Chinese [_____________] growth has slowed, and there are growing fears that it could face a “hard landing”.
The most [____________] and carbon-friendly way to travel to Boston from New York is by train.
But the big question is whether these same [_____________] would apply in a world one hundred times richer than we are right now.
They have for many centuries been the highway of commerce, and afford a cheap and [_____________] means of transport.
"Destroying a rainforest for [_____________] gain is like burning a Renaissance painting to cook a meal."
Japan's [_____________] has dodged a recession after it grew faster than expected in the first three months of the year.
While the short-term performance of emerging [___________] has been abysmal, the longer-term returns tell a very different story.
Analysts remain concerned about the outlook for consumer spending, which accounts for about 60% of [___________] growth.
The most important general work published in English is Marshall's Principles of [______________].
Despite the [____________] crisis, Germany has grown, created more jobs, and reduced its national debt.
Other than aesthetics and [_____________], she had little idea what kind of vehicle she wanted.
In the following year he was introduced to political [___________] and studied Adam Smith and Ricardo with his father.
The Global Brand enables organizations to take advantage of [___________] of scale with regard to marketing investments.
Gross domestic product in the world's third-largest [__________] grew at an annualized pace of 1.7%.
It is easy to understand, therefore, why we trace the beginnings of [__________], so far as England is concerned, in the 16th century, and why the application of strict scientific tests in this subject of human study has become possible only in comparatively recent times.
Japan's [____________] had shrunk in the final three months of 2015, so the expansion in the first quarter meant it avoided falling into recession usually defined as two successive quarters of contraction.
Exercise № 12
output – 1) выпуск, продукция 2) объем производства, добычи 3) выработка, мощность, производительность
Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
annual output; industrial output; national output; daily output; gross output; manufacturing output; milk output; factory output; oil output; world output; economic output; farm output.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
British manufacturing output showed a small increase in September.
Philippine farm output this year will grow by as much as 5 percent on back of a sharp rise in rice production.
The economic output of all countries in the EU has increased considerably during the last three decades.
Many analysts think Iran could double its oil output to nearly 7 million barrels per day.
A good monsoon, stable cattle-feed cost and better price to farmers will increase domestic milk output by six-seven per cent and ensure stable prices to consumers.
New figures released by the Central Statistics Office show that Ireland’s economic output decreased in the last quarter of 2011 – putting Ireland back into a recession.
Based on the World Steel Association data, in June this year the crude steel output of 62 countries surveyed across the globe reached 127.9 million tonnes increasing by 0.1% YoY basis (year-on-year) and down 2.04% compared to May this year.
The Northern Bank is predicting economic output will remain largely flat this year.
Output per worker rises when the workers are more skilled and work with greater intensity, it also rises when they are given better equipment, more efficient plant-layouts, and better materials.
China's annual output of shale gas will skyrocket from near zero now to 6.5 billion cubic meters in 2015 and at least 10 times that by 2020, the government said in a development plan Friday.
Exercise № 13
rate 1) размер, норма; 2) ставка, тариф; 3) курс; 4) темп, скорость;5) коэффициент, показатель, степень; 6) разряд, сорт, класс.
Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
growth rate; interest rate; rate of inflation; unemployment rate; birth rate; exchange rate; dollar rate; wage rate; profit rate; freight rate; output rate; penalty rate; tax rate; at an annual rate; rate of profitability.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
The unemployment rate represents unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force.
The rate of profit is the best indicator of the ‘health’ of a capitalist economy.
The soaring unemployment rate is a lagging indicator of the financial problems in the euro zone, and is not terribly surprising given (учитывая) all the bad news coming from Europe in the last couple of years.
Latvia has one of the highest GDP growth rates in Europe, mostly driven by expansion in consumption and credit.
The US and Europe have also criticised China’s exchange rate controls; accusing China of making their exports artificially cheap and giving Chinese manufacturers an unfair advantage over European and American producers.
The U.S. birth rate has dropped to the lowest level since national data have been available, according to statistics just released by the Centers for Disease Control.
Some economists expect the Bank of England committee to consider an interest rate increase in May, when more data on inflation and the economy in the first quarter will be available.
The UK rate of inflation fell last month to a two-and-a-half year low owing to slowing fuel and food prices.
The unemployment rate fell to 8.5%. That was the fourth month in a row that the jobless number has fallen, and it was the lowest level that gauge of economy has been since February 2009.
Freight rates have plummeted in recent months, thanks to weak demand and an oversupply of container ships.
The economy in the U.S. grew at a 3 percent annual rate in the last three months of 2011, the same as previously estimated, while corporate profits climbed at the slowest pace in three years.
Exercise № 14
to account for – 1) составлять, приходиться на долю; 2) объяснять что-либо, служить причиной; 3) отчитываться за что-либо, нести ответственность; 4) обеспечивать за счет чего-то.
