English for communication
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Verbs and verb combinations
Adjectives
*Ex. III. Read the words and say what part of speech they belong to and what words they are derived from. Industrialized, climatic, flowing, diversity, achievement, invention, specializing, settlement, attraction, occupied, largest, separating, confession. Ex. IV. Practise conversion. Form new words according to the model. Fill in blank spaces of the table with correct words. Consult the dictionary if necessary. Model: Noun → Verb head → to head голова, глава → возглавлять people → to people народ → населять
Ex. V. Find in the texts given below the words formed with the help of conversion and state what part of speech they belong to. *Ex. VI. Revise 3 forms of the verbs and fill in blank spaces of the table with correct forms.
*Ex. VII. Choose the word that is similar or synonymous to the underlined word.
Ex. VIII. a) Read and translate into Russian the following N+N word combinations. Tourist attraction, mountain chain, Earth science, market town, automation equipment. b) Make up sentences with these word combinations. Ex. IX. a) Make up as many word combinations as you can choosing from A and B. Translate them into Russian. A B
b) Make up sentences with these word combinations. Ex. X. Read and translate the sentences into Russian paying special attention to the different meanings of the underlined words: 1. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. 2. The city is situated on low hills on either banks of the Moskva River. 3. The climate of the European part of Russia is not too severe; it cannot be called too mild either. 4. There are a lot of lakes in Russia. The world`s deepest lake – lake Baikal is situated in Russia, too. 5. Russia is a land of climatic extremes because its climate varies from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. 6. Because of its central location in the heart of European Russia, Moscow became a focal point for important trade routes. *Ex. XI. Insert a suitable word from the box. 1. The Russian Federation … 21 republics. 2. Russia or the Russian Federation …the area of 17 million sq. km. 3. The …population of Russia is about 143 million people. 4. Approximately 10 million people are …in agriculture. 5. Russian science and technology are famous due to many… 6. The federal government consists of three… 7. Each …is headed by the Speaker. 8. Moscow was first …in the chronicles in 1147. 9. The town was almost totally… in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar… 10. Moscow is Russia's main tourist … achievements, comprises, mentioned, attraction, branches, occupies, chamber, destroyed, current, invasion, engaged. Ex. XII. Answer the following questions: 1. What country do you live in? 2. What is the capital of the country? 3. Have you ever been to Moscow? 4. What places of interest have you seen there? Read and translate the text into Russian. The Russian Federation The Russian Federation is one of the largest countries in the world. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers or nearly twice the area occupied by the USA. Russia occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Russia stretches from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus, the Altai, and the Sayan mountains, and the Amur and the Ussuri rivers in the south. It borders on Norway and Finland in the north-west, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Ukraine in the west, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south-west, and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China along the southern border. The land of Russia varies from thick forests to deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. The Russian Federation is located on two plains, the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, the Caucasus, and the Altai. Russia's most important rivers are the Volga, Europe's biggest river, flowing into the Caspian Sea, the main Siberian rivers (the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena), flowing into the Arctic Ocean and the Amur in the Far East, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. The total number of rivers in Russia is over two million. The world's deepest lake - Lake Baikal, with the depth of 1600 metres, is situated in Russia, too. Russia is a land of climatic extremes. Its climate varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central part of the country and subtropical in the south. The current population of Russia is about 143 million people, representing 128 ethnic groups with diverse national histories and cultures. Four fifth of the whole population are Russians. Russia has religious diversity*. Over 150 confessions could be found across the country. The main religions are Russian Orthodox Christianity and Muslim. The European part of the country is densely peopled. All in all 73% of Russian citizens live in urban areas. The Russian Federation has 1.068 major cities. Russia's ancient cities with beautiful monuments, cathedrals and other buildings attract tourists from all over the world. The largest cities are St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara etc. The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people. Russia’s vast mineral resources include oil and natural gas, coal, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminium, gold, diamonds and many others. Russia has the world's largest oil and natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the republic's mineral wealth are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. The leading branches of industry are machine building, aircraft, defence, electronic, automobile, textile and food industries. Approximately 10 million people are engaged in agriculture. They produce grain, meat, milk and other dairy products. Russia is the oldest cultural and scientific centre of the world. About 1500 museums that cover practically all fields of knowledge, plenty of theatres and art galleries constitute Russia’s precious national treasure. Russian science and technology are famous due to many achievements, such as the invention of radio by Alexander Popov, the creation of the Periodical table of elements by Dmitriy Mendeleev, achievements of Russian space program led by Sergey Korolev and the first manned space flight of Yuri Gagarin, the invention of laser by Nickolai Basov and Yuri Prokhorov. There are thousands of institutions involved in research and development. Fundamental scientific research is concentrated in the Russian Academy of Sciences. ___________ * religious diversity - религиозное многообразие The State System of Russia The Russian Federation is a democratic legally-based federal state with a republican form of government. The federal government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President. The President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He makes treaties, enforces laws and appoints the prime minister and the ministers. The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Federation Council, the Lower Chamber is the State Duma. The members of the State Duma are elected by popular vote for a four-year term. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legislature may be initiated in either of the two Chambers. To become a law a bill must be approved by both Chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill. The executive power belongs to the Government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms the Cabinet. The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional courts. Moscow Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It is the largest metropolitan area in Russia with the population of about 10 million people, one of the largest cities in the world. The capital is situated on low hills on the banks of the Moskva River. The original settlement was founded where the Kremlin now stands. Because of its central location in the heart of European Russia, Moscow became a focal point for important trade routes. Moscow was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1147. It is the official date of the foundation of Moscow, though the settlement had been there for some time before. It was fortified and became a market town in the late 12th century. The town was almost totally destroyed in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar invasion. In the early 14th century Moscow became the political and religious centre of the north-eastern part of Russia. It was again captured by the Tatars in 1382. By the end of the 15th century, Moscow extended its rule over most of central and northern Russia. Its rulers continued to build fortifications around it. The transfer of the capital by Peter the Great to St. Petersburg in 1712 brought a period of decline to Moscow. In 1812 during the Napoleon's conquest the city was destroyed by fire. The city was rebuilt within a short period. In the 19th century Moscow became a centre for industry and commerce, as well as a leading cultural, scientific and political centre.Today Russia's capital is the seat of the President, the Federal Assembly, and the government. Government offices and different international organizations are located here, too. Moscow is Russia's largest industrial city. Nearly 30 per cent of the city's workforce is employed in industry and industrial research. Some of Russia's largest plants are located in or around Moscow. Metallurgy, metal processing and engineering are the largest industrial sectors. Other large sectors are textiles, clothing and footwear, chemical and petrochemical industries, electronic instruments and automation equipment. Moscow is a railway, highway and international airway crossroad. It has 9 railway stations, 5 airports and two river ports. Moscow, apart from its political, administrative and economic functions is its leading educational and cultural centre. It is the seat of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Russia's largest University, over 80 higher educational institutions, technical colleges and academies of music and arts are situated here. The city's prides are its museums, the Russian State Library, with one of the largest and richest archives in the world, the famous Bolshoi and Maly Theatres, the Ostankino TV tower, cinemas and concert halls. It is one of the world's largest publishing centres. Moscow is Russia's main tourist attraction. Moscow, the heart of this country, is dear not only to Moscovites, but to all Russians. Comprehension check Ex. I. Search the texts for the English equivalents of the word combinations. Общая площадь; протянулась от Балтийского моря до Тихого океана; Россия граничит с…; самая длинная горная цепь, отделяющая Европу от Азии; общее количество рек; население в настоящий момент; русское православное христианство; густо населенный; крупнейшие в мире запасы нефти и природного газа; заниматься сельским хозяйством; бесценное национальное достояние; первый полет человека в космос; фундаментальные научные исследования; привлекать туристов со всего мира; главнокомандующий вооруженными силами; заключать договоры и приводить законы в жизнь. Столичная зона; первое поселение; место пересечения главных торговых путей; официальная дата образования Москвы; во время нашествия татар; распространять влияние; перенос столицы в Петербург; нефтехимическая промышленность и автоматика; высшее учебное заведение; крупнейший издательский центр. Ex. II. Work in pairs. Read the statements and say if they are true or false. Begin each sentence with the following phrases. If it is true
If it is false
A. 1. The Russian Federation occupies most of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. 2. The shores of the country are washed by the waves of ten seas, which belong to three oceans: Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific. 3. The country stretches by 10 thousand kilometres from west to east; this is the length of a quarter of equator. A modern airliner needs half a day of direct flight to cover such distance. 4. Russia's biggest river is the Volga, flowing into the Caspian Sea. 5. Russia is a land of climatic extremes. 6. Russia has the world's largest oil and natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the republic's mineral wealth are concentrated in European part of the country. 7. The Russian Federation is a democratic legally based federal state with a republican form of government. 8. The head of the country is the Prime Minister. B. 1. Moscow, the capital of Russia, is one of the biggest cities of Europe with 850-year history. 2. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky is considered to be the founder of Moscow. His name relates to the first written mention of Moscow, which dates back to 1147. Tsar Ivan the Terrible transferred the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712. 4. The XIX century is known to be a "golden age" for arts and science, and Moscow was a birth-place of many famous artists, writers, painters and scientists and a number of outstanding politicians. 5. Today Moscow is the seat of the Government of the Russian Federation. Ex. III. Complete the following sentences using information from the text: A. 1. Russia occupies the territory of…. 2. The current population of Russia is about …. 3. The European part of the country is… 4. The land of Russia varies from… 5. The leading branches of industry are… 6. Russian science and technology are famous due to… B.
