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§ 4 May/might in set phrases Learn the following set phrases with may/might:
§ 5 Compare may and can for permission and possibility Notice some peculiarities in the usage of may/can and might/could. 1. May is more common when the speaker gives permission: You may borrow my book = ‘I give you permission to take it’, or in impersonal statements concerning authority: An accused person may (=has the right) to appeal). A police officer may ask for your driving license. Though in informal English, in colloquial speech can/could is used: He can borrow my car. 2. Can would be much more usual than may in the meaning ‘to have permission’: I can leave / I’m allowed to leave… . But may/might is more usual than can/could in indirect speech: He says he may leave the room / She said they might leave the room. 3. May/might expresses future probability. Can doesn’t express this idea: We may/might go hunting this autumn. (Not *we can go…) 4. Both cannot/could not and may not/might not are used to express improbability. But the degree of faith expressed by may not/might not are less, this verb points to a less definitive improbability or possibility. Compare: It may not be true (Perhaps it is not true). It can’t be true (It is certainly not true). He may/might not have understood (Perhaps he didn’t understand). He can’t/couldn’t have understood (He certainly didn’t understand). 5. Can/could occurs when there is an idea of condition: Why don’t you ring him? You can/could use my mobile phone. E x e r c i s e s 1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verb may.
2. Answer the questions using the modal verb may/might.
3. Respond to each situation making up your own sentences.
4. Use the modal verb may followed by the appropriate infinitive.
5. Read these situations and make up sentences with may/might as well.
6. How would you ask for permission in these situations?
7. Translate from Russian into English.
Unit 4 Must Must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must. Yet must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense: The doctor said that I must stop smoking. Must is mostly used to express obligation or urgent command, very emphatic advice. It is also used to express prohibition, and supposition, bordering on assurance. § 1 Must to express obligation and prohibition 1. Must expresses obligation, strong necessity: a) arising out of the nature of things and consequently inevitable: Plants must get water. All experience shows that man must die. b) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to to have to): He must earn money. NOTE: Must is not used expressing past necessity or future obligation. Must occurs in questions to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary. In this case must may acquire additional shades of duty or necessity: Must I clean all the rooms? Must he do it himself? The absence of necessity is expressed by need not: Must I go there tomorrow? – No, you needn’t. 2. In negative sentences (must + not or mustn’t) the modal verb must expresses absolute prohibition. In the opinion of the speaker, there is not choice at all: You mustn’t make noise. The children are sleeping in the next room. You must not smoke here! § 2 Must to express a command and an emphatic request Must is used to express a command, an urgent (emphatic) request: You must go. You must tell the truth. (‘It is your duty’ = a command). You may borrow my book but you must bring it back before six. You must come to see us = (emphatic request). When you are in London you must visit the National Gallery. You must stop smoking = (strong advice) NOTE: I must be going means ‘I must be off’, ‘It’s time for me to go.’ It is rendered in Russian as: Мне пора уходить. § 3 Must to express supposition Must is used to express supposition bordering on assurance, the conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: He looks so pale. He must be ill. 1. In this meaning must is used with all the forms of the Infinitive (the Indefinite Infinitive if the action refers to the present and the Perfect Infinitive if the action refers to the past) in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть: They must want me for something else. He must be suffering! What a comfort you must have been to your mother! She must have been waiting for us for an hour! 2. To express supposition referring to the future the modal word probably is used: She will probably come tomorrow. In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently: Evidently, she did not know my address. Moreover, must + verbs to fail, to distrust, to dislike, to disapprove, to disbelieve, to misunderstand or words nobody, never, nothing are used to convey supposition with strong probability with negative meaning: She must have failed to pass her exams. – Должно быть, она провалила экзамен. I must have misunderstood you. – Должно быть, я не понял Вас. Nobody must have told the truth. – Должно быть, никто не сказал правду. § 4 Compare must and may for supposition and prohibition Notice some peculiarities in the usage of must and may: 1. May/might denotes supposition implying uncertainty: He may be an actor. His face is familiar to me. Наверное, он актер. Его голос мне знаком. Must denotes supposition implying strong probability: He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. – Должно быть, он актер, у него поставленный голос. 2. In negative sentences it is impossible to use ‘may not’ as an answer to express prohibition. In this case must not or cannot is used: May I smoke here? ~ No, you mustn’t (you can’t). – Нет, нельзя. E x e r c i s e s 1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verbs must and may. Translate the sentences into Russian.
2. Answer these questions using the modal verb must + a notional verb.
3. Read these situations and make up a sentence using the modal must with the proper form of the infinitive.
4. Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning.
5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs may or must with the proper infinitive.
6. Translate from Russian into English.
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