Методические указания для студентов 1 и II курсов дневного и заочного отделений
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29. contamination загрязнение, заражение 30. to transfer передавать, переводить (деньги) 31. the rest остальная часть the most бóльшая часть 32. to pull one’s efforts объединять усилия 33. to do away with something уничтожать, устранять 34. to persuade убедить, уговорить 35. alarming тревожащий, тревожный to alarm 1. Тревожить 2. Будить an alarm-clock будильник 36. to keep ahead опережать 37. fossil окаменелость, ископаемое 38. to sustain поддерживать, выдерживать 39. to go on продолжать 40. solid твердый, крепкий, твердое тело 41. to emit испускать, выделять; излучать, выпускать emission выпуск, излучение 42. species вид, порода 43. solution решение 44. consumption потребление 45. inevitably неизбежно 46. to give up отказаться, уступить 47. affluence богатство, изобилие 48. on one’s own самостоятельно, на собственную ответственность 49. petrol бензин 50. to decline ухудшаться, падать, приходить в упадок Text 1.Ecology There are a lot of problems facing people on the Planet Earth nowadays. The problems that demand world action are: the growth of world population, economic crises, ethnic conflicts. But the most urgent problem concerning the people of the whole world is an ecological one. What is ecology? Ecology is the science that studies the conditions of the habitat of man, animals and plants for the benefit of present and future generations. What is the environment? The environment is everything around us. It includes all living things. It also includes everything that is not alive, such as the soil, the air and the water. Human activities can make the environment unhealthy. The gasoline burned inside car engines produces gases that poison the air. Factories burn fuels to run machines, and this burning fuels, too, put poisons into the air. Human activities also poison water. Some factories produce liquid wastes that run into rivers. Often, these wastes contain poisons. Sometimes, useful chemicals cause problems in the environment. When small animals eat poisoned insects, they take in the chemicals into their cells. When larger animals eat these small animals, the poison is passed on to the larger animals. And the larger animals are eaten by still larger animals including people. Many scientists study the environment. When there is a problem, they try to find out why. Then they look for ways to stop the problem. Scientists have also helped to find ways to reduce air and water pollution. New cars burn fuel better and produce fewer poisons. There are laws against dumping factories’ poisons into rivers and lakes. People who break these laws should be punished. Nuclear Winter Awaits Our environment is vitally connected with the problem of peace on our planet. The scientists consider that nuclear war could destroy mankind completely, for a large scale nuclear exchange could mean the extinction of the human race. The climatic, biological and environmental effects of a nuclear war might be horrible. An exchange of only a small fraction of warheads would produce “nuclear winter” in which smoke and soot would obscure the sunlight; the temperature would fall below freezing levels and global toxic smog would be created. That’s why there is no more important task today than to safeguard peace and prevent a nuclear catastrophe on the Earth which is our one and only home. In the world there have been stocked great masses of chemical and bacteriological weapons. Included are the most dreadful varieties – the bacilli of Siberian ulcers and the plague. If any of these weapons is used, casualties will run into tens of millions. Mankind has no immunity against bacteriological weapons, and the use of chemical weapons will result in mass contamination of the area and its transfer to the rest of the planet, thus affecting the life of several generations. One would like to believe that common sense will prevail and none of these weapons of mass destruction will be used. If we fail to find ways to pull our efforts to do away with wars, if we fail to persuade people to take a different approach to ecological problems, then the chances are that we will be the last happy generation to live on the Earth. Population Fears The world’s population may rise by 97 million people a year for the next decade. In 1950 the world’s population was 2,5 billion. In 1992 it stood at 5,4 billion. By the year 2050 it will have reached 10 billion, double what it is today. Most people find these figures alarming. Is the alarm justified? Optimists will say that world food production has kept well ahead of population growth. Exploration and new technology have meant that known reserves of minerals and fossil fuels have grown rather than diminished. Some scientists think that these reserves will go on forever. But the fact remains that the rate of food production fell behind population growth rather in two thirds of developing countries between 1978 and 1989. The annual fish catch already exceeds what the world’s oceans can successfully sustain. If we go on using our natural resources at today’s rates, we’ll have used up the entire reserves of copper, natural gas and oil by the year 2054. But the problems ahead also live in what we waste. This includes all solids, liquids and gases we emit, and all the forests and species we carelessly destroy in the process of living. The only solution is to try to change the areas of consumption, technology and population . There is little hope of reducing consumption over the next half century. The poorest people will inevitably increase their consumption, and the rich will never give up even part of their affluence. Technology changes will also not work on their own. Although cars now use less petrol, the number of cars has risen by 58% since 1973. Changes in technology must be backed by slower population growth. A decrease in population growth can only be achieved by education in health and women’s rights. Such a program could cut a good two billion off the ten billion expected in 2050. If women have fewer than two children each, the world population will decline after 2050. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Поставьте слова и словосочетания в соответствующие предложения и переведите a stock, dumping, rest, most, urgent, pollution, on one’s own, contamination, available, a cause, a stock broker, to give up, stocks and shares, to waste 1. It is the most . . . that the payments should be made in time. 2. All the efforts were . . . . 3. There is no . . . to complaint about. 4. . . . is selling abroad at the lowest prices the items which are unwanted in the home market. 5. The sellers demand that the . . . part of the amount should be transferred in advance, and the . . . part should be transferred within a month after the delivery date. 6. He is sure to manage the situation . . . . 7. One of the most essential problems of nowadays is air . . . and . . . of water supplies. 8. . . . is a store of goods available for sale, distribution or use, especially goods kept by a trader or shopkeeper. 9. The goods demanded by the Customer was out of stock (weren’t . . . at the moment). 10. A . . . is a man who buys and sells stocks and shares. 11. I did want a holiday abroad, but we’ve had . . . up the idea. Exercise 2. Образуйте новые слова и переведите их на русский язык А. Существительные от глаголов: to poison, to waste, to cause, to pollute, to dump, to extinct, to prevent, to contaminate, to alarm, to emit, to solve, to decline, to consume, to change, to explore B. Наречия от прилагательных: urgent, mutual, vital, complete, horrible, happy, successful, careless Exercise 3. Переведите слова и выражения на английский язык: сталкиваться с проблемами, рост населения, срочный вызов, на благо, производить отходы, содержать яд, являться причиной, включая, выяснить причину, искать пути (способы), уменьшить загрязнение, демпинговое производство, нарушать закон, в большом масштабе, предотвратить ядерную катастрофу, накапливать (запасать), объединять усилия, покончить с чем-либо, тревожный, оправданный риск, опережать, уровень производства, отставать Exercise 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива 1. It gives me pleasure to help you. 2. It was very kind of them to book a room for me in advance. 3. To tell him the truth at that moment meant to upset him. 4. It was foolish of her not to have accepted the offer. 5. To deceive the lawyer was absolutely impossible. 6. To do your shopping at the supermarket means to save a lot of time – they sell many things under one roof. 7. Your only chance to go on this excursion is to pass your exams beforehand and successfully. 8. John’s house was not easy to find – we didn’t remember its number. 9. The girl is very pleasant to talk to, she is well-read. 10. This is a very good hotel to stay at. 11. He isn’t kind of man to turn to. 12. That’s not the sort of book to be recommended. 13. I’ve got a lot of letters to write. 14. There are a lot of patients to be examined. 15. Mary was the first to come. 16. He was the last to be told the news. 17. He went to the doctor to ask for advice. Exercise 5. Переведите предложения, укажите инфинитивную конструкцию 1. Do you want me to help you? 2. I’d like them to call on us on Sunday. I haven’t seen them for ages. 3. What do you want me to buy? 4. When does she want me to ring her up? 5. I don’t expect her to agree to his proposal. 6. What made him change his mind? 7. He is supposed to be in Paris at present. 8. The plane is reported to be delayed in Liverpool. 9. He is said to have left for London. 10. He doesn’t seem to be a very experienced one. 11. They don’t seem to be worried about the coming exams. 12. I’m sorry I couldn’t talk to him when he called yesterday, I happened to be out then. 13. He appears to be studying the documents at the moment. 14. The weather is likely to change for the worse. The sky is overcast. 15. We are not likely to finish our work by next week. There’s still too much to do. 16. The first thing for you to do is to find his telephone number. 17. She waited for the phone to ring. 18. There was nothing for us to discuss. 19. We left the message on the table for Jim to see it at once. 20. There was really nothing for them to do but wait. 21. Did you see them come in? 22. It’s for you to decide. Exercise 6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные конструкции и выражения, вводящие их 1. I was just going to suggest having a swim in the lake. It’s unbearably hot. 2. I was just going to translate the text. I’ve had no time to do it. 3. He was surprised to have been invited to that party. 4. She was sorry to have lost her chance to go to London. 5. You’d better come on time tomorrow. 6. I’d rather not go to the pictures tonight. I’m very tired. 7. I think I’d rather return home than wait for them. 8. I think I’d sooner put up at a hotel than stay at some friend’s house.
themselves. 10. To put it mildly, his answer left much to be desired. 11. They had me accept the invitation. 12. We won’t have him speak like that. 13. I’m afraid he is not likely to be in. 14. Why didn’t you make the child drink some hot milk? 15. That made her feel better. 16. I want to have my hair cut. 17. He’d like to have his shoes mended. Vocabulary List 2 1. in the long run в конце концов 2. gradually постепенно 3. due to благодаря 4. primarily в первую очередь 5. at the same time в то же время 6. composition состав 7. substantially по существу, в основном substantial важный, существенный 8. upgrade подъем, рост 9. to tighten натягивать 10. constraint принуждение 11. a shift замена 12. external market внешний рынок 13. sustained поддерживаемый 14. scarce редкий, немногочисленный scarcely едва, почти не 15. hence с этого момента, поэтому 16. to establish основывать, устанавливать 17. to facilitate облегчать, упрощать 18. threat угроза 19. rather than предпочтительнее, скорее 20. to enjoy an access иметь доступ, возможность 21. preferential предпочтительный 22. overall growth общий прирост 23. in spite of несмотря на 24. moderate умеренный, сдержанный, средний 25. growth rate темпы роста 26. to expect ожидать 27. to spread распространять(ся) 28. literacy грамотность 29. in relative terms по соответствующим показателям 30. threefold утроенный, втрое больше 31. obviously очевидно 32. except (for) за исключением Text 2. Forestry of Finland In the forest industry Finland has for a long time been among the world’s leading exporters. In the