Ex. IV. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate sentences. 1. considered, the deepest, in the world, to be, lake Baikal, is, the famous, and, the most, lake, beautiful. 2. between, the distance, the southern and the northern borders of Russia, equals to, 3.5 - 4 thousand kilometers. 3. of, in Moscow, is, one, of, the best known, University, of, the home, the skyscrapers, Russia. 4. of, were, twenty towers, constructed, in the end, the 17th century, of, the Kremlin wall. Ex. V. Make questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. The land of Russia varies from thick forests to deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. 2. The transfer of the capital by Peter the Great to St. Petersburg in 1712 brought a period of decline to Moscow. 3. The town was almost totally destroyed in 1237 and 1293 during the Tatar invasion. 4. Napoleon's army invaded Russia in 1812. 5. Today the state symbol of Russia is a tree-coloured banner. Ex. VI. Translate into English. A. Россия – самая большая страна в мире. Общая площадь – около 17 млн. кв. км. Страна расположена в Восточной Европе и северной части Азии. Россия протянулась от Балтийского моря до Тихого Океана и от Северного Ледовитого Океана до Черного Моря. С ней граничат Норвегия, Финляндия, Монголия, Китай и бывшие (former) республики СССР. Волга, одна из крупнейших рек России, впадает в Каспийское Море. Среди крупнейших горных цепей России – Урал. Он отделяет Европу от Азии. Россия – страна с богатейшими запасами полезных ископаемых. Три четверти запасов полезных ископаемых республики сконцентрировано в Сибири. Это нефть, природный газ, уголь, золото и цветные металлы. Население, занятое в сельском хозяйстве, выращивает зерно, производит мясо и молочные продукты. Россия – президентская республика; законодательная власть в стране принадлежит Федеральному собранию. B. 1. Москва – крупнейший город в России. В Москве пересекаются многие важные торговые пути. 2. Официальная дата основания Москвы – это дата первого упоминания Москвы в летописях. 3. Из-за центрального положения Москвы в европейской части России город стал торговым, политическим и религиозным центром России. 4. Москва была несколько раз захвачена и разрушена: татарами – в 13 и 14 веках, французами – в 19 веке. 5. Москва – промышленный и торговый центр, местонахождение правительства Российской Федерации. 6. Трудящиеся столицы заняты в металлургии, металлообработке, машиностроении, химической и нефтехимической промышленности и других отраслях. 7. В Москве находятся около 80 НИИ, Академия наук, Российская государственная библиотека с крупнейшим архивом. Ex. VII. Answer the following questions. 1. What territory does Russia occupy? 2. What countries does it border on? 3. What are the major plains, mountain chains and rivers of Russia? 4. What can you say about Russia's climate? 5. What mineral resources does Russia possess? 6. What industries are developed in Russia? 7. What is the political system of Russia? 8. What part does Moscow play in the life of Russia? 9. When was Moscow founded? 10. When did it become the capital? 11. How can you prove that Moscow is the largest industrial city in the country? 12. How can you characterize the city's role as a cultural centre? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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