Unit 5 N e e d
1. Need can be used both as an ordinary verb in the meaning ‘require, be in need’ (Everyone needs to rest sometimes. Do we need to reserve seats? We will need to repair our house. He did not need to be told twice. If we want to pass our exams we will need to work hard) and as a modal auxiliary verb expressing immediate necessity and obligation. (We needn’t reserve seats – there will be plenty of room.).
2. As a modal verb need has only one tense – the Present, and the same form is used for all persons.
The modal verb need is mostly used in negative sentences where need not expresses lack of necessity: You needn’t go there and interrogative sentences: Need you go? where a negative answer is often expected: Need you leave so soon? (≈ surely not / I hope not). These questions can be answered with must or needn’t: Need I type this letter again? ~ Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. I needn’t go to the dentist.
Need also occurs in combination with negative–type adverbs like hardly, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely: She need never know what you have just told me.
Need not + Perfect Infinitive is served to say that something was done unnecessary: You needn’t have told him about my plans.
Need + …ing means ‘to require’: Your hair needs cutting. The windows need washing.
NOTE: Need is not used to talk about habitual, general necessity.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of the verb need. Translate these sentences into Russian.
I was rather afraid of that he might act as though we were intimate friends. But I need not have worried. (something was done unnecessary).
You needn’t be afraid of telling me everything.
If you don’t like the dress you needn’t take it.
You needn’t have walked there. You could have taken a bus.
Need we continue working by this plan?
I needn’t bother about Margaret any more.
I have lots of time. I needn’t go home for hours.
“You rest”, she said. “I’ll certainly make the tea. You needn’t have asked me.”
Everything is packed, except my shirts, so you needn’t trouble.
Our friendship needn’t stop, need it?
This garden needs tidying.
What is right for us needn’t be right for others.
We spent a lot of money that we needn’t have spent.
2. Replace the phrases in italics with modal verb need or the full verb need to.
Is it necessary for you to go so soon? – Do you need to go so soon?
Is it necessary for me to wait till you return?
It's not necessary for them to wait.
It's hardly necessary for me to explain it.
There is no need for him to learn about this.
I don't think there is any need for you to explain.
3. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences.
You need not ring the bell; I have a key.
Notice in cinema: Exit doors … be locked during performances.
You … drink this: it is poison.
We … drive fast; we have plenty of time.
You … drive fast. There is a speed limit here.
Candidates … bring books into the examination room.
You … write to him for he will be here tomorrow.
4. Add your comments to the sentences, using needn’t have.
The letter was so untidy, I wrote it out again. – Really? You needn’t have written it out again.
He was so worried about being late that he sent the letter fax.
She was so worried about not getting a seat that she bought a first-class ticket.
We were not sure about sheets and towels, so we brought our own.
Nill was worried about not fulfilling the work.
I have paid the bill in advance.
Bill has spoken about that incident to Reagan. Reagan is very upset.
The old people thought the room was dirty, so they cleaned it out themselves.
I didn’t know that you were coming home, so I cooked my own supper.
Now rewrite these comments using didn’t need to.
– You didn’t need to write it again.
…………. etc.
5. Translate from Russian into English.
Незачем было так торопиться. У нас было достаточно времени.
"Должны ли мы перевести всю статью сегодня?" - "Нет, не надо. Вы можете это сделать завтра.
Тебе больше не надо носить форму.
Ничего не говори, если не хочешь.
Возможно, что тебе придется ехать поездом.
Я зря дожидался окончания программы.
Не надо так громко говорить, я слышу.
Напрасно вы так волновались, все прошло отлично.
Надо починить крышу и перекрасить стены в доме.
Зря ты последовал его советам, я в нем не уверена.
Я думаю, что тебе надо проконсультироваться у опытного юриста.
Вам совсем не надо было ехать в такую даль.