long run its global market shares have, however, gradually declined, particularly in Western Europe, due primarily to North American but also to less developed (LDC) producers. At the same time, during the last quarter of a century, the composition of Finnish forest product exports has been substantially upgraded. In the long run there are two major factors which are restricting the growth potentiality of the Finnish forest industry: first, tightened resource constraints and, second, competitive shifts in external markets due to new sources of production. Finland has already reached its wood-producing limit on a sustained yield basis, and as wood has become a scarce resource, its price has tended to rise. Forest industry products compete primarily by price, and hence low-cost wood sources have gradually become more and more competitive. Technological advances in the use of short-fiber materials for pulp and paper making, as well as in making programmes for establishing fast-growing plantations, have facilitated the utilization of tropical forest areas. The competitive threat from LDC wood-processing industry is primarily directed to home markets rather than to exports. Secondly, Finland enjoys free access to European markets than LDC due to its preferential trade agreements with EEC countries. Over the last quarter of a century, the world industry has grown steadily, although the overall growth of demand has not been so intense as in many other industrial sectors. In spite of the relatively moderate growth rate, the world consumption of the forest products is still expected to increase. The demand will grow fastest in the Third World, due to the low starting level, economic growth and urbanization as well as spreading literacy. There the production of the forest industries has also grown fastest in relative terms during the past two decades. The global share of less developed countries (LDCs) has increased both in the mechanical and chemical forest industry sectors. The growth has been particularly intense in the production of wood-based panels and wood pulp, in which the global share of LDCs has increased threefold during the period of 1961 to 1981. Obviously the developed countries still dominate the world forest industry production, but the continuation of such a growth rate in LDCs could lead gradually to considerable changes in the geographical composition of production. At present, about a fifth of the world mechanical wood processing takes place in LDCs, but still only a tenth of the chemical wood processing. The Finnish share in the global forest industry has declined slightly in every sector except paper and paper board. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Поставьте слова и словосочетания в соответствующие предложения и переведите: due to, built-up, access, substantially, to expect, except for, scarcely, to spread, to facilitate, threefold, overall 1. Your efforts contributed . . . to our success. 2. A course of studies . . . over three years. 3. The casualty was . . . careless driving. 4. We are restricted to 30 miles an hour in . . . areas. 5. I’ve never . . . him to act like this. 6. Modern inventions have . . . processing and production. 7. I . . . know the matter, so I can hardly help you. 8. The . . . growth of our economy has been . . . this year compared with the previous one. 9. The University students enjoy free . . . to all new foreign publications. 10. We have discussed all the terms of the contract . . . the amount of prepayment which is to be defined within 3 days. Exercise 2. Образуйте новые слова и переведите на русский язык. A. Наречия от прилагательных: substantial, obvious, primary, gradual, moderate, scarce, hard, slight B. Причастия П от глаголов: to expect, to process, to establish, to facilitate, to restrict, to sustain Exercise 3. Переведите с русского языка на английский словосочетания и наречия: благодаря, в то же время, основательно, устанавливать, в дальнейшем (с этого момента), внешний рынок, в первую очередь, в два раза, несмотря на, предпочтительнее, предпочтительный, деревообрабатывающая промышленность, общий рост, очевидно, постепенно, в конце концов Exercise 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выражение used to: 1. I used to play tennis a lot, but now I’m too lazy. 2. - Do you often go to the theatre? - Not now, I used to. 3. This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema. 4. I’ve started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before. 5. Ann used to have long hair but she cut it some time ago. 6. Jack didn’t use to go out very often until he met Jill. 7. Do you see that hill over there? There used to be a castle on that hill. 8. Tom used to travel a lot. These days he doesn’t go away very often. 9. I usually stay in bed late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early. Exercise 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выражения to be used to, to get used to: 1. She is used to driving on the left, because she has lived in Britain for a long time. 2. Frank is used to living alone. He doesn’t mind it because he has lived alone for 15 years. 3. I’m used to the weather in this country though at first it was hard. 4. It took me a long time to get used to wear glasses. 5. He is the boss. He is not used to be told what to do. 6. Tom got tired very quickly. He wasn’t used to running so fast. 7. She started working a nurse a week ago. She is not used to working at night, so she has to get used to it. UNIT 7. WORLD FAMOUS COMPANIES Vocabulary List 1. penetration проникновение to penetrate проникать 2. to enter входить an entrance вход 3. to found основывать, учреждать foundation основание 4. content 1. Содержание, объем 2. Суть 3. Удовлетворять 5. brand image торговая марка 6. further 1. Продвигаться 2. Дальше, дальнейший 7. to accomplish достигать accomplishment достижение 8. staff штат 9. to design проектировать, разрабатывать a design дизайн, проект 10. with the exception за исключением 11. to introduce вводить, представлять introduction представление 12. profit margins сверхприбыль 13. average средний 14. traffic jams дорожные “пробки” 15. occasional случайный, редкий occasionally редко, случайно, время от времени 16. probability вероятность probable вероятный 