Программа подготовки специалистов среднего звена
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Задание 8. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. The value of alloys was discovered in very ancient times. Brass and bronze were especially important. Today the most important are alloy steels, which have a lot of special characteristics. Steel is known as an alloy of iron and about 2% or less carbon. Steel making processes are known as melting, purifying and alloying at about 2900 F. Molten steel may be first cast into ingots. Later ingots are worked into finished products. This may be done by two major methods: hot-working and cold-working. The latter is generally used for making bars, wires, tubes, sheets and strips. Molten steel may also be cast directly into products. 1. What alloys were especially important in very ancient times? 2. What alloy is the most important today? 3. What is steel? 4. What are steel making processes? 5. What is molten steel used for? Задание 9. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Welding is one of the most important operations that are used in industry. Many parts of machines, automobiles, airplanes, ships, bridges and buildings are welded. In order to join two metal pieces it is necessary to soften them with heat and then to press, hammer or fuse them together. The most widely used method of welding is electric arc welding where the workpieces are joined by means of electricity at the temperature of about 7232 F. This is the hottest heat that can be obtained for engineering purposes. 1. What is one of the most important operations in industry? 2. What is necessary to join two metal pieces? 3. What is the most widely used method of welding? 4. What temperature is needed for this purpose? 5. What is the hottest heat for engineering purposes? Задание 10. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. In electric arc welding two work pieces are welded by an electric arc. In order to create the arc a powerful electric current should be provided. The current must be at least 60A and for thicker work pieces it may be 250A or more. To supply the current it is necessary to use a transformer. The latter must be switched on to strike the ark. To join the work pieces the electrode holder should contain the electrode rod. When the arc is struck the electrode must brush against the work piece at 80 to its surface. As the current flows between the electrode and the work piece the tip of the electrode melts and falls onto the work piece. Thus a joint is created. 1. How are two work pieces welded n electric arc welding? 2. What should you do to create the arc? 3. What is necessary to use to supply the current? 4. What is the angel between the work piece and the surface? 5. What happens with the tip of the electrode in electric arc welding? Задание 11. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. In electric arc welding it’s essential to hold the electrode approximately 4 mm from the surface of the work piece. You should not leave the electrode too long in the same position because it will become attached to the work piece. The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously backwards in a straight line. However, if it is moved too quickly neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt. And it is important to remember that to weld plates by an electric arc is quite dangerous. In order to protect yourself you should always follow certain rules. For example, it is absolutely necessary to wear overalls with long sleeves, gloves, an apron, a cap and rubber boots. A mask or a helmet is used to protect the face and especially eyes from sparks. 1. What is the distance between the electrode and the surface of the work piece? 2. Why should not you leave the electrode too long in the same position? 3. What is it important to remember in electric arc welding? 4. What is necessary to wear in electric arc welding? 5. Why is a mask or a helmet used? Задание 12. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Copper is man’s oldest metal as people could extract it more than 10000years ago. As it rather soft and ductile, copper is alloyed with other elements. There is evidence that the first copper alloy – bronze was produced around 2800 BC in countries such as India, Egypt and Mesopotamia. Bronze was harder and could be used for making reliable cutting tools. Its use characterizes The Bronze Age. The workability and the ability for corrosion resistance made copper, bronze and brass the most important functional as well as decorative materials from the Middle Ages and on till present days. 1. When could people extract copper? 2. Why is copper alloyed with other elements? 3. Where was the first copper alloy produced? 4. What was it used for? 5. Do we use copper nowadays? Задание 13. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. The workability and the ability for corrosion resistance made copper, bronze and brass the most important functional as well as decorative materials from the Middle Ages and on till present days. With the beginning of the Electrical Age the demand for copper increased tremendously because it is an unusually good conductor of electricity and heat. Today more than 5 million tons of copper are produced annually and the copper metals are playing an increasingly vital part in all branches of modern technology. 1. What made copper, bronze and brass the most important functional and decorative materials? 2. When did the demand for copper increase? 3. Why did it increase? 4. How much copper is produced annually? 5. Are the copper metals are playing an increasingly vital part in modern technology? Задание 14. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. The good news is that we will not run out of copper. The worldwide resources of this important and valuable metal can be estimated at nearly 5.8 trillion pounds of which only about 0.7 trillion have been mined throughout history. Besides, nearly all of 700 billion pounds is still in circulation because copper’s recycling rate is higher than that of any other engineering metal. Each year nearly as much copper is recovered from recycled material as is obtained from newly mined ore. Almost half of all recycled copper scrap is old post-consumer scrap, such as discarded electric cable, junked automobile radiators and air conditioners, or even ancient Egyptian plumbing. Engineers hop that we will be able to use copper for centuries on. 1. What is the worldwide resource of copper? 