Unit 6 To have (got) + Infinitive
The verb to have + Infinitive, or to have to, is not a defective verb. It has all the necessary finite forms and auxiliary verbs building up the interrogative and negative forms: I have to work to make a living. Hugo has to work. They had to work. Did they have to work? You didn’t have to work. I will not have to work.
The verb to have got + Infinitive, or to have got to is used in colloquial and especially in American English. It is found in all kinds of sentences but it has no auxiliary verbs in the interrogative and negative forms: He hasn’t got to go. Has he got to go?
1. To have (got) to is served to convey obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances in present future or past: I have to visit my sister. (Я должен = я вынужден, мне приходится = посетить сестру). You will have to work to make your living. You had to work to make your living.
2. Do not have/have not got are served to say that there is no obligation: Simon doesn’t have to tell Patrick about that accident.
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning of have to and have got to. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Bill saw me and I had to tell him what had happened. (necessity due to some circumstances)
Something – he didn’t know what – had to be done at once.
I will have to go home and get some things from the laboratory.
He is almost giddy with anger, and has to steady himself on the chair.
He may have to go to Monte Carlo with his father.
I had to fight my tears back while listening to his stories.
Things that were dangerous had to be destroyed.
She will have to see that doctor.
You have got to think about me now.
What you have got to do is to destroy the thing that is upstairs.
2. Use a construction with the modal verb have to in place of the words in italics.
It will be necessary for him to try harder if he wants to win the prize. He will have to try harder.
It has been necessary for them to save hard to buy their new hi-fi.
Because of the snow she has been finding it necessary to walk to college.
It had already been necessary for us to clear the office floor twice before the boss asked us to clear it again.
It would have been necessary for me to pay twice as much to travel first class.
We are finding it necessary to cut back on staff because of a shortage of orders.
3. Match these clauses with the have (got) to clauses.
It’s getting late……
You broke the window…….
The car has broken down…….
Mother is away……..
I have got it all wrong……
Her son is ill……..
The date fixed in the bill is Friday………
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So I am afraid we’ve got to walk.
So I have got to start all over again.
So we’ve got to look after ourselves.
So you have got to pay the bill on Thursday.
So we have to go home .
So you have to pay for it.
So she has to see the doctor.
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4. Translate from Russian into English.
Нам пришлось ждать управляющего целый день.
Следующий рейс будет только утром. Тебе придется купить билет на поезд.
Если так будет продолжаться, то мы вынуждены будем принять меры.
Сколько вам пришлось потратить времени на перевод этой книги?
Ей совсем необязательно присутствовать при нашем разговоре.
Мне все приходится делать самому.
Вы не должны беспокоить Марту в такое тяжелое для нее время.
Не нужно было приходить так рано.
Мне не пришлось самому переводить эту статью вчера..
Unit 7 To be + Infinitive
To be + Infinitive, or to be to, is a modal expression that can be used only in two Tenses – the Present Indefinite (is, are) and the Past Indefinite (was, were).
1. The major meanings of to be to are expressions of:
an arrangement and order:
We are to meet at six. (part of a plan) The President is to visit this country next month. (part of a plan) Is he to arrive tomorrow? (part of a plan) You are to say nothing about it. (order, part of a plan)
NOTE: Was/were to + Perfect Infinitive are used to show that a previously arranged event didn’t happen: I was to have met you at six, but something urgent happened.
something that is destined to happen: He gave up the idea of becoming an actor. It was to be. It is rendered in Russian by ‘суждено’.
possibility: Where is he to be found? Nothing was to be done!
2. To be to may be used in if-clauses. The main clause expresses a precondition – something that must happen first if something else is to happen: If we are to get there by lunchtime we had better hurry up.
3. Be + Passive Infinitive is often found in notices and instructions: This cover is not to be removed.
NOTE: Sometimes only the Passive Infinitive is used in this case: To be taken three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle).
Learn the following set phrases:
What am I to do?- Что мне делать? Как мне быть?
What is to become of me?- Что со мною будет?
Where am I to go?- И куда же мне идти?