Обратите особое внимание на необходимость грамматической трансформации при переводе предложений, в которых глагол to account for употребляется в значении приходиться на долю. Например: The U.S. now accounts for 45 per cent of Hong Kong’s exports by value. – В настоящее время на долю США приходится 45 % от общего объема экспорта Гонконга в стоимостном выражении.
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
China accounts for about a fifth of the world's total economic output and any slowdown may affect a global recovery.
It’s important to keep in mind that the industrial sector accounts for less than a quarter of all final products produced in the U.S.
The Pentagon cannot properly account for nearly nine billion dollars received for Iraqi reconstruction programs after the 2003 US invasion.
In 2008 private consumption accounted for only 35% of the US GDP, down from 49% in 1990.
In America start-ups have accounted for almost all the job creation in the past couple of decades.
Exports of industrial raw materials and capital goods, especially to emerging economies, account for the lion’s share of recent gains in GDP.
The invention of the cotton gin (машина для очистки хлопкового волокна) was one of the key factors that accounted for the explosive growth of cotton production and slave labor in the South in the 1850's.
The storekeeper was expected to account for any material removed.
An increase in net exports has accounted for no less than two-thirds of Germany’s total GDP growth over the past decade, far more than any other big economy.
At the board meeting the sales manager accounted for the failure to meet the target figures.
Bad weather accounted for the delay in delivery.
Exercise № 15
Describing graphs, trends, and changes
Going up
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Verbs
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to advance, to climb, to increase, to rise, to grow, to gain ground, to head north, to improve, to go up
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Nouns
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an advance, an increase, a rise, a growth, a climb, a hike, an upturn
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Going down
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Verbs
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to decline, to drop, to fall, to head south, to lose ground, to retreat,
to slide, to go down, to contract, to shrink
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Nouns
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a decline, a drop, a fall, a retreat, a slide, a downturn
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These words used to talk of an upward or downward trend do not in themselves indicate by how much indicators have gone up or down.
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Going up by small or moderate amounts
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V
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to edge ahead, to edge higher, to edge up, to firm
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Going down by small
or moderate amounts
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V
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to dip, to drift (lower), to ease, to edge down, to edge lower, to slip (lower)
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N
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a dip, a drift, a slip
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Going up
by large amounts
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V
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to jump, to leap, to roar ahead, to roar up, to rocket, to shoot ahead,
to shoot up, to skyrocket, to soar, to surge (ahead)
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N
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a jump, a leap, a surge
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Going down
by large amounts
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V
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to dive, to nosedive, to plunge, to plummet, to tumble
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N
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a dive, a nosedive, a plunge, a tumble
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Going down fast
by very large amounts
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V
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to collapse, to crash, to crumble, to slump
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N
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a crash, a collapse, a slump
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No change
|
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to remain stable, to level off, to stay at the same level, to remain constant, flat
to stagnate, to stabilize, to remain steady
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Change of direction
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to peak, to reach a peak, to top out, to reach a low point, to bottom out,
to recover, to rebound, to revive
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The amount of increase or decline can also be indicated using these verbs:
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to double, to triple, to quadruple, to increase fivefold; to halve
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Adjectives and adverbs
a dramatic fall
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to fall dramatically
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существенный (но)
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an abrupt rise
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to rise abruptly
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резкий (о)
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a sudden decline
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to decline suddenly
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внезапный (о)
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a moderate growth
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to grow moderately
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умеренный (о)
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a slight increase
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to increase slightly
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незначительный (о)
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a rapid drop
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to drop rapidly
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стремительный (о)
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a gradual decline
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to decline gradually
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постепенный (о)
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a steady recovery
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to recover steadily
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устойчивый (о)
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erratic fluctuation
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to fluctuate erratically
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хаотичный (о)
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a constant leveling off
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to level off constantly
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непрерывный (о)
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a marginal pick-up
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to pick up marginally
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несущественный (о)
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a marked fall
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to fall markedly
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заметный (о)
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a fractional increase
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to increase fractionally
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незначительный (о)
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Fill in the gaps with appropriate words. Explain your choice.
