Занятие №44:Влияние семьи на человека
Профессиональная лексика
Упражнения для усвоения темы
Занятие №45:Характер и темперамент
Профессиональная лексика
Упражнения для усвоения темы
Занятие №46:Средства развития речи
Профессиональная лексика
Упражнения для усвоения темы
Занятие №47:Психология общения
Профессиональная лексика
Упражнения для усвоения темы
Материалы практических занятий
SchoolsinBritain
Education is an important part of British life. Education is free and compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 - 16. Some children study at home rather than in school.
Children normally start primary school at the age of four or five, and this usually lasts until they are eleven. Then they move to secondary school, there they stay until they are sixteen, seventeen or eighteen.
The school year runs from September to July and is 39 weeks long. The main school holidays are: Christmas- 2 weeks, Spring - 2 weeks, Summer - 6 weeks There are also one week holidays: end of October, mid February, end of May
Education stages:
Nursery Schools 3-4 years old
Primary Schools 5-11 years old
Secondary Schools 12-18 years old
School begins at 8:55 am. The duty teacher blows a whistle and the children line up in their class groups. The teacher reads out each child’s name in turn. On hearing his/her name, the child replies 'yes Mrs. (teacher's name)' and the teacher notes down in the book if the child is in school or not. Students in primary schools are usually taught by the same teacher for all subjects.
At 9:10 am the children go to assembly in main hall. They sit on the floor in rows with the youngest children at the front and the older children at the back. As the children enter the hall they listen quietly to the music playing. In assemblies the children listen to a story, sing a song or pray.
Lunch time is from 12 noon to 1:10 pm. Most children bring their own packed lunch from home. A packed lunch usually consists of sandwiches, fruit, a drink and a packet of crisps. Some children will have a school dinner cooked in our school kitchen.
Children of 5 -11 year olds study English, Mathematics, Science, Information Technology (Computers), Religious Education (RE), Design and Technology, History, Geography, Art, Music and Physical Education (PE).
Most school in England require children to wear a school uniform.
The uniform
Boys
Long grey or black trousers (shorts may be worn in the Summer)
White Shirt
School tie (optional in most primary schools)
Jumper or sweater with the school logo on. The color is the choice of the schools.
Black shoes
Girls
As above.
Girls may wear skirts
During the summer term girls often wear summer school dresses.
Why wear a Uniform?
When we go on a school trip we all look the same and so can't get lost.
Stops kids worrying about what to wear each day.
Everyone is equal.
Parents don't have to shop for expensive and varied wardrobes for their children to keep up with or show-off to other children
Wearing a uniform instills a sense of pride and discipline in students
Why not to wear a uniform:
Uniforms deny students their right to personal identity and self-expression.
Our School Dinners are delicious and healthy.
9. Teddy Trousers (teddy with really long legs) is our Head Teacher’s best friend and helps him in assemblies.
10. Every pupil has the opportunity to join after school clubs. Here they are: choir, country dancing, cross country running, judo, football, netball and computer club.
Political Correctness
Are you an equal opportunity employer?
Have you ever heard the expression ‘political correctness’? What does it mean? Is the expression used in Russia?
Exercise 1
Read and translate the text.
What is political correctness?
Political correctness (adj - politically correct; or just PC) is a term denoting language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social offense in gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, handicap, and age-related contexts. Conversely, the term "politically incorrect" means language or ideas that may cause offense. According to the proponents of PC, the main target is to eliminate all kinds of discrimination and provide equal opportunities for everybody. However in current usage, the term PC is becoming almost exclusively pejorative, connoting “intolerance” whilst the usage politically incorrect denotes an implicitly positive notion. Thus, “politically incorrect” connotes language, ideas, and behavior, unconstrained by orthodoxy and the fear of giving offense.
The PC advocatesclaim that the rights, opportunities, and freedoms of certain people are constantly restricted especially because of the great variety of offensive labels and terms. There is a growing awareness that language does not merely reflect the way we think: it also shapes our thinking. If words and expressions that imply that women or men are inferior are constantly used, that assumption of inferiority tends to become part of our mindset…. Language is a powerful tool: poets and propagandists know this — as, indeed, do victims of discrimination.So it is important that people should consciously think about how they describe someone unlike themselves and judge a person according to their individual merits.
Critics argue that political correctness is censorship and endangers free speech by limiting what is acceptable in public, especially in education and the political forums.In the United Kingdom, there appeared a widely-used catchphrase associated with the conservative Daily Mail newspaper: "political correctness gone mad". The catchphrase is applied to stories (frequently apocryphal) seen as representing extreme forms of political correctness. For example, NRK, the largest broadcasting company in Norway, decided to alter the children's story of PippiLongstocking to be "less excluding". In the original stories, the main character’s father is permanently absent, this is explained as being due to his being a negerkonge - negro king - on a tropical island. The NRK version has him being a sydhavskonge, roughly translated "southern sea king", instead. A second NRK-production was also altered to remove the word neger, which is one of several hotly debated episodes in Norway where the use of certain words has been deemed inappropriate or racist, and subsequently reduced, criticized, or even outlawed.
