Практический курс английского языка для слушателей факультета заочного обучения хабаровск, 2014

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Название	Практический курс английского языка для слушателей факультета заочного обучения хабаровск, 2014
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Тип	Учебное пособие

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ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов с помощью суффиксов -er, -or, -ist, -ant, -ent, -ee, -ity,

-ance, -ence, -ion (см. 1.1):

work, speak, write, do, go, teach, type, act, regulate, rule, protect, inform, train

B. investigate, punish, defend, imprison, commit, own, legislate, guide, agree, interrogate, apprehend, administer, enforce, identify, accuse, insure, convict, employ
Упражнение 2. Определите, какой частью речи является каждое из

нижеприведенных слов и запишите их в колонки соответственно (см. 1.1- 1.2):

А – существительное; С – глаголы;

В – прилагательные; D – наречия

A. rule, duty, say, national, president, strength, culture, active, useful, information, train, simply, really, difference
B. offender, investigate, identify, guilty, truly, testify, legalize, insurance,

defendant, violence, legally, identifiable, appellee, training, knowledge, decision, interrogate, recognize
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие слова и дайте их исходные формы (см. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3):

А. business, friendship, recording, expertly, graduation, personal, activity, investigation, historical, knowledge, enforce
B. precedent, prevention, prosecution, punishment, appointment, accusation, circumstantial, consideration, defender, enforcement, identification, justify, murderer, responsibility, violation
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги (см. 2.5 – 2.7):
А. in this case, from the document, by the court, for this judge, to the institute, in the street, about the crime, with an instrument, from the bus stop, at the department
B. in prison, from evidence, about the defendant, for reference, at the trial, to the jury, for alibi, without witnesses, by the government, from the testimony, within the jurisdiction, in a week
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания, в состав которых входят личные и притяжательные место-имения (см. 2.8 – 2.10):
А. in his case, with them, at their place, from our laws, in your report, without his help, by our courts, for us, about her, in his speech
B. with his evidence, for their apprehension, from her testimony, of my alibi, within their powers, with its administration, of his guilt, at their trial, without my evidence, within its jurisdiction
Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глагольные формы в повелительном наклонении (см. 2.18)
A. 1. Let me finish my work. 2. Let him be present at the trial. 3. Think about it. 4. Look at these documents. 5. Will you help me with this case? 6. Let them perform their duty. 7. Don’t answer his questions. 8. Don’t let them forget about their duty. 9. Don’t let us talk about that. 10. Don’t begin a lecture until everybody is ready. 11. Let us not wait for them. 12. Let the police investigate the case. 13. Let the officer do his job.
B. 1. Leave everything just you find it.

2. Don’t be so innocent as to believe everything the politicians say.

3. Be careful and watchful at the crime scene.

4. Let the experts examine all the gathered evidence.

5. Let it be a covert investigation.

6. Don’t forget to pay attention to details.

7. Let the witness make the correction in the statement himself.

8. Will you consent to his request?

9. Let it be my own decision.

10. Let them not avoid punishment.

11. Don’t let strangers enter the crime scene.

12. Let the police protect us from violence.

Упражнение 7. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в форме Present Indefinite (см. 2.20):

А. 1. We discuss everything we do here. 2. He is a man of few words.

3. We have two lectures a week. 4. He gives instructions very expertly. 5. Every day we read about crime in newspapers. 6. I don’t have any free time today. 7. This man works as a detective. 8. He always tells the truth. 9. Do you know the answer? – Yes, I do. 10. He doesn’t want to speak to us.
В. 1. He works at some kind of invention.

2. Even friends sometimes disagree.

3. Necessity knows no law.

4. Criminologists often work closely with experts of other professions.

5. Visitors to England usually admire its policemen.

6. Newspapers are full of depressing news nowadays.

7. The term “jurisdiction” means a politically defined geographical area.

8. The duties of federal, state and county police departments differ in a number of ways.

Упражнение 8. Составьте из следующих слов притяжательные конструкции и переведите их (см. 2.4):

А. 1.the words, this man 2. the laws, our country 3. my father, work

4. that lawyer, the report 5. her friend, the flat 6. his parents, life 7. the company, office 8. these people, the rights 9. speech, President 10. this officer, duty.

