Контракт
What is a Contract?
Contracts are the foundation on which business is conducted. A contract exists when two or more parties agree to exchange either property (including money) or promise of future performance. Contract is an agreement that creates a binding obligation. In general, contracts may be either oral or written. Certain classes of contracts must be written and signed. These are contracts involving the sale and transfer of real estate, and contracts to guarantee or answer for the miscarriage, debt, or default of another person. Contracts can be part of an invoice or purchase order, or they can be drafted as separate documents. Properly drafted contracts can help avoid unnecessary and costly disputes. A contract usually forms the basis of a transaction between the Buyers and the Sellers.
Essential Clauses of Contract.
Some of the items are necessary in any contract: legal title of the contracting parties, subject of the contract, quality, price, delivery, and payment terms. As a rule a contract contains a number of clauses, such as:
1. Subject of the contract.
2. Price, total value, and currency of the contract.
3. Terms of Payment.
4. Delivery.
5. Inspection and test.
6. Guarantee.
7. Arbitration.
8. Insurance and other conditions.
A sample of a contract.
CONTRACT № ___
Moscow 200__
______________________
Hereinafter referred to as the «Sellers», on the one part, and ________________
hereinafter referred to as the «Buyers» on the other part, have concluded the present contract for the following:
1. Subject of the Contract
1.1. The Sellers have sold and the Buyers have bought on conditions f.o.b.________ franco-railway border_____ the following equipment: in full conformity with the technical characteristics and in complete scope of supply.
2. Prices and Total Value
2.1. The total value of the equipment, spare parts, tools, technical documentation and services in the volume of the present Contract amounts to______
2.2. The total amount of the Contract is….The prices are firm for the duration of the Contract, not subject to any alterations and understood to be f.o.b.
3. Terms of Payment
3.1. Payments at the rate of_____ per cent of the value of the delivered equipment are to be effected in ____within 30 days of the date of receipt.
4. Delivery Dates
4.1. The equipment specified in Clause 1 of the present contract is to be delivered complete as follows: ______
4.2. .by the time stipulated the equipment is to be manufactured in accordance with the Contract conditions, tested, packed, marked and delivered f.o.b.___
4.3. The delivery date is understood to be the date of the ‘clean-on-board’ Bill of Lading issued in the name of the Buyers, destination_____ Port.
4.4. If the goods are not ready for shipment by the date of arrival of the vessel the Sellers are to cover the losses the Buyers may sustain in connection with demurrage and/or underloading of the ship.
5. Force Majeure
5.1. The Parties are released from partial or complete non-fulfillment of their liabilities under the present Contract, if this non-fulfillment was caused by the circumstances of Force-Majeure, namely fire, flood, provided the circumstances have directly affected the execution of the present Contract.
6. Sanctions
6.1. In the event of the Sellers’ delay in the supply against the dates stipulated in the Contract the Sellers are to pay to the Buyers penalty at the rate of 0,5% of the value of goods not delivered in due time for every week of the delay within the first four weeks and 1% for every subsequent week but no more than 10% of the value of the equipment not delivered in due time.
6.2. Should the delay in delivery exceed four months the Buyers shall have the right to cancel the Contract or a part thereof.
7. Legal addresses of the Parties
Sellers________
Buyers________
The present Contract is drawn up in the English and Russian language in 2 copies, one copy for each Party, both texts being equally valid.
The Contract enters into force on the date of its signing.
Sellers: Buyers:
Задание №1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя Present Perfect Continuous.
1. What have you been doing since Monday? 2. What have you been doing since morning? 3. How long have you been studying English? 3. How long have you been living in Moscow? 4. How long have you been dreaming of a new job?
5. How long have you been thinking of going abroad? 6. How long has it been raining?
Задание №2. Поставьте вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. This secretary has been working at our office for three years. 2. My friends have been traveling in the East for three weeks. 3. My colleagues have been discussing this matter for three days. 4. My uncle has been writing his new book since 2003. 5. This play has been running at the theatre since Tuesday.
Задание №3. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.-Президент у себя?
-Нет, у него переговоры с делегацией из Лондона. Они приехали в 10 часов и с тех пор обсуждают новый контракт на поставку товаров в Россию.
-Позвоните мне, как только он освободится. Мне нужно показать ему последние данные по продажам нашего оборудования.
2. –Вы давно торгуете с этой фирмой?