Car sales in India ………… to its lowest in nine months in July at 1.43 mln units as high interest rates and petrol prices further impacted the already weak consumer sentiments.
skyrocketed slumped surged
Total car production……………5% because of lower sales in the US, where all European countries are struggling with weak demand.
shot ahead slid increased
Industrial output grew by 20.9% in January 2005 over the previous year, as China’s total economy………….. by more than 14%.
slid edged up shot ahead
American manufacturing employment ………. in 1979 and has been generally falling since.
advanced peaked soared
New orders ……………5% in August, and for that month and July combined stood 10% higher in volume terms than a year earlier.
plummeted slipped jumped
Sales held steady, profits ………….from $29.7 million to $12.1 million.
drifted lower crumbled leapt
Farm prices………….0.5% from March as meat prices continued their rise.
edged up rocketed surged
In the first seven months of the year exports to Great Britain …………….by 12% and hit the record, while those to Italy were up only 4%.
fell drifted lower soared
Stocks …………..as trading activity remained sluggish.
roared ahead edged lower leapt
Tesla’s shares were among the best performers,…………. 400% in 6 months.
jumping plummeting tumbling
Exercise № 16
Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying special attention to the words in italics.
all time high – наивысшее значение за весь период наблюдений, исторический максимум
ant. all-time low
on record – за всю историю статистических наблюдений
record high – абсолютный максимум, рекордно высокое значение
year’s low – самый низкий показатель за год
Historically, from 1914 until 2012, the United States inflation rate averaged 3.36% reaching an all time high of 23.7% in June of 1920 and a record low of 15.8% in June of 1921.
Foreign investment by U.S. businesses and investors is on track to be the second highest on record.
Having touched a 20-year low in 2006, this year sales fell every month until October.
Manufacturing output has already declined at a 2.2% annual rate in the fourth quarter, the largest quarterly drop since the 2001 recession.
Since January, exports to Asia have accounted for almost half of total shipments, and in the three months through July, the growth rate for shipments of all goods, adjusted for inflation, accelerated to a 30% annual rate.
The figures also showed that input prices – the cost of raw materials bought by industry – rose 1.8% on the month to stand 15.4% up on a year ago, the second biggest increase on record.
Singapore's economy slowed sharply from the third quarter. Growth fell by 3.2 per cent on an annualised, seasonally adjusted basis, the first contraction in four and a half years.
The main cause of the problem has been steadily weakening prices, which are at about 20-year lows.
In the US, companies are generally quicker to shed jobs, the rate reached 9.8% in September, a 26-year high and up by around four percentage points since mid-2008.
In Germany and Britain, the forecast suggests a marked fall in output, year on year.
According to WSD’s (World Steel Dynamics) calculations, steel consumption in the US will pick up only marginally to 125m tones, from this year’s expected 122,8m tones.
Last month exports were $1.64bn, fractionally down on the same month in 1984.
In fact, corporate profits are now at a peak in dollar terms and close to an all-time high as a percentage of GDP.
Japan’s production of crude steel (нерафинированной стали) rose dramatically in April to 8.830 million metric tons, up 15% from a year earlier and 5% from March.
The latest figures reflected only the normal seasonal improvement in the labour market and gave no sign that the present modest upswing in the economy was creating new jobs.
The rise in manufacturer’s buying prices is also uncomfortably high in comparison with the domestic inflation rate, which was 4.6 per cent in the year to December and is projected by Treasury (Министерство Финансов) to remain at about that level this year.
TRANSLATION SKILLS
АНАЛИЗ СТРУКТУРЫ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И РОЛЬ ПОРЯДКА СЛОВ ПРИ ПЕРЕВОДЕ
Приступая к переводу текста, необходимо помнить, что вследствие различий в лексических и грамматических структурах языка оригинала и языка перевода, достижение полной эквивалентности возможно лишь в исключительных случаях, как правило, в простых предложениях. Для выполнения адекватного перевода, т.е. такого, который на 80-90% передает суть и форму оригинала, возникает необходимость в различных переводческих трансформациях: лексических, грамматических, стилистических и др. Задача переводчика заключается в том, чтобы найти такие языковые средства, которые позволят ему без искажений, грамотно, адекватно, используя специальную терминологию, передать содержащуюся в оригинале информацию, по возможности, сохранив жанровые особенности текста и авторскую стилистику.
Перевод каждого предложения следует начинать с анализа его грамматической структуры, т.е. нахождения грамматической основы и установления связи между словами. При этом следует иметь в виду, что перед подлежащим предлоги отсутствуют. Сказуемое может быть удалено от подлежащего, а отдельные части сказуемого – друг от друга.
In services the pessimism expressed about the coming year was reminiscent of mid-2009, before the recovery had picked up any speed at all
Food prices, which rose by about 11% in the year to February, have made a big contribution to China’s consumer-price inflation, now running at 4.9%.
Если предложение содержит предлоги, необходимо выяснить, какие слова в предложении они связывают.
Во многих случаях перевод с английского языка на русский сопровождается изменением порядка слов. Следует помнить, что в отличие от английского языка, в котором принят прямой порядок слов, в русском языке порядок слов свободный, а обстоятельства времени и места по большей части стоят в начале предложения. Также в начало предложения помещается и ссылка на источник информации, если таковая имеется. Инфинитив цели, стоящий в конце английского предложения, тоже, как правило, выносится вперед.