Another example comes from Britain. Mothercare changed the ending of Humpty Dumpty on their nursery rhyme CD in case children found the original version upsetting. After the traditional ending "All the King's horses and all the King's men couldn't put Humpty together again" they added "Humpty Dumpty counted to ten then Humpty Dumpty got up again." Obviously, in today's politically correct climate Humpty's unfortunate end is a bit too upsetting, and anyway, he would probably file a personal injury claim against the authorities for letting him anywhere near a dangerous wall.
However, in spite of all disputes, political correctness influences the society greatly (mainly in the USA and Canada, but the tendency is spreading worldwide). The PC results in the language too, mostly in the form of gender-neutral languagewhich is widely accepted. Promoters of gender-neutral language claim that its motivation is to avoid favoring any gender over any other in contexts where the gender of a person or group of people is ambiguous. Some people, of all sexes, take offenseat traditional language that they interpret as suggesting stereotypical assumptions about occupations. They take offense for example, when language implies that all lawyers are men or that all teachers are women. Proponents point out that language is rich in alternatives that speakers and writers, sensitive to attitudes and beliefs of audiences, can use without impinging on the effectiveness of their communication. The criticisms of promoting gender-neutral language extend from a "It's much ado about nothing," and "It's political correctness gone mad," to "It's unnecessarily ruining the English language." Many regard gender-neutral language as excessively politically correct, as promoting poor or heavy writing, or simply a cosmetic change that does nothing to actually repel sexism. They may consciously refuse to use forms of speech advocated by promoters of gender-neutral language. Some critics have claimed that traditional use of the English language, and other Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages, including using male pronouns when referencing all people, is not sexist. They point out that the female grammatical gender is simply marked and it could actually reflect women being "more" valued than men. They argue that men and women are different and speakers need not be afraid to admit that, and so long as the speaker does not intend a derogatory meaning, then there is no issue and the remnants of the past need not be changed.
Political correctness has often been a target of satire. One of the most famous examples is Politically Correct Bedtime Stories by James Finn Garner, in which traditional fairy tales (like Three Little Pigs or Snow White) are rewritten so that they supposedly represent what a "politically correct" adult would consider a good and moral tale for children. Comedy Central's controversialanimated show South Park regularly satirizes political correctness.
Change the following sentences into Direct Speech
My sister said that she hadn*t got a watch.
The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work.
I told him that I hadn*t seen his brother for a long time.
I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the University.
She told the grocer that she didn’t want any sugar.
DIRECT SPEECH
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INDIRECT SPEECH
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Jimmy said, ‘My brother is learning to drive’.
(The Present Continuous Tense)
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Jimmy said that his brother was learning to drive.
(The Past Continuous Tense)
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Nick said, ‘Sometimes I go home by train’.
(The Present Simple Tense)
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Nick said that sometimes he went home by train.
(The Past Simple Tense)
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The teacher told John, ‘You didn’t write exercise two’.
(The Past Simple Tense)
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The teacher told John that he hadn*t written exercise two.
(The Past Perfect Tense)
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Frank said, ‘Ron fell down, but he didn’t hurt himself’.
(The Past Simple Tense)
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Frank said that Ron had fallen down, but he hadn*t hurt himself.
(The Past Perfect Tense)
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Bob said, ‘My uncle has just arrived from Paris’.
(The Present Perfect Tense)
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Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris.
(The Past Perfect Tense)
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Допишите недостающую часть слова:
Kind – ; Good – ; Hard –
Affecti_ _ _ _ _ ; Anno _ _ _ ; Anx _ _ _ _
Self – dis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Self – pos _ _ _ _ _ _
Indus _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Irri _ _ _ _ _
Con_ _ _ _ _ _ ; Commu _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Cour _ _ _ _ _
Al _ _ _ ; Act _ _ _
Rep _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Dep _ _ _ _ _ _; Dis _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Indi _ _ _ _ _ _ _; Irre _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Inse _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ru _ _; Ro _ _ _ ; Resen _ _ _ _
Vio _ _ _ _; Aggres _ _ _ _ ; Destr _ _ _ _ _ _
Christmas controversy refers to controversy or disagreement surrounding the celebration or acknowledgment of the Christmas holiday in government, media, advertising and various secular environments. In the past, Christmas-related controversy was mainly restricted to concerns of a public focus on secular Christmas themes such as Santa Claus and gift giving rather than what is sometimes expressed by Christians as the "reason for the season"—the birth of Jesus.
Modern-day controversy occurs mainly in the United States, Canada, and to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom, and usually stems from the holiday's significant annual role in the economy in conjunction with its Christian significance in an increasingly religiously diversifying Christian society. Some have used the label "War on Christmas" to describe present-day controversy.