-Да, уже два года. За последнее время мы подписали два новых контракта с ними, так как мы заинтересованы в покупке товара такого ассортимента. Собственно говоря, сейчас мы ведем переговоры относительно новой партии. Если они снизят цены, мы разместим еще один заказ.
Задание №4. Поставьте вопросы к следующим предложениям.
1. By the end of the year this secretary had been working at our office for eleven months. 2. My colleagues had been discussing that matter for three hours by the time our chief arrived. 3. I had been talking to our business partners for a week by the time my boss came from abroad. 4. By the beginning of March this writer had been writing his novel for two years. 5. We had been playing golf for two hours when our colleagues joined us.
Задание №5. Заполните пропуски глаголами, данными в скобках, в форме Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Why you…(to stare) at me like that? – I…(to look) at you for half an hour but I can’t remember where we….(to meet) before. 2. You…(to forget) this poem yet? –I…(to learn) it by heart for an hour but I…(to learn) it yet. 3. Why don’t you object to this solution? –We…(to discuss) the matter for a week, but there is no reason in any solution. 4. He…(to translate) this article so far. –He …(to translate) it since afternoon, but there are too many new words in it. 5. You…(not to wait) for your friend’s call any more? –I…(to wait) for it since morning but there is no hope that he will phone today. 6. How long you…(to look forward) to meeting your friend? –I…(to look forward) to meeting him for half a year but he ….(to return) from Ireland yet. 7. Why you…(to joke) all the time today? –I am in a good humour. Besides, I…(to joke) for a long time. 8. You still…(to lie) in the sun? –Of course, I am. I…(to lie) in the sun since last summer and I….(to burn) my skin yet.
9. You…(to pack) your luggage yet? –I…(to pack) it for two hours, but my brother…(to bother) me all the time, so I…(to pack) it yet. 10. Are you ready to leave for the party? –No, my sister…(to dress) for two hours, and she …(to do) her hair yet.
Задание №6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Большое количество потребительских товаров импортируется развивающимися странами. 2. Много оборудования покупается на условиях ФОБ. 3. Объект будет построен на условиях «под ключ». 4. В результате переговоров на прошлой неделе цены на оборудование были снижены. 5. Вопрос цены будет урегулирован обеими сторонами. 6. Мы бы хотели, чтобы вы прислали своих специалистов как можно скорее. 7. Заказчик ожидает, что фирма продлит гарантийный срок до 18 месяцев. 8. Мы хотим, чтобы вы предоставили нам скидку. 9. Вы хотите, чтобы мы изменили условия поставки? 10. Мы ожидаем, что делегация прибудет на следующей неделе.
Задание №7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.
I…(to live) in London for a long time but still…(not to know) many of the streets in my district. The other day I…(to go) out late at a time when the fog…(to grow) thicker, and so I soon…(to lose) my way. After…(to walk) for a while, I …(to see) the friendly light of a pub, so I…(to go) in and…(to find) several friends who also…(to give) up the attempt to discover where they were. We…(to sit) down and…(to chat) for a while and we just…(to go) to leave when John…(to come) in and announced that the fog…(to become) so thick that all traffic…(to stop) over a wide area. This sometimes…(to happen) in London and it…(to mean) great inconvenience to thousands of people. I…(to remember) once meeting a friend of mine, who…(to wear) a very tired expression. “What…(to happen) to you?” I asked. “Last night I…(to leave) the office late and started to motor home, about four miles only. I…(not to go) far when I was lost, so I drew up and …(to decide) to wait for the fog to lift. It …(not to do). I had to spend the whole night in me car so now I…(to feel) very weary.” I …(to hear) of this sort of thing happening to other motorists. Personally, I never…(to go) out at night in foggy weather in my car, I…(prefer) to travel by tube then, as in the last few years we..(to have) relatively few tube breakdowns in foggy weather, although the buses…(to stop) of course in such weather.
Задание №8. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Вопрос не будет рассматриваться, если документы не будут готовы.
2. Если контракт будет подписан завтра, наши специалисты поедут в командировку за границу. 3. Как только товар прибудет, мы свяжемся с вами. 4. Документы не будут выданы до тех пор, пока главный инженер не подпишет их. 5. Вчера мы решили, что этот пункт будет включен в контракт, если обе договаривающиеся стороны согласятся на это. 6. После того как цены будут пересмотрены мы сможем разместить большой заказ. |