17. to capture захватить, увлечь 18. recently недавно, в последнее время 19. to realize понять, осознать 20. joint совместный, объединенный joint venture совместное предприятие 21. modest скромный modestly скромно, умеренно 22. to aid помогать aid помощь 23. for instance например 24. to equip оснащать equipment оборудование 25. executive исполнительный, исполнитель 26. a core сердцевина, центральная часть 27. mainland материк, большой остров 28. to work well иметь хороший результат 29. to keep doing something продолжать делать что-либо 30. to stamp out “штамповать”, изготовлять в большом количестве 31. a rival соперник 32. underwriter страховщик, страховая компания 33. to approve одобрять approval одобрение 34. limited liability ограниченная ответственность 35. failure неудача, провал to fail потерпеть неудачу 36. to suffer a loss нести убытки 37. to servey осматривать, инспектировать 38. to conform соответствовать in conformity в соответствии 39. a vessel судно 40. worthy стоящий, достойный 41. publicly owned государственная компания 42. to apply применять, обращаться application применение, обращение 43. a vendor продавец 44. alliance союз to ally объединяться 45. procurement 1. Приобретение, закупка to procure приобретать 46. in this pursuit в этой связи 47. residential жилой residence 1. Проживание 2. Место жительства 48. humidity влажность humid влажный 49. emergency критическая ситуация, авария 50. installation установка 51. start up запуск 52. preventive maintenance меры профилактики 53. processing обработка to process обрабатывать 54. utility 1. Коммунальные услуги 2. Бытовое оборудование 55. fertilizer удобрение 56. to collaborate сотрудничать collaboration сотрудничество 57. combustion сгорание 58. fluidized превращенный в жидкость 59. capability способность, мощность 60. commitment обязательство to commit поручать, вверять 61. utility customers потребители коммунальных услуг или бытовой техники 62. headquarter главное управление, центр 63. a boiler котел to boil кипятить 64. pulp industry промышленность по производству бумаги 65. equity справедливость 66. to chart фрахтовать 67. a charterer фрахтователь 68. to carry out выполнять, осуществлять Text Automobile production Nissan’s European market penetration began with exports to Finland in 1959. The company historically has first moved into a limited market representing a large car. After entering Finland, the company concentrated on the northland European countries. Nissan did not enter the European Common Market until the late 1960s. To manufacture passenger cars in Europe, Nissan founded Nissan Motor Manufacturing in the UK in 1984. Nissan produced an upper-medium –size car, the Bluebird. The car was produced with 80 percent local content and materials. The integration of the European Common Market, especially after 1992, will have a major impact on Nissan’s operations. With the expected growth of the European market Nissan planned to increase its market share, improve its brand image, and decentralize further its operations, product design, production, marketing and sales. Nissan plans to accomplish these European goals through its British operations. Studies indicated that with the exception of Germany, the importance of price was relatively high. Nissan planned to introduce a new car, the Micra. The Micra was planned as a smaller car than the Nissan Bluebird. The Bluebird had already been profitable and had high unit profit margins. Micra entered the market from the lower end. It was a relatively lower-priced car. Nissan in Europe, so far, has the image of being an average Japanese car maker because the company has focused on low-priced cars. In Bangkok, Thailand, sitting for hours in traffic jams, one can see Nissan, Toyota, and Mitsubishi cars and an occasional Mercedes or BMW. The probability of one’s seeing an American car is less than one in 250. But in other parts of Asia, American firms are doing better. Despite the Japanese competition, Ford Motor Company has captured well over 25 percent of the market in Thailand. In Malaysia, Ford sales are growing fast, they went from 0 to 4.4 percent of the market within a year or two. Ford’s modest success has encouraged General Motors (GM) also. General Motors recently set up a regional office in Hong Kong and sales offices in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The company realized that Buick car is very popular in Taiwan. General Motors has had a joint manufacturing venture in South Korea, but it has been very unsuccessful so far. In Japan, General Motors started making modest city cars. It has expanded its dealer network by finally using the Japanese affiliates in which it invested more than ten years ago. Aiding General Motors efforts are its lower prices. For instance, a well-equipped Grand Am in 1989 sold for about $20,000, about half a price. GM also started advertising on TV. Ford has been moving faster, too. It is automating its partners in Malaysia and Taiwan. In its Taiwan plan, the company is building up a core of Chinese managers who may help the company enter the mainland Chinese market. First the company planned to assemble subcompacts in Taiwan (a low-wage, low-cost operation) and export from there. This idea did not work well. But the company kept its struggling for joint venture operations on Taiwan and Malaysia. The Malaysian partner decided to become a ‘volume player’ and today the highest-quality cars in Malaysia are produced in the jointly owned plant. Many Ford cars coming from factories in Malaysia and Taiwan are stamped out in Mazda’s Japanese factories. The cars are assembled there. Ford also moved its Asian headquarters to Tokyo to monitor the rivals better. Progress was slow but steady. LLOYD’S This is the name of the greatest insurance business in the world, but it acquired this name in a rather unusual way: it started in a seventeenth-century coffee house – Mr. Edward Lloyd kept a coffee house in the City of London – and there the “underwriters” used to meet because it was a good center for news concerning ships. Later in the eighteenth century, after several changes of home, the underwriters occupied the third building of the Royal Exchange (earlier buildings having been destroyed by fire) and organized their business