Порядок слов в русском предложении может зависеть от того, с каким артиклем употреблено подлежащее в английском предложении.
A meeting in support of domestic beef producers was held in Argentina yesterday.
The meeting in support of domestic beef producers, held in Argentina yesterday condemned the government ban on beef exports.
В обоих предложениях порядок слов фиксирован правилами построения английских предложений подобного типа. В первом предложении подлежащее оформлено неопределенным артиклем, указывающим на то, что оно является центром той части сообщения, которая содержит "новые" сведения. В русском языке такой центр сообщения тяготеет к концу предложения. Поэтому в переводе эквивалентное высказывание будет иметь иной порядок слов:
Вчера в Аргентине состоялся митинг в поддержку отечественных производителей говядины.
Во втором предложении определенный артикль при подлежащем указывает, что коммуникативным центром сообщения является не подлежащее, а группа сказуемого, составляющая конечную часть высказывания. Поэтому порядок слов в переводе может быть сохранен:
Митинг в поддержку отечественных производителей говядины, прошедший вчера в Аргентине, осудил запрет правительства на экспорт этой продукции.
Часто необходимость в изменении порядка слов возникает в тех случаях, когда сказуемое в английском предложении выражено глаголом в пассивном залоге или составным именным сказуемым.
The $787 billion economic stimulus package was approved by Congress in February 2009.
В феврале 2009 г. Конгресс [США] одобрил пакет мер/программу экономического стимулирования на общую сумму 787 млрд. долл.
Exercise № 17
Translate into Russian following the instructions given above.
Brazil, Russia, India and China, known as the BRICs, will comprise 20 percent of the world economy this year, International Monetary Fund data show.
By 2000, the median worker had to work 67.4 hours a month to put his or her family into the median home.
In China, unlike the euro area or America, a slowdown is overdue.
The slowdown indicates that estimates of the U.S. financial problem may “turn out to be overly optimistic”.
In the Great Depression, many countries tried devaluations to gain export advantages over rivals.
Combined GDP in the BRICs will rise to more than $14 trillion this year from $2.8 trillion in 2002, according to the IMF.
Managers know their companies need growth to survive.
The government offered firms temporary subsidies to forestall outsourcing.
Low interest rates around the world will boost growth in the BRIC countries, said O’Neill, the former chief economist at Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
A tax increase on tobacco in October also hurt cigarette sales.
The tax increase on tobacco in New Zealand on 28 April 2010 was the first increase above CPI (Consumer Price Index) for a decade.
Germany could add about 10 percent to growth over the next decade if it removed barriers to competition and other inefficiencies, according to the O.E.C.D.
Corporate leaders worked with educators to churn out a labor force with the right skills.
Germany needs to boost both domestic spending and its services sector to maintain its performance over the next decade.
Though the German economy grew a healthy 3 percent last year, it will grow only 0.6 percent this year and 1.9 percent next yesr, the OECD forecasts.
A new €28 billion loan for Greece has been approved by the IMF as part of the overall financing package agreed by Athens and its partners in the euro zone.
A key ingredient in the government’s new economic strategy was the successful conclusion on March 9 of a substantial write-down of Greece’s debt.
Exercise № 18
Перевод прилагательных в сравнительной степени, выступающих в качестве определения, и причастий, означающих повышение и понижение
Такие прилагательные и причастия чаще всего переводятся существительными. При этом определяемое существительное ставится в родительном падеже.
lower GNP — сокращение ВНП
higher prices — повышение уровня цен
rising inflation — рост инфляции
reduced taxes — снижение налогов
A. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
higher spending; rising unemployment; more workers; lower living standards; improved economic environment; slower growth; growing exports; less inflation; better consumer demand; lower household income; rising GDP.
B. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
The result would be lower rates, more revenue and a more efficient tax system.
As the population grows there will be an increased demand for food.
Consumers are putting off major purchases, partly because they are afraid of rising unemployment.
The pace of export growth and import declines has slowed on the back of the weaker demand from overseas and the stronger dollar.
Increased global demand for fuel has added to the pressure on prices.
The risk of deflation is exacerbated by rising unemployment and falling incomes.
Employers will achieve increased productivity by allowing employees to focus on their work rather than family concerns.
Trading powerhouses like Germany are suffering from weaker demand for capital goods, automobiles and luxury goods.
The shrinking value of the dollar has helped boost demand abroad for products like computers and machinery.
A lower dollar and the rising cost of foreign labour in China and elsewhere have weakened the case for sending American manufacturing offshore.
A third consecutive monthly rise in exports showed the global recovery was gaining steam, and the second month of higher imports implied firmer U.S. demand.
Lower corporate profits account for less investment.
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