2. How much copper is still in circulation? 3. What is the copper’s recycling rate? 4. How much copper is recovered from recycled material? 5. What is old post-consumer scrap from which copper is recycled? Задание 15. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Steels vary greatly but the major classes are carbon steels, low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. Tool steels are special steels that are engineered to particular service requirements. These expensive alloys are exceptionally strong, hard, wear-resistant, tough, and nonreactive to local overheating. They contain tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and chromium in different combinations, and often cobalt or nickel for better high-temperature performance. They are used for machine tools, aircraft undercarriages, in buildings and bridges. 1. What are the major classes of steel? 2. What is tool steel? 3. What characteristics do tool steels have? 4. What do they contain? 5. Where are they used? Задание 16. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. By the beginning of the new millennium a great number of complex machine tools had been designed to speed up the production. Although these tools include features of the basic machine tools and perform the same operations, they incorporate design modifications that let them perform complex operational sequences quicker. Furthermore, after the production machine has been set up by a skilled worker or machinists, a less skilled operator also can produce parts accurately and quickly. 1. When had complex machine tools been designed? 2. Why had they been designed? 3. What is their advantage? 4. What features do they include? 5. Who can operate them? Задание 17. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. In electric arc welding it’s essential to hold the electrode approximately 4 mm from the surface of the work piece. You should not leave the electrode too long in the same position because it will become attached to the work piece. The electrode must be moved across the joint continuously backwards in a straight line. However, if it is moved too quickly neither the electrode nor the work piece will melt. And it is important to remember that to weld plates by an electric arc is quite dangerous. In order to protect yourself you should always follow certain rules. For example, it is absolutely necessary to wear overalls with long sleeves, gloves, an apron, a cap and rubber boots. A mask or a helmet is used to protect the face and especially eyes from sparks. 1. What is the distance between the electrode and the surface of the work piece? 2. Why should not you leave the electrode too long in the same position? 3. What is it important to remember in electric arc welding? 4. What is necessary to wear in electric arc welding? 5. Why is a mask or a helmet used? Задание 18. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Scientists consider that the oldest tools that are known to the mankind are 2600000 years old. They were used by people in manual operations and that is why they were called hand tools. By the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people had already made simple hand tools for cutting and shaping different materials. But in the 18th century there appeared machine tools that made mass production a reality in the 19th century. A machine tool is a power-driven machine that is used to perform different operations with metal or other material. Basic machine tools use mechanical power to bend, cut, drill metal into desired shapes. More advanced machine tools use such power sources as electrical or chemical, heat, magnetism and ultrasound. 1. How old are the oldest tools? 2. Where were they used by people? 3. Why were they called so? 4. When did the first machine tools appear? 5. What is a machine tool? Задание 19. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Steel is known as an alloy of iron and about 2% or less carbon. Pure iron is soft, ductile and malleable, useful only as an ornamental material. However, the addition of carbon hardens it greatly and changes its properties. Steels for special applications may contain other alloying elements beside carbon. This modifies and improves the physical properties of the base steel. For example, small percentages of nickel, chromium, manganese and vanadium may be used for strengthening steels for construction work. Heat treatment and mechanical working at cold or hot temperatures may also give steel alloys superior qualities, such as strength, hardness, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, electrical resistivity and workability. 1. What is steel? 2. How does the addition of carbon modify steel? 3. What may steel for special applications contain? 4. Where is it used? 5. What qualities may heat treatment and mechanical working give steel alloys? Задание 20. Прочитайте текст профессиональной направленности и переведите его на русский язык. Ответьте на вопросы, данные к тексту. Every mechanical workshop is equipped with machine tools. They are the main source for the manufacture of component parts of all machines and mechanical devices. There are about 500 kinds of machine tools. Some perform a single operation, such as drilling. Others, called machining centers, carry out several kinds of tasks. These numerous machine tool types fall into two categories. The first group is called “metal-cutting”, the second – “metal-forming”. The machine tools of this group remove some material from the work piece and thy are much stronger than the work piece itself. The examples of metal-cutting machines are lathes and drill presses. 1. What is mechanical shop equipped with? 2. How many kinds of machine tools are there? 3. What operations do they perform? 4. Why are machining centers called so? 5. What machine tools can be called metal-cutting? |
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