under a Committee in Leadenhall Street, and as this soon became too small, an extension was built and opened in 1958. As a matter of fact Lloyd’s is not an insurance company or corporation. The members work as individuals, though usually in syndicates. To become a Lloyd’s underwriter it is necessary to be approved by the Committee and to pay a very large amount as entrance fee as well as an annual subscription. Lloyd’s underwriters are not allowed limited liability, but in the rare cases of failure (as also in the London Stock Exchange) the insured are not allowed to suffer and the Committee pays the outstanding claims. As the result of the marine insurance business, Lloyd’s branched out into shipping intelligence, and Lloyd’s List is published every day, giving the movements of ships and information of “casualties”. Lloyd’s Register, published every year, contains information concerning ships themselves: age, nationality, owners, build, tonnage and conforming to its rules. The classification “Al-100 Lloyd’s” is a guarantee to any prospective purchaser or charterer that the vessel is in good condition and thoroughly “sea-worthy”. HONEYWELL CORPORATION Honeywell is a publicly owned, global enterprise whose success is built on creating control components, products, systems and services and putting them to work in homes and buildings, industrial processes and manufactured products, and aviation and space. The technology of electronic control began with a Honeywell invention. It grew into an industry through Honeywell innovations. And it remains the core of its business. Its mission is to develop and apply control science to help people around the world live better and work more productively. Honeywell believes they can accomplish the most for a customer by establishing a close working relationship in which they become the customer’s control partner. In customer-vendor partnerships, each party learns the other company’s needs and abilities and becomes familiar with their partner’s worldwide business practices. Thus customer and supplier become closer together, understanding their mutual strengths and objectives. This alliance has several advantages for customers: Honeywell is able to assist in planning their control strategies; their control requirements help to guide the development of Honeywell products and applications; and cooperative planning and efficient procurement methods reduce costs. To fill its responsibility as a control partner, Honeywell is a leader in development of products, systems and services. In this pursuit, its strategic technologies are: sensors, signal processing, control processes, user interface, system integration, system architecture, artificial intelligence and expert systems and design and manufacturing tools. Honeywell products are found in six out of seven American homes. Honeywell’s products include: residential controls, building automation and control and industrial automation and control. Automatic control of residential environment, including temperature and humidity control and air cleaning. Management systems to control indoor environment, lighting and energy saving in commercial buildings and building complexes, fire and security systems to sense crisis situations, send alarms and manage emergencies. Services include engineering and design, installation and start up, training of operating personnel, preventive maintenance and emergency repair. Honeywell systems are at work in half of the four million commercial buildings in the U.S. Honeywell products and systems automate food processing and pharmaceutical plants and utilities. In 61 countries, they control production of half the world’s gasoline, half its chemical fertilizer and 40 million metric tons of paper a year. In 1990, Honeywell International generated sales of $2.0 billion – 32 percent of Honeywell’s total. Profit of $ 240 million – 35 percent of Honeywell’s total. Honeywell’s global presence covers over 90 countries. Honeywell people represent 50 cultures and speak 30 languages. They collaborate with 75 distributors and sales agents and participate in nine joint ventures. AHLSTROM PYROPOWER FACT SHEET Ahlstrom Pyropower is a world leader in advanced combustion technology and products, and is the leading supplier of fluidized bed combustion power systems. Our technology and products are selected by our customers and licensees for economic and environmental advantages. Through their research and development capability, we understand all aspects of combustion and heat transfer related to their products, and we continually develop new technology solutions for our customers. This capability, along with their innovative financing, project development, ownership and operations and worldwide activities, assists our customers in meeting their steam and power needs. Ahlstrom Pyropower’s long term commitment is to provide our process, industrial and utility customers with products that use solid and waste fuels for environmentally clean power generation. Ahlstrom Pyropower, Inc., headquartered in San Diego, is part of the A. Ahlstrom Corporation of Helsinki, Finland. Ahlstrom Pyropower’s San Diego operations include Pyropower Corporation and Ahlstrom Development Corporation. Ahlstrom Pyropwer, through Ahlstrom Boilers located in Varkaus, Finland, Pyropower Corporation and Ahlstrom Pyropower K.K. located in Kobe, Japan supplies AHLSTROM PYROFLOW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers and other boilers for industrial, process and utility customers. There are currently over 100 Pyroflow CFBs in operation or under construction in more than a dozen countries. Pyroflow CFBs are recognized worldwide for their ability to burn a wide range of fuels cleanly and efficiently. Ahlstrom Development Corporation, a sister company of Pyropower, provides the full range of partnership capabilities required for the development of complex energy projects worldwide. Additional activity areas include the pulp and paper industry. The company has an interest in over $1 billion of equity projects, representing 520 megawatts of power. Ahlstrom Development Corporation is represented in the United Kingdom by Ahlstrom Pyropower Development, Ltd., located in London. Ahlstrom Capital Corporation, located in San Diego and Atlanta, supports the business activities of Ahlstrom’s US subsidiaries, including Ahlstrom Machinery and Kamyr Corporation. A.Ahlstrom Corporation is a multinational industrial corporation with subsidiaries in sixteen countries. Ahlstrom employs over 11,000 persons. Annual sales for 1992 were over $2 billion. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Поставьте слова и словосочетания в соответствующие предложения и переведите: to design, to affiliate, to approve, to branch out, to found, brand, with the exception, core, equity, worth, in conformity, emergency, a staff, joint ventures 1. . . . is a trademark or a tradename, as well as a particular kind of goods with such a mark, e.g.: an excellent . . . of coffee. 2. The Oxford University Press was . . . in 1478. 3. A . . . is a group of assistants working together under a manager or head. 4. He . . . for a large firm of carpet manufacturers. 5. I have followed all his essays with . . . of his last. 6. . . . are those that have been set up with the stocks of two or more different countries. 7. The College is . . . to the University. 8. He is English to the . . . . 9. The design and arrangements of establishing a new enterprise have been already . . . . 10. The car-making company . . . into the selling firm and car- rental and repairing business. 11. The delivery was carried out . . . with the International Regulations. 12. It’s hardly . . . troubling about. 13. This exit is to be used only in . . . . 14. . . . are ordinary stocks and shares not bearing fixed interest. Exercise 2. Образуйте новые слова и переведите их на русский язык.. A. Существительные от глаголов и прилагательных: to penetrate, to enter, to found, to accomplish, to except, to introduce, to encourage, to aid, to equip, to fail, to conform, to apply, to procure, probable, humid, residential, to install, to collaborate, capable, to commit, to boil, to subsidize, to extend, to invent B. Наречия от прилагательных: historical, relative, occasional, final, joint, clean, efficient Exercise 3. Переведите слова и словосочетания: проникновение, сконцентрироваться на, основать, торговая марка, достигать, до сих пор, найти лучшее применение, несмотря на, филиалы, например, хорошо оснащенный, в полцены, по сравнению с, центр, пользоваться успехом (найти хорошее применение), продолжать делать что-либо, конкуренты, очень необычным способом, подписываться (брать на себя ответственность), одобрять, вступительный взнос, следить, в соответствии с, стоящий, с ограниченной ответственностью, изобретение, применять, тесные связи, продавец, обоюдный, союз, сокращать расходы, в связи с этим, установка, меры профилактики, совместное предприятие, имеющий отношение к, широкий спектр Exercise 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на форму причастия. 1. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. 2. The decorated fir-tree looked very beautiful. 3. The film released last month was a great success. 4. The school being built in our street will be a sports school. 5. This canal supplying the whole area with water for irrigation was built in 1938. 6. These men waiting for the director have been sitting here for a long time. 7. The concert planned for tonight must be postponed. 8. Receiving the telegram they immediately rang him up. 9. Having been weighed and registered first, our luggage was taken to the plane. 10. Coming to the station they saw that their train was about to leave. 11. Not having learnt the time of departure, we missed the train. 12. Being shown the way, we easily found the cottage. 13. Pressed for time, I couldn’t even have breakfast. 14. Generally speaking his last novel is far from being good. 15. He looked at me as if trying to recognize me. Exercise 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастные обороты. 1. I saw her walking along the embankment. 2. I found him working in the laboratory. 3. I watched them packing their things. 4. I heard the alarm clock ringing. 5. He’d like to see our car being repaired. 6. Have you had your computer connected yet? 7. My watch keeps good time at last. I have had it repaired. 8. She is going to get her hair dyed. 9. The man was seen climbing the ladder. 10. The cat was caught stealing meat. 11. They were seen talking near the reading-room. 12. The room being dark, we couldn’t see anything. 13. There being no news of his arrival, I began to worry. 14. The telephone being out of order, I had to go out. 15. The girl sat still, with her eyes fixed on the fire. 16. The room at the hotel having been booked beforehand, we had no reason to worry. Exercise 6. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский, обращая внимание на местоимение one: 1. Can you lend me a pen? - I’m sorry, I haven’t got one. 2. Is there a chemist’s near here? – Yes, there’s one at the end of the street. 3. Which house is yours? This one or that one? 4. Which hotel did you stay at? – The one near the station. 5. I don’t like the black coat but I like the brown one. 6. These chocolates are nice. Would you like one? 7. My shoes are very old. I need some new ones. 8. The cup is dirty. Can I have a clean one? 9. I’m going to sell my car and to buy a new one. 10. Don’t buy those apples. Buy the other ones. 11. Why do we always go to the same restaurant? Let’s go to another one. UNIT 8. ACCOUNTING IN THE MODERN WORLD Vocabulary List 1. accounting бухгалтерия 2. a society общество 3. an enterprise предприятие 4. a report отчет 5. to aid оказывать помощь в чем-то 6. an income доход 7. a tax налог 8. a return доход от сбора налогов 9. to pass a budget принимать бюджет 10. to deal with иметь дело, заниматься чем-либо 11. further дальше, далее 12. a concern отношение 13. an area that is of immediate область, которая имеет concern to each of us непосредственное отношение к каждому из нас 14. to evaluate оценивать 15. to apply for просить, обращаться по поводу чего-либо 16. to open a charge account открыть кредитный счет в банке или в магазине 17. crude сырой, непереработанный 18. livelihood средства к жизни 19. sophisticated сложный, запутанный 20. a treatise трактат 21. a double-entry двойная бухгалтерия 22. durable прочный, длительный, долговременный 23. supervision надзор, наблюдение, руководство 24. force