:
1. necessary procedures
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a) кроме того, в дополнение к
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2. external frontiers
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b) источник беспокойства / заботы
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3. a problemof international dimension
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c) для того, чтобы
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4. in addition
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d) опасные вещества
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5. leading manufacturer
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e) по причине
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6. in order to
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f) вступать в силу
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7. dangerous substances
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g) необходимые мероприятия (операции)
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8. according to
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h) дело международной важности
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9. to come into force
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i) основной(ведущий) производитель
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10. a source of concern
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j) согласно
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11. a set of regulations
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k) внешние рубежи
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12. on grounds of
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l) ряд постановлений / директив
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Fill the gaps in these sentences with a suitable preposition from the list:
In, in, with, on, upon, in, of, between, with, against,
for, of, around
Ecstasy particular is a major source concern
the European Union.
Cooperation the EU and other countries has a very sig nificant role preventing the illicit manufacture
dangerous substances.
The EU has concluded bilateral agreements a number
of countries the world to help prevent the diversion of
drug precursors.
Co-operation industry is a core element of international
drug precursor control.
EU legislation drug precursors is based Article
12 of the 1988 United Nations Convention illicit traf fic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Many synthetic drugs are made in the EU large quantities.
Fill in the gaps with the English equivalents of the words in brackets:
Bilateral agreements
Diversion of drug precursors is a problem with an international (важность), spanning several continents. This is why (сотрудни чество) between the EU and other countries has a very (важная роль) to play in preventing relevant chemicals from ending up in the illicit (производство) of ecstasy and other dangerous (вещества).
At present the EU has (соглашения) «on the (предотвращение) of diversion of precursors and chemical (вещества) frequently used in the (незаконный) manufacture of narcotic drugs» with 9 countries. Those are Turkey, a candidate country, the United States, Mexico, Chile, and the five members of the Andean (сообщество) (Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; and Venezuela).
Those (соглашения) are all built on the same model. They pro vide for co-operation in trade monitoring and (взаимный) adminis trative assistance.
Translate into English:
Таможенные органы России располагают уникальным опы том борьбы с распространением наркотиков, который был накоплен за годы партнерских отношений с таможенными службами различных государств.
В начале 90-х годов таможенники обнаруживали партии ко каина в банках с этикетками «Свиная тушенка» и в пакетах с соком, поставляемых в Россию из Колумбии. В нынешнем году была изъята крупнейшая за последние годы партия ге роина 237 кг, который был расфасован в пакеты для соков. Таможенники обнаруживали кокаин, растворенный в вине, марихуану, замаскированную в краске. Для доставки нарко тиков используют тайники, оборудованные в железнодорож ных вагонах, в труднодоступных для досмотра полостях авто мобилей.
Угроза, которая исходит от наркобизнеса, уже давно приня ла глобальный характер. Анализируя статистику задержа ний контрабанды наркотиков на таможенной границе, мож но констатировать, что основная масса наркотиков, включая такие особо опасные как героин и кокаин, поступают в Рос сию из-за рубежа.
Взаимодействие российской таможенной службы с зарубеж ными коллегами в сфере борьбы с контрабандой наркотиков осуществляется на основе межправительственных соглаше ний о сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи, которые заключены более чем с 50 странами мира.
Additional reading
Not Guilty (L. G. Alexander)
Going through the Customs is a tiresome business. The strangest thing about it is that really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recent ly, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
«Have you anything to declare?» he asked, looking me in the eyes.
«No». I answered confidently.
«Would you mind unlocking this suitcase, please?»
«Not at all». I answered.
The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly I saw the Of ficial's face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
«Perfume, eh?» he asked sarcastically. «You should have de clared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty».
«But it isn't perfume». I said. «It's hair-oil». Then I added with a smile, «It's a strange mixture I make myself».
As I expected, he did not believe me.
«Try it!» I said encouragingly.
The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk-marks on my baggage.