B. 1. the verdict, the jury 2. this prisoner, guilt 3. the witness, the plaintiff 4. the evidence, this eye-witness 5. the accused, the property 6. the lawyer, the defendant 7. the victim, the insurance 8. the official, responsibility 9. the alibi, the suspect 10. the office, the prosecutor.

Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в нужную форму Present Indefinite. Переведите предложения (см. 2.20):
А. 1. Politics (be) a profession nowadays. 2. Crime (be) a favourite subject of movies and novels. 3. My friend (be) a lawyer and I often consult him. 4. I (be) at my office at 9 every morning. 5. They (be not) detectives, they (be) investigators. 6. This information (be) very important. 7. The matter (be) under investigation.
B. 1. Justice (be) an important element in good government.

2. This man (be not) fit for the position.

3. In an emergency half-way measures (be) usually unsatisfactory.

4. The information in my possession (be) strictly confidential.

5. It (be) a positive crime to drive when you (be) intoxicated.

6. The object of criminal justice (be) the prevention and control of crime.

7. Insanity (be) a legal term, not a medical one, it refers to mental or psychological disorder.
Упражнение 10. Переведите следующие сложные предложения. Определите тип придаточного предложения (см. 2.24):
А. 1. It is a pleasure to listen to his report because it is very informative.

2. I do not know if this is quite correct. 3. The problems people face in their life are mostly small domestic problems. 4. The question is whether they are ready to help us. 5. Why he acts in such a way is not clear to the police. 6. I don’t know where he works at present.

7. Everybody knows that in Great Britain the traffic keeps to the left.
B.1.If someone offers me $1.000 for some information, I’ll be rather suspicious.

2. The accused says he has nothing to do with the actual charge against him.

3. Early law knows no witnesses of the modern type – no witnesses who can be compelled to disclose facts known to him.

4. I wonder if you are sincere.

5. As experience shows many law-breakers begin their criminal career when they do not come of age.

6. If the judge or jury finds the defendant not guilty, he is a free person.

7. Judges decide what the exact sentence or fine should be in each case.

8. Not all the evidence they have in the criminal case is of the same evidential value.

9. The search of a dwelling without a warrant is legal only where the right to arrest for a crime exists.

10. The police learn to establish contacts with the public because they deal with human relations problems.
Упражнение 11. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (см. 2.25; 2.38):

А. 1. You may be sure that he will do everything possible to solve this case. 2. I must find somebody to act as my deputy during my absence. 3. He must be here in time, I can’t wait for him. 4. We are to take state exams in 4 years. 5. Who can tell me that judge’s name? 6. We’ll be able to analyze the results only next week. 7. He needn’t do the work today, he may do it any other day. 8. I may come and see you next summer, but my plans are not fixed. 9. You will have to leave at 6 to catch the train. 10. You needn’t worry about him, he is quite able to take care of himself.
В. 1. You shouldn’t force your ideas on other people.

2. If you defy the law, you may find yourself in prison.

3. They couldn’t agree on the distribution of the profits.

4. They will have to rethink their policy towards China.

5. The government must not ignore the symptoms of disconsent among their own supporters.

6. You ought not to show him that you notice his efforts, he will be hurt.

7. His partner fell ill and he had to do double work.

8. Under responsible government the rulers must account for their actions to the people.

9. The jury was to rely only on careful examination of testimony and evidence.

10. The accident might take place due to bad weather.
Упражнение 12. Выберите правильную форму глагола “to be” в Present Indefinite. Переведите предложения (см. 2.21):
А. 1. Those people (is, are) policemen too. 2. The basic law in the USA (am, is) the Сonstitution. 3. We (is, are) citizens of Russia. 4. My profession (am, is) a detective. 5. I (is, am) a cadet of the Far East Home Ministry Law institute of Russia. 6. He (am, is) a good specialist. 7. Our profession (are, is) difficult. 8. Criminal Law (are, is) a special subject. 9. They (are, is) investigators of the CID.
B. 1. The man (are, is) not fit for the position.