In recent decades public, corporate, and government mention of the term "Christmas" during the Christmas and holiday season has declined and been replaced with a generic term— usually "holiday" or "winter"— and popular non-religious aspects of Christmas, such as secular Christmas carols and decorated trees are still prominently showcased and recognized, but are vaguely associated with unspecified "holidays", rather than with Christmas.
Supporters of using the word "holidays" instead of "Christmas" cite the fact that many of the symbols and behaviors western societies have come to associate with Christmas were taken from non-Christian pagan traditions that pre-date the birth of Jesus. Specifically, symbols and behaviors such as caroling, decorated trees, mistletoe, holly wreaths and yule logs all have non-Christian origins. From a historical context, "Christmas" only recently adopted these long-standing winter traditions into its own identity. Therefore, many non-Christians argue that the most accurate description of this season is the "holiday" season, not the "Christmas" season. Certain Christian groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and some Reformed and fundamentalist churches, continue to reject the holiday.
Although a close variant of the term "war on Christmas" is believed to have first been coined by British American journalist Peter Brimelow in 1999, the concept of a modern-day "war on Christmas" only became widely discussed in the United States and Canada during the first few years of the 2000s decade, often credited particularly to an exposure of the issue by American commentator Bill O'Reilly. The claim among Brimelow, O'Reilly, and later a variety of prominent media figures and others was that any specific mention of the term "Christmas" or its religious aspects was being increasingly censored, avoided, or discouraged by a number of advertisers, retailers, government (prominently schools), and other public and secular organizations.
Christmas Day is recognized as an official federal holiday by the United States government,[30] and few have raised objections to this designation. However, many groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union and Americans United for Separation of Church and State, argue that government-funded displays of Christmas imagery and traditions violate the U.S. constitution—specifically the First Amendment, which prohibits the establishment by Congress of a national religion. The battle over whether religious displays should be placed within public schools, courthouses and other government buildings, has been heated in recent years. Recent court cases have brought up additional issues such as the inclusion of Christmas carols in public school performances, but none of these cases have reached the US Supreme Court.
In December 2007, a public controversy arose when a public school in Ottawa, Canada planned to have the children in its primary choir sing a version of the song "Silver Bells" with the word "Christmas" removed.
In the United Kingdom there have also been some controversies, one of the most famous being the temporary promotion of the Christmas period as Winterval by Birmingham City Council in the late 1990s.
Since the 1980s, there have been several instances in both the United States and Canada where official public mentions and references to Christmas trees were renamed to "holiday trees" for various reasons, mostly for an enforcement of separation of church and state or a recognition of cultural and religious diversity.
One of the most prominent Christmas tree controversies came in 2005, when the city of Boston labeled their official decorated tree as a holiday tree, and the subsequent response from the Nova Scotian tree farmer who donated the tree was that he would rather have put the tree in a wood chipper than have it named a "holiday" tree. Donnie Hatt, the donor, was also quoted as saying "Ever since I was born, a tree was put up for Christmas, not for holidays, because if you're going to do that you might as well put a tree up for Easter".
Another controversy occurred in 2005 with the US hardware retailer Lowe's. Signage for their Christmas trees read "holiday trees" in English, but read árboles de Navidad (Christmas trees) in Spanish rather than árboles de feriados. In 2007, Lowe's started using the term "family tree", sparking protest from the American Family Association, but they have since claimed that this term was only a printing mistake. After claims that it was avoiding the term, US retailer Lowe's began using "Christmas tree" prominently in advertising.
In recent years, efforts have also been made to rename official public holiday trees back to Christmas trees. In 2002, a bill was introduced in the California Senate to rename the State Holiday Tree the California State Christmas Tree; while this measure failed, at the official lighting of the tree on December 4, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger referred to the tree as a Christmas tree in his remarks and in the press release his office issued after the ceremony.
The director of education at Wirral Council told staff not to describe children as gifted or talented because he thought this suggested exclusiveness.
Make a dialogue presenting two sides of the issue
the director
one of the parents who wants to get an excellent characteristics for the child entering the art school
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The Board if Visitors at Wakefield Prison suggested that inmates should no longer be addressed by their surname but as Mr in response to complaints that the prisoners were being shown a basic lack of respect.
Make a dialogue presenting two sides of the issue
the offensed inmate
the surprised police officer
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In the park the security guard didn’t allow the parents to make pictures of their own child.
Make a dialogue presenting two sides of the issue
the security guard protecting child’s privacy
angry parent
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The Christian Union at HullUniversity was told by Student Union officials that it must allow atheists to help run it otherwise they would be breaking equal opportunities rules.
Make a dialogue presenting two sides of the issue
the official who wants his relative to be in charge of the union
the member of the union strongly opposing
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