Topics for discussion
Drugs can help people who are ill.
Making drugs legal means that they can be taxed, and that means revenue for the government.
Drug-trafficking is not as serious as violent crime.
Legalising drugs could make the job of law enforcement offic ers much easier.
Alcohol and cigarettes are more harmful and are already legal.
UNIT 5 Communication Across Cultures (1) Questions for discussion:
What is culture?
Have you ever lived in another culture? If yes, were you ever in a situation where you felt culturally unprepared? Did you feel like you did something inappropriate because you didn't know about the culture?
Have you ever noticed any differences in the way people behave in other countries?
What influence does your own culture have on the way you see people from other cultures?
Key words and combinations:
To behave — вести себя.
To expect — ожидать.
Colleague — сослуживец, коллега.
To allow — позволять, разрешать.
To increase — возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти; усили- вать(ся).
Guidebook — путеводитель.
Etiquette — этикет, профессиональная этика.
To assume — предполагать, допускать.
Custom — обычай; привычка.
Rare — редкий, необычный, необыкновенный, замечатель ный, превосходный.
Afterwards — впоследствии, потом, позже.
To roll up sleeves — засучить рукава; перен. приготовиться к борьбе; к работе.
Sign — знак; символ; обозначение; жест, признак, примета.
Executive — a исполнительный; административный; n 1) долж ностное лицо, руководитель, администратор (фирмы, компа нии); business executives — представители деловых кругов;
2) (the executive) исполнительная власть, исполнительный орган.
Whilst — пока.
Sole — подошва подмётка.
Insult— оскорбление; обида.
To exceed — превышать, быть больше, превосходить.
To blow a nose — сморкаться.
Strict — точный, определённый; строгий, требовательный.
Seniority — старшинство, трудовой стаж.
Business card — визитная карточка.
To exchange — обмениваться.
Immediately — немедленно, тотчас же, непосредственно.
To establish— основывать; создавать; устанавливать, устра ивать.
Superior — высший, старший, лучший, превосходный, выс шего качества; to be superior to — быть лучше, чем (что-л.); быть выше (чего-л.); 1) старший, начальник; 2) превосходя щий другого.
A bow — поклон.
To realize — представлять себе; понимать (ясно, в деталях) осуществлять; выполнять (план, намерение).
To clasp — сжимать, обнимать.
To clasp in one's arms — заключать в объятия.
To clasp smb's hand — пожимать кому-л. руку.
To greet — приветствовать; здороваться; кланяться.
Respect — уважение; отношение, внимание.
Cool — прохладный, спокойный, невозмутимый; равнодуш ный, безучастный; неприветливый.
Importance — важность, значимость, значительность.
Reserved — сдержанный, замкнутый, необщительный.
Casual — легкомысленный, несерьезный, нерегулярный.
Conversation — разговор, беседа; переговоры.
Stranger — чужой; незнакомец, иностранец, иноземец.
Emotional — эмоциональный, взволнованный.
Impersonal — обезличенный, безликий, безличный.
Main — основной.
Link — звено, связь, соединение.
Offensive — оскорбительный, обидный.
To wink — мигать, подмигивать.
To accept — принимать, соглашаться, допускать.
Host — хозяин, принимающая сторона.
To admire — любоваться; восхищаться.
At least — по крайней мере.
Read and translate the text: A World Guide to good manners. How not to behave badly abroad (by Norman Ramshaw)We live in a global village, but how well do we know and under stand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o'clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they're German, they'll be bang on time. If they're American, they'll probably be 15 minutes early. If they're British, they'll be 15 minutes late and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians. When the European Community began to increase in size, sev eral guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke but very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends. For example:
The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.
The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything.
Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germa ny people regard it as taking it easy.
American executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked.
Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public. The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and busi ness behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japa nese man. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter. The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more infor mal. The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather — un emotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. «Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there». Choose the best answer:
People began to study international etiquette
just to get some knowledge about it;
because travelled a lot;
to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends.