2. Several hundred extra policemen (are, is) on duty for the coronation.

3. It (am, is) a positive crime to drive when you (is, are) intoxicated.

4. It (is, are) impossible to satisfy all the demands.

5. A crime (are, is) a violation of criminal law, or the penal code of a political jurisdiction.

6. The primary source of crime statistics in the United States (are, is) the FBI’s uniform crime statistics.

7. It (am, is) better to err on the side of mercy.

8. DNA (are, is) a routine law enforcement tool in the USA.

9. Haste (are, is) not a perfect means of good interrogation.

10. Police (is, are) responsible for crime prevention.

Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, в состав которых входит инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели (см. 2.19):
А. 1. We must start early in order to meet our friend at the station.

2. Everything was done to save his life but nothing helped. 3. We got up at 6 not to miss the morning train. 4. They made a lot of experiments to solve the problem. 5. Did you arrive to take part in the conference?

6. Pay attention to the traffic lights to cross the road safely.
B. 1. To protect their freedom the media operate as an interest group in a pluralist democracy.

2. Then he examines all the evidence to establish guilt of a person responsible for the crime.

3. To release police officers for operational duties police authorities employ over 40.000 civilians in England.

4. The efforts of the police should be coordinated to produce good relations with the community.

5. To be eligible for a jury you must be over 18 years of age and a citizen of the USA.

6. In 1946 the old members of the International Criminal Police Organization met in Belgium to revive the organization.
Упражнение 14. Переведите следующие предложения с учетом особенностей перевода предложений с конструкцией «there+be» (см. 2.26):
А. 1. There is a man to see you.

2. There isn’t anything that you can do to help me.

3. There are so many things I can do without.

4. Is there a police station near by?

5. There is nothing interesting in today’s newspapers.

6. There are informal contacts between the police and the public.

7. There must be a solution to the problem.

8. There is some connection between the two crimes.

9. There is a number of universities in our city.

10. There is a reason for everything.
II

1. There was nobody there who knew the answer.

2. There was not a word of truth in what he said.

3. There were a lot of traces at the crime scene.

4. There was no solution to the problem.

5. There were important details in that report.
III

1. There will be a lot of specialists in jurisprudence in some years.

2. There will be much street traffic on week days.

3. There will be a strict law about parking in the district this month.

4. There won’t be any need to discuss the problem with him.
B. 1. There isn’t much doubt about his guilt.

2. There were very few successful escapes from this prison.

3. There is no single “criminal justice system” in the United States.

4. There is a special separate process for juvenile offenders.

5. There is no evidence to suggest kidnapping.

6. There is a widespread belief that a contract has no significance unless it is in writing.

7. In the majority of the countries there are laws obliging citizens to defend state interests and public order.

8. There should be special instruments to open such locks.

9. There was something missing about the evidence.

10. There was no clue to the identity of the man.

11. There wasn’t enough evidence to prove him guilty.

12. There will be many political disturbances in the country during the elections.

13. There is a special method of classifying traces.
Упражнение 15. Переведите следующие безличные предложения с местоимением “it” в функции формального подлежащего (§2.27):
А. 1. It gets light early in summer. 2. How far is it to the next stop? 3. It is useful to know at least one foreign language. 4. It is useless to argue with police officers. 5. It will be so interesting to see the world. 6. It is necessary to observe the speed limits. 7. It is almost impossible to do things you want without education. 8. It usually takes me half an hour to get to the institute on foot. 9. It is important to be accurate in everything. 10. It takes many years of training to become an expert.
B. 1. It is important to do the work properly and in time.