сила, действие, смысл 25. an absentee отсутствующий, не участвующий, уклоняющийся 26. to adapt приспособлять(ся), адаптировать(ся) 27. to respond отвечать, реагировать to respond to удовлетворять требованиям to respond with отвечать 28. securities ценные бумаги Text Accounting plays an important role in our modern, complex society. Its main function is to communicate financial information about enterprises, individuals, nations, and the world. Business enterprises use accounting reports to aid management in various ways, and to give investors information about the results of enterprise operations. Individuals use income tax returns, a type of accounting report, to communicate information to the government. On the national level, each year the Congress of the United States passes a budget (another type of accounting report) that deals with the operations of the federal government. The United Nations also gathers and uses accounting information on a worldwide level in its operations. To go further into an area that is of immediate concern to each of us, let us look more closely at the importance of financial information to individuals. Financial data are important not only at income tax time, but also in evaluating alternative financial opportunities, such as decisions to invest in securities or property. In addition, whenever someone applies for credit – whether buying a car, opening a charge account, or getting a student loan – he has to provide financial information. Example. An application for undergraduate financial aid at a university asks for the following: applicant’s income per academic year applicant’s expenses per academic year applicant’s assets (savings, stocks, investments, etc.) applicant’s liabilities (loans, etc.) monthly salary of applicant, spouse, parents. The importance of financial information, provided through accounting, can be easily demonstrated and will become more apparent as this text unfolds. But now we turn to the questions: how did accounting reach this position of importance? And what is the place of accounting in our society? Accounting has developed in response to changes in man’s economic life. The earliest accounting reports were in the form of crude records of those agricultural goods brought into village temples to provide a livelihood for the priests and military protectors of the village. The development of trade between villages, and, later, between countries gave rise to more sophisticated systems of accounting records. The first treatise in double-entry bookkeeping, written in 1494 by the Italian monk Fr. Luca Paciolo, described the accounting that was used by the busy Italian merchants of the fifteenth century. The accounting of Paciolo’s day, which was designed to be used by the owner-manager of the small enterprise, has been surprisingly durable. It remains the foundation of modern accounting. It was and is effective in business where the owner can have close personal supervision over company operations. Today there are many small business firms, but the principal force in economic life is the large corporation with absentee owners. A relatively simple accounting system is not adequate for the large company. Accounting has had to adapt to this major force in twentieth-century economic life. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Вставьте глаголы в необходимой видо-временной форме в соответствующие по смыслу предложения to evaluate, to deal with, to pass a bill, to apply for, to open a charge account, to adapt, to respond, 1. The school has only been opened for six months, so it’s hard _______ its success. 2. She _________ a full-time job as an English teacher. 3. They ________ an old engine to fit his boat. 4. Next year congress _________ giving banks permission to open branches overseas. 5. I ____________ with her 20 years ago. 6. We __________ with a limousine service. 7. She still _________ to my letter. 8. He _________ the injured man. 9. He _________ my suggestion with a laugh. Exercise 2. Переведите на русский язык интернациональные слова function, communication, financial information, individual, nation, investor, result, budget, alternative, protector, adequate Exercise 3. Образуйте от данных слов из текста различные части речи, используя суффиксы и префиксы: function, communication, financial, information, nation, account, various, investor, operation, immediate, evaluating, decision, response, to change, agriculture, surprisingly, effective, supervision, absentee, to adapt Exercise 4. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский 1. Most economic doctrines entailed changes in human society, which brought a discomfort to many people and challenges to tradition. 2. And like everything else it responds to the forces of supply and demand.
buyer will pay a willing seller for a given good or service. 4. A market economy uses a variety of financial instruments in making transactions. 5. People spend their cash on goods and services they need or want. 6. A modern economy is based on the use of money. 7. Central banks usually print only enough currency to satisfy the everyday needs of businesses and consumers. 8. The economy starts to function when someone spends money for something. 9. We know certainly that there is a flow of money from households to governments in the form of taxes. Exercise 5. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских предложений 1. Market forces play a part in determining a. Мы знаем, что экономические how much a person is paid for his work. системы отличаются друг от друга в основном по степени вмешательства со стороны государства. 2. Market makes no moral judgments in b. Однако реальный вопрос who gets paid how much. состоит в том, насколько адекватными средствами это достигается. 3. We know that the economies vary c. Рыночные силы играют свою primarily in the degree of state роль в определении суммы intervention. оплаты труда человека. 4. The real question concerns the proper d. В США, согласно статистике, means of achieving it. образование оказывает непо- средственное и мощное воздействие на уровень зарплаты. 5. A person with university degree, or 16- e. Созданное при помощи прави- years of education will over a lifetime тельственных расходов должно earn more twice that someone with быть полностью компенсирова- only eight years of education will earn. но налогами, которые должны собирать для их оплаты. 