Who is to blame?-Кого винить?
What is to be done?- Что теперь делать?
Who is to begin?-Кому начинать?
E x e r c i s e s
Comment on the meaning of the verb to be to. Translate into Russian.
I was to call on his office to clinch a deal at 9 o’clock in the morning, so I got up early in the morning. (an arranged plan) .
We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget his appointment.
They were to have gone away together this morning at dawn.
Where am I to go?
My dear father, if I am to get married, surely you will allow me to choose the time, place and person.
“You are to bring an answer”, said the lady.
We were to have played a duet together.
Dorian wasn’t to be found.
What is to become of me?
I was to leave the Embassy with the military attache.
2. Fill in the blanks with must, have to or be to.
You are to take Juliet down to your club at once.
The work with method, one … begin from the beginning.
I … be getting sentimental.
Nowadays one … do nearly everything oneself.
I … think who she was talking about. She … have meant your father.
He … leave the vessel at Melbourne and go off at once to the gold – fields.
I had left my key at home, and my servant … let me in.
I … be mad, coming here like this.
We … dine together and then go to the Opera.
But who was it- Daniel or Matthew? It … have been one of the two.
3. Combine the modal verb to be to with the proper form of the infinitive in the brackets.
I stood at the window, looking at them disappear, and my heart kept repeating ‘Good-bye, good-bye!’ I was not (to see) them for nearly five years. – I was not to see them …
I was (to arrive) in London by the ten o’clock train, but I couldn’t get a ticket for it and nobody met me.
Remember that we are (to be) at this place not later than eight.
Why are you so late? Didn’t you get my letter saying that was (to meet) at four?
There was a violent storm that night and the ‘Stella” which was (to arrive) at the port in the morning had to drop anchor near an island a hundred miles off the port.
4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb to be to. Translate your sentences.
We can see a lot of ancient buildings in the centre of London. – A lot of ancient buildings are to be seen in the centre of London.
One can find various sorts of trees in Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.
Nothing could be done under the circumstances.
One can visit several large museums in South Kensington.
It’s possible to buy all sorts of newspapers in Fleet Street.
5. Translate from Russian into English.
Нам не суждено было встретиться до его отъезда во Францию.
Позавчера я должен был встречать мою сестру, но мои часы, должно быть, отстали, и я опоздал.
Я должен ждать его здесь, так было решено.
Ей суждено было побывать в этих краях еще много раз, и она это знала.
Это должно было случиться. Никто не мог этому помешать.
Что теперь с ним будет? Куда ему идти? Что ему делать?
Хранить в прохладном месте, верхний клапан убирать нельзя. (инструкция)
Принимать по одной чайной ложке 2 раза в день после еды. (инструкция)
Если нам надо успеть до начала сеанса, то следует поспешить.
Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!
Unit 8 Must, to have to, and to be to
in comparison
Notice specific shades in the meaning of must, to have to, to be to.
1. Must indicates obligation imposed by the speaker: You must wipe your feet when you come in.
To have to expresses external obligation: I have to wipe my feet every time I come in.
To be to describes obligation resulting from an arrangement: I’m to wait for her at the entrance.
Note: Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to expresses only a previously arranged plan: He is to go to the office this morning.
2. Don’t have to refers to an absence of obligation: You don’t have to work tomorrow.
Must not refers to an obligation not to do something: You must not leave the room before the end of the exam.
3. Must is found to express obligation imposed by internal authorities: Visitors must not feed the animals.-(at the Zoo)
To have to is used to express obligation imposed by external authority: You will have to cross the line by the footbridge.
4. Must has no past forms. But it is used in Reported Speech: He said he must do it himself.
Had to denotes an action in the past as a result of obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances: I had to sell my car (I needed money).
Was/were to denote a planned action for the future which is viewed from the past: We were to meet him at the station (It’s not clear from the sentence if the action will take place).
Was/were to + Perfect Infinitive make it clear at once that the plan was not carried out: We were to have met him at the station. (But we didn’t meet)
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the verbs need, have to, be to.