2. It took me a week to find witnesses of the accident.

3. It is necessary for our citizens to abide laws.

4. It is seldom easy to find the right clue to the event.

5. It was reasonable to check the information for accuracy.
Упражнение 16. Переведите безличные предложения с эмфатическим

местоимением “it” (см. 2.28):
A. 1. It’s a CID that I want to work at. 2. It was that mistake that caused other mistakes. 3. It is the police that are responsible for the investigation. 4. It is unwritten law that is predominant in England. 5. It is the police that are responsible for the investigation.

B. 1. It is an accident prevention program which determines the driver’s and pedestrian’s responsibility for road accidents.

2. It is the accepted truth that the Earth was formed about 4.500 million years ago.

3. It is the magistrate’s courts that try the majority of all criminal cases and sometimes civil cases.

4. It was Roman law that influenced many modern European legal systems.

5. It was the defendant’s lawyer who advised him to say nothing to the police.

6. It is knowledge of human nature which is important in crime investigation.
Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения обращая, внимание на глагол – сказуемое в форме Future Indefinite (см. 2.30):
A. 1. In two years my friend will become a lawyer. 2. They won’t translate the text without a dictionary. 3. Shall I help you with your English tomorrow? 4. I’ll leave before he comes. 5. What will you do if the results are ready only tomorrow? 6. I think this case will never go to court. 7. One day he will have to pay for his crimes.
B. 1. Nothing will make me change my mind.

2. Their opinion will not affect my decision.

3. If law and order break down anarchy will result.

4. They’ll charge the man with the crime as soon as they have strong evidence against him.

5. Everything will come right in the end.

6. I’ll give the matter my personal attention.

7. There will be no difficulty, don’t worry.

8. I have no doubt that you will succeed.

9. One day the truth about these events will come into light.

10. When will the matter come up for discussion?
Упражнение 18. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные способы выражения действия в будущем (см. 2.30; 2.20; 2.39):
А. 1. What are you doing on Saturday evening? 2. My friend is leaving for Moscow tomorrow. 3. He starts his new job on Friday. 4. I won’t tell anybody what really happened. 5. Is he going to appeal to the police about the incident? 6. They are going to take strict measures to law-breakers on the road. 7. Will you give evidence before the court? 8. I am sure that I recognize him. 9. The last tram leaves at midnight. 10. They are meeting next week. 11. Shall I interview this witness?

B. 1. If they are elected, they will increase the value of pensions.

2. The court trial starts at 9 a.m. tomorrow.

3. I’m sure he won’t object to your decision.

4. Is he going to appeal to the police?

5. They are inspecting the crime scene again tomorrow.

6. If he dies without an heir, his property will go to the state.

7. Bail ensures that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice.

8. It he continues to steal, he’ll be up in prison.

9. I have no doubt that you’ll succeed very soon.

Упражнение 19. Найдите причастие I в следующих предложениях. Переведите предложения с учетом функции причастия I (см. 2.31):
A. 1. The cadet answering the question is rather good at his subject. 2. Not knowing the language and having no friends in the country he found it impossible to get a job. 3. There are some state institutions regulating the life of every society. 4. The police stopped every car on the road looking for the escaped man. 5. When driving to my office I had a traffic accident. 6. An interview is a method giving useful evidence for the investigation. 7. While examining the crime scene the investigator should be very careful.
B. 1. The investigator obtained some information establishing the identity of the suspect.