6. Laws, for example taxation system, can f. У рынка не существует мо- influence income and reduce extremes ральных принципов по поводу of wealth. того, кому сколько платить. 7. An individual worker may not know g. Человек с университетским the true market value of his services или с 16-ю годами образования to an employer. заработает на протяжении жизни вдвое больше, чем человек с восьмиклассным образованием. 8. During the transitional period the post- h. Законы, например система communist countries face both the fall налогообложения, также могут in state-sector employment and general повлиять на доход и уменьшить unemployment. крайности в накоплении богатства. 9. Unfortunately, the wealth created by i. В переходный период в пост- government spending will fully коммунистических странах compensate for the wealth destroyed наблюдается как падение by the taxes imposed to pay for that уровня занятости в государ- spending. ственном секторе, так и общая безработица. Exercise 6. Определите форму герундия и переведите предложения на русский язык 1. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 2. Children are fond of being read to. 3. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 4. She was punished for having struck him. 5. They remembered having been locked up in the room. 6. He was tired of being constantly scolded for nothing. 7. Sleeping with wide open windows is good for one’s health. 8. You must return books in the library in time without being reminded. 9. Excuse me for having been rude. Exercise 7. Поставьте герундий в нужной форме 1. Why do you avoid (to see) me? 2. He tried to avoid (to see)? 3. We insist on (to send) him there at once. 4. Do you mind (to examine) the first? 5. I was annoyed at (to interrupt) every other moment. 6. In (to discuss) the problem they touched upon some very interesting items. 7. Excuse me for (to give) you so much trouble. 8. I don’t remember (to ask) this question. 9. The boys were punished for (to break) the window. UNIT 9. ACCOUNTING AS A COMMUNICATION PROCESS Vocabulary List 1. to convey перевозить,транспортировать, передавать, сообщать 2. to invent изобретать, придумывать, определять 3. to define давать характеристику, устанавливать значение слова 4. a search поиск 5. a means средство, способ 6. a limitation ограничение 7. circumstances обстоятельства 8. entire полный, совершенный, целый 9. rapidity быстрота, скорость 10. to transmit передавать, отправлять, посылать 11. intricate запутанный,сложный, затруднительный 12. emphasis(pl. –es) выразительность, сила, озарение 13. art искусство, ремесло, ловкость, умение 14. appropriate подходящий,соответствующий, свойственный 15. to some extent до некоторой степени 16. to master овладеть, справиться, преодолевать трудности 17. creatively творчески 18. to draw извлекать, черпать 19. to guard(against) защищать Text Accounting should be thought of as a communication process. It employs a set of symbols and words to convey information about financial matters. The symbols and words used in accounting were invented and defined by individuals in their search for means of communicating such information. Accounting is a human instrument and has many human limitations; but, in addition, it has limitations of the kind that characterize communication systems in general. Accounting is a dynamic communication process, faced with changing circumstances and changing needs on the part of those whom accounting serves. In fact, in this time of rapid technological and social change in our entire society, accounting is changing with great rapidity. Like all communication processes, accounting deals with people. It was developed in response to the needs of people. People receive accounting information and use it. Accounting has technical aspects, some of them quite intricate, but its focus is on people and their needs. Since it is a communication device, there is an emphasis in accounting on the ability to express and convey information. Therefore, a mastery of the ordinary tools of communication, speech and writing, is basic to a successful application of the accountant’s art. Accounting often has been called “the language of business”. This is appropriate, since it emphasis the communication aspects of accounting. The description has another important aspect, for accounting has many characteristics of a language. To some extent, accounting has a specialized “vocabulary”, and there are certain rules concerning the manipulation of this vocabulary. Accounting is learned in much the same way as one learns a language: the vocabulary and its rules are learned and practiced, the language is used as much as possible, and finally, after one has mastered the elements, the language can be used creatively. The analogy must not be carried too far, for the terms used in accounting are terms that are drawn from everyday usage and that must be understandable to the public. Accounts must communicate to the public in terms the public can understand, and they always must guard against the development of a vocabulary that is so specialized that they can talk only to other accountants. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Вставьте необходимые глаголы в нужной видо-временной форме в соответствующие предложения to convey, to invent, to define, to transmit, to master, to draw, to guard, to emphasize, to face 1. This book attempts _________ the position of the national government in local affairs. 2. He __________ a hundred reasons why he couldn’t go. 3. It takes years _________ a new language. 4. Your luggage _________ by helicopter from the airport to your hotel. 5. They ___________ water from the well. 6. The information _______from one computer to another by a telephone line. 7. You should wash your hands when preparing food, __________ against spreading infection. 8. I’d like _________ that we are ready to meet the management at any time. 9. The new administration ___________ the difficult task of rebuilding the country’s economy. Exercise 2. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам 1. Accounting plays an |
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