The British are happy to discuss business matters
before lunchtime;
during their lunch;
at any time.
The Japanese will be shocked if you
put your feet on the desk;
bow the head;
are cool and reserved.
Rolling up your sleeves is a sign of your readiness to work in
Holland;
Germany;
Japan.
Establishing everyone's status and position is very important in
Holland;
Britain;
Japan.
have the strictest rules of social and business behav iour.
The British;
The Japanese;
The Americans.
Match the words with their Russian equivalents:
1. to arrange a meeting
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a) открыто, публично
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2. to get down to work
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b) опустить голову
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3. to take something easy
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c) завершить сделку
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4. in public
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d) старше по рангу / положению
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5. to complete a deal
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e) устроить / организовать встречу
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6. to shake hands
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f) быть как раз вовремя, точно в назначенный час
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7. to lower a head
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g) знак уважения
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8. a mark of respect
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h) не волноваться, смотреть на вещи проще
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9. in a superior position
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i) обменяться рукопожатием
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10. to be bang on time
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j) засесть за работу
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Fill in the gaps the Middle East Thailand Spain France Russia Italy America Afghanistan Pakistan «When in Rome, do as the Romans do»Here are some tips how not to behave badly abroad:
In you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken
hands with everyone you know.
In you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.
In you mustn't wink. It is offensive.
In you must never use the left hand for greeting, eat ing, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to ad mire anything in your hosts' home. They will feel that they have to give it to you.
In you must match your hosts drink for drink or they
will think you are unfriendly.
In you should clasp your hands together and lower your
head and your eyes when you greet someone.
In you should eat your hamburger with both hands and
as quickly as possible. You shouldn't try to have a conversation until it is eaten. Fill the gaps in these sentences with a suitable preposition In for into about by through of by in Improving Intercultural CommunicationIt is essential that people research the cultures and communica tion customs of those whom they propose to meet. This will mini mise the risk making the elementary mistakes and im prove communication:
avoid using slang and idioms;
listen carefully and, if doubt, ask for confirmation
of understanding (particularly important if local accents and pronunciation are a problem);
recognise that accenting and intonation can cause meaning to vary significantly;
respect the local communication formalities and styles, and watch any changes body language;
investigate their culture's perception of your culture
reading literature your culture their eyes before entering communication with them. If it is not possible to learn the other's language, it is expected to show some respect learning a few words. Translate from Russian into English: Part 1Нередко один и тот же жест у разных народов может иметь не только различное, но и прямо противоположное значение. Говоря о себе, европеец показывает рукой на грудь, а япо нец — на нос. Жители Мальты вместо слова «нет» слегка касаются кончи ками пальцев подбородка, повернув кисть вперед. Во Франции и Италии этот жест означает, что у человека что-то болит. Обычный утвердительный кивок головой на юге Югославии служит знаком отрицания. Немцы часто поднимают брови в знак восхищения чьей-то идеей. Но то же самое в Англии будет расценено как выражение скептицизма. Наиболее экспрессивен язык жестов у французов. Когда француз чем-то восхищен, он соединяет кончики трех пальцев, подносит их к губам и, высоко подняв подбородок, посылает в воздух нежный поцелуй. Если же он потирает указательным пальцем основание носа, то это означает, что он предупрежда ет: «Здесь что-то нечисто», «Осторожно», «Этим людям нельзя доверять». Постукивание итальянцем указательным пальцем по носу означает: «Берегитесь, впереди опасность, они что-то замышля ют». Но этот же жест в Англии — конспирацию и секретность. Движение пальца из стороны в сторону в США, Италии мо жет означать легкое осуждение, угрозу или призыв прислушать ся к тому, что сказано. В Голландии этот жест означает отказ. И если надо жестом сопроводить выговор, то указательным паль цем водят из стороны в сторону около головы. |