2. The crime scene is a fruitful source of information providing experts with important details.

3. While climbing in through the window, the thief left fingerprints on the window-sill.

4. Having access to the property of his relatives the accused defrauded them of some valuables.

5. The law concerning warrantless searches and seizures is very complex and detailed.

6. In England anyone facing criminal prosecution is entitled to choose a firm of lawyers to represent him.

7. In case law system there is no code defining a contract.

8. The police must investigate any case involving death or serious injury.

9. The investigators should plan the development of facts giving evidence to the intentions of the accused.

10. The FBI places its resources at the disposal of any police force requiring assistance.

Упражнение 20. Переведите предложения, в состав которых входит причастие II. Определите его функцию в предложении (см. 2.32):
A. 1. At the conference they discussed new methods used in criminalistics. 2. In the USA there are eleven federal courts located in ten circuits and one in the District of Columbia. 3. The evidence gathered by the investigator must establish the elements of the offence. 4. If convicted, a serviceman has the right to appeal to a military tribunal. 5. The numerous evidence found at the crime scene proved the man’s guilt beyond any doubt. 6. In England and Wales the police may arrest a suspect without a warrant issued by a magistrate. 7. When organized, the police became an effective instrument in fighting against criminality. 8. When carefully examined, the crime scene is under the protection of police officers. 9. Established customs are difficult to change. 10. The lawyer informed us about the contents of the documents signed by the two parties.
B. 1. Sentenced to a strict imprisonment, he appealed to a higher court.

2. A constitution is a body of rules designed to organize and control governmental actions.

3. Passed by both houses of legislature, the bill is signed by the Governor and becomes law.

4. The crime presented by the media is usually more sensational than the crime routinely committed.

5. When asked specifically what they fear, 38% of Americans mentioned burglary, assault and murder.

6. Bail is a monetary guarantee deposited with the court.

7. Crime is a breach of a conduct coded specifically by the state.

8. Criminal law deals with wrongs considered injurious to the community and consequently punishable by the state.

9. Forensic scientists have certain ways to enhance the quality of a photographed print.

10. A British police officer is subject to the law and may be prosecuted for any wrongful act committed in carrying out duties.

11. There is a strict and guaranteed system of supervision over the legality of decisions taken by courts.
Упражнение 21. В состав следующих предложений входит герундий. Переведите предложения, учитывая функцию герундия в предложении (см. 2.35):
A. 1. The speaker said almost nothing worth listening to. 2. The governments of all countries are responsible for saving peace. 3. Interrupting people is bad manners. 4. This is a usual way of investigating. 5. Patrolling the streets is another form of controlling the crime situation in town. 6. The trial needs participating experts in this branch of industry. 7. Breaking traffic rules is an offence. 8. Most people prefer spending money to earning it. 9. The police fined him for exceeding speed limits. 10. He denied doing anything illegal.
B. 1. There is no denying the fact.

2. Traffic safety is one of the proxy arguments for promoting road constructions.

3. The purpose behind enforcing traffic law is to increase the public’s safety by reducing traffic violations.

4. Bribing officials is subject to criminal punishment in this country.

5. In questioning or arresting suspects policemen are trained to be watchful and suspicious.

6. He was fined for being drunk in charge of a car.

7. The safe showed no sign of having been touched.
Упражнение 22. Переведите следующие группы существительных (см. 2.15):
A. 1. country’s law system 2. law institute 3.crime scene search 4. law enforcement officer 5. crime detection 6. crime prevention programme 7. state police agency 8. UN Security Council 9. criminal justice system 10. police authorities
B. 1.victim support program 2. the International Criminal Police Organization 3. trial court 4. the nation’s security system 5. the traffic police control unit 6. road safety police 7. traffic accident consequences
Упражнение 23. Поставьте данные в скобках глаголы в форму Past Indefinite, пользуясь таблицей нестандартных глаголов при необходимости. Переведите предложения (см. 2.29):
A. 1.He (call) my attention to some new evidence. 2. The jury (find) the prisoner guilty. 3. The police (catch) the thief. 4. He (have) very good advice for each of us. 5. The burglars (leave) the room in great disorder. 6. He last (see) her the day before yesterday. 7. London (develop) into one of the greatest ports of the world. 8. Punishment (have) very little effect on him. 9. The victims (get) a proper medical aid after the traffic accident. 10. The first American settlers highly (prize) personal freedom.