Don’t forget to bring the book tomorrow, I need it for my report – it refers to immediate necessity.
You may keep the money I’ve given you, I don’t need it .
‘Must I go there immediately?’ – ‘No, you needn’t. Wait till I ring you up.’
Need you bother about such trifles?
You will have to leave at six to catch the train.
We all have to learn how the world changes every day.
You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened.
I don’t know what I’m to do.
We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget about his appointment.
2. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need etc, or a negative/ interrogative have to form.
I’ve been invited to a wedding; but I can’t go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?
It isn’t necessary for him to go on working. He had already reached retiring age.
Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus?
It is not necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day.
It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day.
3. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative.
Mother has to cook dinner after work. – Does your mother have to cook? – No, my mother doesn’t have to cook.
He had to sit up late with his work.
You will have to get up early tomorrow.
The girl had to take care of her younger sisters and brothers.
She will have to do it once over again.
These documents have got to be filled in.
They had to cover the whole distance on foot.
Richard has got to finish his translation.
We shall have to speak to him about it.
4. Fill in the blanks with must or have to with the proper form of the Infinitive.
The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we had to look for a safer spot.
When I asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and … wait for another one.
I told you we … make haste if we wanted to find him in.
She … leave him at eight every morning at present.
Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas … be left at the desk.
He sees very badly: he … wear glasses all the time.
I ... do all the typing at my office.
5. Write a sentence with must, have to to respond to the remarks.
The sign says: ‘Passengers must show their tickets!’ So passengers have to show their tickets.
The children have to be in bed by nine. Their parents said:
Laura has to get to work on time.
The police told Nick: ‘You must keep your dog under control.’
The students have to listen carefully.
The new sign says: ‘Visitors must report to the security officer.’
6. Put in must or have to. Choose which is the best for the situation.
I have to go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.
You … lock the door when you go out. There’ve been a lot of break-ins recently.
Jennifer … go to the bank. She hasn’t any money.
I … work late tomorrow. We’re very busy at the office.
You really … make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.
I think you … pay to park here. I’ll just go and read that notice.
You rally … hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late.
I … put the heating on. I feel really cold.
7. Insert to have or to be in the appropriate form.
I told you to stay with her every minute I was away. You are not to be trusted.
There were thirty poems in the collection and he … to receive a dollar apiece for them.
You … to speak slowly at your lecture so that we can all understand you.
The night-coach by which Susan … to go was on the point of departure.
The time was fixed for his sailing. It … to take place almost immediately.
Much remained to be done; many domestic preparations … to be made.
I’m very sorry but I … to explain the urgency of the case.
8. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to or have to.
In Britain you are allowed to drive a car when you're seventeen. You (1) ..... get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always (2) ..... be in the car with you because you (3) ..... take the car on the road alone. You (4) ..... go to a driving school or a friend can teach you. The person with you (5) ..... take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.
Before you (6) ..... have a full licence, you (7) ..... take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it (8) ..... be fit for the road. In the test you (9) ..... drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you (10) ..... take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you’ve passed your test, you (11) ..... take it again, and you (12) ..... go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.
Before 1904 everyone (13) ..... drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists (14) ..... have a licence. But they (15) ..... take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars (16) ..... go faster than four miles an hour, and someone (17) ..... walk in front of the car with a red flag.
9. Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country.
10. Translate from Russian into English.
Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено.
Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым артистом.
Они надеялись работать в одной школе. Но этому не суждено было сбыться.
Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет?
Кто будет украшать новогоднюю ёлку?
Кто виноват?
У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.
Вам незачем идти на улицу; у соседей есть телефон.
У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко.
Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале.
Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь!
Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно.
Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить.
Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь.
Пойдемте пешком. Нам незачем торопиться.
Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке.
Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги.
К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу.
Нам нужно будет позвонить вам или вы сами придете?
Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу?
Unit 9 Should and ought to
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