Методические рекомендации по выполнению домашней контрольной работы огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык для специальности 23. 02. 06 Техническая эксплуатация подвижного состава железных дорог вид подготовки: базовый форма обучения: заочная 2
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ВАРИАНТ 1
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAINThe history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century. The first railways were horse-powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore. Later on, horse-powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport. However, they did not last long. In 1763, James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels. He made a design of a locomotive but could not build it, as he had no money. Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’s locomotive worked. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour. It was the beginning of steam-powered railways. In 1829, the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train. The prize was won by G. Stephenson with his famous train the “Rocket”. This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) per hour. At first, many people were afraid of the railways. However, in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain. It should be said* that the gauge was not the same on all the railways. The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the** broader the gauge, the easily would the trains run. Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet. That is why for many years there were two gauges in England: the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson. It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, delay was caused and time was wasted. Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge. At last in the House of Commons*** the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”. It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge and more than 30 years “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted. Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge. Notes: * it should be said – следует сказать ** the…, the – чем…, тем *** the House of Commons – Палата Общин
Например, train [trein] – поезд
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