B. 1. The United Nations forces (police) the Gaza Strip for a long time.

2. His prompt action (prevent) a serious accident.

3. He fully (deserve) the punishment he (receive).

4. The police (deal) with riots during the election.

5. The judge (advise) the jury to discredit the evidence of the witness.

6. He (make) a direct answer to the charges brought against him.

7. The police sergeant (go) through the pockets of the suspect thief.

8. There (be) enough evidence to prove him guilty.

9. The Saxons who (invade) England in olden times (be) heathens.

10. DNA (become) a routine law enforcement tool in the USA.
Упражнение 24. Определите залог и время глагола – сказуемого в форме Continuous. Переведите предложения (см. 2.39 – 2.40):
А. 1.Crime in the world is a problem that is getting increasingly worse. 2. They are planning to meet next week. 3. Things are going ahead. 4. The crime is being much talked about. 5. The International law was developing alongside with the development of society and state. 6. These methods and forms are still used. 7. The police were trying to do whatever they could. 8. When the plan was being worked on, nobody doubted it would be implemented. 9. City transport is becoming more and more expensive. 10. Many old customs are dying out now.
B. 1.The resolution of the UN Security Council is being supported all over the world.

2. Crime problems are deteriorating now.

3. At present your application is undergoing consideration.

4. Police often maintain that prosecutors are making their jobs more difficult than necessary.

5. Advances in technology were being brought in many industries.
Упражнение 25. Переведите следующие предложения, учитывая особенности перевода глагола в форме Present Perfect Active (см. 2.41):
A. 1. Roman law has influenced many modern European legal systems. 2. Great changes have taken place in the world since World War II. 3. I have always believed that this is not possible. 4. Don`t judge him until he has given the explanations. 5. There have been many railway accidents this year. 6. In politics England has always preferred evolution. 7. Peace talks have stalled.
B. 1. The police have conducted identification of persons killed in a road accident.

2. Great Britain has granted self – rule to its possessions overseas.

3. Courts have awarded criminal defendants too many civil rights.

4. Usually, society turns to criminal justice only after the other institutions of social control have failed.

5. Congress has adopted the new measure this month.

6. There have been numerous exchanges of views between the two governments.

7. The higher court has already confirmed the lower court’s findings.

8. The right to counsel has existed in federal courts since the ratification of the Bill of Rights.

9. Consent searches have become the most common type of searches performed by law enforcement officers.

Упражнение 26. Определите время и залог сказуемого в системе времен Perfect. Переведите предложения (см. 2.41 – 2.42):
А. 1.Oxford and Cambridge have always been universities for gentlemen. 2. There has been a sharp rise in the cost of living in the past few years. 3. The need in laws has been recognized by every society. 4. An American invention that was barely noticed in 1948 has created the computer age. 5. There was no proof that the man had been at the scene of crime.
B. 1. In most countries the death penalty has been abolished.

2. Different kinds of offences will have been reflected in Crime Statistics by the end of the month.

3. Prior to 1993, only two women had ever been elected to the position of sheriff in the United States.

4. The defendant failed to pay the plaintiff the sum which he had promised in their contract.

5. No regret had ever been expressed by the accused for the crimes committed.

6. She had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out.
Упражнение 27. Определите временную форму сказуемого в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения (см. 2.33):
A. 1. She was invited to be present in the court as a witness. 2. They were influenced by no good examples. 3. The results will be controlled by a search – commander. 4. Two more crimes were committed in the same train during this week. 5. These documents are recognized as valid. 6. The problem will be discussed at the next sitting. 7. The constitution was written in 1787. 8. Today many dictionaries have been abridged from larger ones. 9. The work will have been finished by the end of this month. 10. The city bank was robbed by teenage computer – hackers.
B. 1. Laws that maintain order in society are enforced by different institutions.

2. Civil rights are powers and privileges that are guaranteed to the individual and protected.

3. Where law is concerned, you cannot plead ignorance in excuse of your conduct.

4. An investigation may be considered a success if all the available information is uncovered.

5. When the presentation of evidence has been completed, the lawyers make speeches in which they sum up the proof.

6. New progress will have been made in all branches of our economy by the end of the decade.

7. Many statutes affecting parental rights and duties have been passed during the last 100 years.
Упражнение 28. Переведите предложения, в составе которых имеются сравнительные конструкции (см. 2.36):
А. 1. The sooner we leave, the sooner we’ll arrive. 2. The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it. 3. Today the traffic is no better than usual. 4. The more tired you are, the harder it is to concentrate. 5. A career of a policeman is as important as any other. 6. He is not such a popular president as his predecessor was. 7. Good health and happiness are more important than money. 8. The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. 9. The more developed the society, the more perfect are its laws. 10. The problem is not so complicated as we expected.
B. 1. The bigger the European Union becomes, the more inevitable will be differences between the member countries.

2. The imperfect laws are better than none.

3. The more complicated the case, the harder it is to find a solution.

4. Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.

5. A warning, properly given by the officer, can be more effective than any other type of enforcement.

6. The police unit need the information quickly, so, please, let them know as soon as possible.

7. Law enforcement stops directly or indirectly cause some crashes, but they prevent more crashes than they cause.
Упражнение 29. Определите степень сравнения прилагательных и наречий, входящих в состав следующих предложений. Переведите предложения (см. 2.36):
А. 1. Most countries have special rules for young defendants. 2. The situation is not bad, it could be worse. 3. I’m afraid the problem is much more complicated. 4. Let me know if you hear any further news. 5. The profession of a lawyer is very important. 6. Traffic police officers make our city a safer place to drive. 7. Street traffic in town is typically characterized by low speeds.
В. 1. One of the most effective tools in a law enforcement agency is the alert patrol officer.

2. Sometimes the sight of an officer in the rear view mirror is a better deterrent for aggressive drivers and speeders.

3. Constable is a police officer in the lowest rank.

4. Rural highways are characterized by lower volumes, higher speeds, and fewer conflicts with pedestrians.

5. There is not much indication that the next few years will be peaceful.

6. Bail ensures that the defendant will appear at a later stage of the criminal justice.
Упражнение 30. Выделите в следующих предложениях сложное дополнение. Переведите предложения (см. 2.44):
А. 1. I believe him to be an experienced lawyer. 2. I should like you to make it clear for me. 3. We saw the driver giving the first aid to the victim. 4. They did not expect the court to accept the evidence. 5. Nobody believed the crime to have been committed by a child. 6. He considered me to have interviewed all the witnesses. 7. They wanted the court to mete out a just sentence.

B. 1. They consider themselves to be responsible for the state of affairs.

2. The law presumes the accused not to be guilty until his guilt has been proven.

3. He wanted his lawyer to ensure a properly prepared defence in court.

4. It’s not by chance that law enforcement bodies consider drug trafficking to be one of the most serious crimes.

5. The investigator supposed the suspect to have given false evidence.

6. The burglar made the victim give all the valuables to him.

7. I have never heard a judge speak Latin.
Упражнение 31. Переведите следующие предложения, в состав которых входит сложное подлежащее (см. 2.45):
А. 1. They seem to know all about it. 2. The new methods of work appeared to be very effective. 3. These two young men are sure to be good friends. 4. He is likely to make a statement to the police. 5. He is said to be one of the promoted detectives. 6. The criminal was reported to have been apprehended not far from the crime scene. 7. They are known to have worked at the law for 5 years.
B. 1. All the traces at the crime scene proved to have been destroyed.

2. The witness is unlikely to give a full description of the offender.

3. The data proved to be wrong.

4. The court is unlikely to give a different sentence.

5. The witness was considered to be in need of care and protection.

6. White-collar crimes are considered to be difficult to solve.

7. When criminal acts violate the laws of more than one country, they are said to be transnational crimes.

8. Three men are reported to have been injured in the accident.

9. The defendant is known to have been released on bail.

10. Police officers are considered to have contacts with a large number of people in the community.

Упражнение 32. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова – заместители имен существительных (см. 2.16):
A. 1. The success of the investigation was not only that of one person but of the whole team.

2. The question of capital punishment is not purely moral; it is also a social and legal one.

3. The French Revolution followed soon after that in America.

4. The function of a teacher is to teach, that of a student, to learn.

5. The police investigated every possible suspect until they found the one who had been at the scene.
B. 1. Investigation in England is in general done by the police, and the pro- cedure is in some degree different from that of the rest of Europe.

2. The British Parliament can make new laws and cancel old ones.

3. In Britain they have two types of courts: those that have civil jurisdiction and those that have criminal jurisdiction.

4. The description that the witness gave of the attacker accorded with that of the victim.

5. Impeachment is considered a drastic measure, one that is used on only rare occasions in the United States.

Упражнение 33. Найдите в следующих предложениях глагольные формы с суффиксом -ed , определите, какой частью речи они являются, и переведите предложения (см. 2.34):
A. 1. The arrested man answered the description of the wanted man.

2. The accident happened because of the man’s careless driving.

3. The police was instructed not to use unnecessary force.

4. The police believed there was a connection between these two crimes.

5. The officer refused to give any detailed information of the crime till the police arrived.
B. 1. The case was dismissed for the lack of evidence.

2. The witness testified that the signature on the will was genuine.

3. The appointments of the President must be approved by the Senate.

4. The judge decided that it was the case of diminished responsibility.

5. The two people involved in the accident were both announced dead.
Упражнение 34. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода предложений с безличным местоимением “it” в сочетании с глаголом в страдательном залоге (см. 2.37):
А. 1.It is known that lawyers, judges and police are a reliable instrument in fighting crimes.

2. It is supposed that all men and women are equal in the eyes of law.

3. It was said that the suspect was brought to the local police station.

4. It is believed that there is a reason for everything.

5. It was considered that the accident might have taken place due to bad weather.
B. 1. It is known that the object of criminal justice is the prevention and control of crime.

2. It is said that not all the evidence in their possession is of the same evidential value.

3. It was supposed that there should be some special instrument to open such locks.

4. It is considered that physical evidence may already be useful from its position or location at the crime scene.

5. It is believed that the most common way for arranging information is an alphabetical order.
Упражнение 35. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот (см. 2.43):

A. 1. The inspection being over, the operative team left the crime scene.

2. The offender was interrogated, his lawyer being present.

3. There being little evidence, the trial was postponed.
B. 1. The investigation of the crime being successful, the case was brought before the court.

2. The trial being over, the defendant was sentenced to 5 years in prison.

3. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.

4. There are several kinds of punishment available to the courts, the most common punishment being a fine in civil cases.

5. Britain and the USA trying to solve the shortage of space for prisoners, private companies are allowed to build and own prisons.

РАЗДЕЛ III

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ПИСЬМЕННОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

Текст 1

WHAT IS A CRIME?

A crime is something a person does or fails to do in violation of a law (breaking a law) and for which he could be given one of five punishments:

1. Disqualification from office

2. Loss of office

3. Fine

4. Jail

5. Death

Ignorance of the law is not an excuse. Otherwise, there would be no protection or safety for anyone, since every criminal could simply say he didn’t know what the law was and go free.

Crimes are usually divided in three types:

1. Crimes against a person – murder, rape, battery and many others

2. Crimes against property – burglary, arson, theft and malicious mischief

3. Crimes against the state (government)

Technically all crimes are against the state and individual. This is because the state laws are broken. There are many crimes, such as breaking traffic laws or failing to pay income tax, however, they are not really crimes against a person or against property.

A felony is a crime punishable by a year or more in prison. All other crimes are misdemeanors. Examples of felonies include murder, rape and burglary. Misdemeanor examples are petty theft, trespass and disturbing peace.

Текст 2