Учебное пособие содержит: тексты из оригинальной литературы, посвященные теме «Компьютеры и информационные системы»

5. Образуйте (и переведите) имена существительные от приведенных ниже глаголов с помощью суффиксов: A. -er, -or То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert, to print, to consume, to record. B. -tion, -sion To organize, to collect, to combine, to apply (ic), to repre­sent, to add, to corporate, to transact, to compute, to produce, to operate, to execute, to protect, to substitute, to prepare, to invent, to decide, to eliminate, to communicate, to correct, to inform. С -ment To require, to measure, to equip, to invest, to accomplish, to improve, to develop, to achieve, to displace, to govern, to move. 6. Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства. 1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of inter­esting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the machine language. 4. While operating on the basis of analogy analog computers simulate physical systems. 5. When used voltage represents other physical quantities in analog com­puters. 6. Being discrete events commercial transactions are in Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 60 a natural form for a digital computer. 7. As contrasted with the analyst, the computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8. While dealing with discrete quan­tities digital computers count rather than measure. 9. When using a microcomputer you are constantly making choice — to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 10. As known all comput­er systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, process­ing, controlling, and outputting. 7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2. hardware ['hcudwes] — аппаратное обеспечение; аппара­тура; оборудование software ['softwea] — программное обеспечение; про­граммные средства system software — системное программное обеспечение application software — прикладное программное обеспе­чение firmware ['faimwea] — встроенное /микропроцессорное программное обеспечение visible units ['vizibl 'jirnits] — видимый блок, устройство procedure [pra'SKd&d] — процедура, процесс; метод, ме­тодика; алгоритм to associate [s'soujieit] — соединять; объединять; связы­вать associated documentation — соответствующая докумен­тация to execute applications programs — выполнять приклад­ные программы payroll ['peiroul] — платежная ведомость inventory control [m'ventsn ksn'troul] — инвентаризация; переучет investment analyses [s'nsehsiz] — анализ инвестиций (ка­питаловложений) to protect [pfa'tekt] — защищать read-only memory (ROM) — постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ) to refer to [лТэ:] — относиться к; ссылаться на 61 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview to substitute ['sAbstitjmt] — заменять; замещать to cause ['ko:z] — заставлять, вынуждать; причина, осно­вание to accomplish [s'komplij] — завершать, заканчивать; вы­полнять, осуществлять performance [ps'foimans] — производительность; быстро­действие; рабочая характеристика 8. Прочтите текст 2 и объясните, как вы понимаете тер­мины «аппаратное обеспечение» и «программное обес­печение». Переведите текст. Text 2. HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND FIRMWARE The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer programs, proce­dures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software. Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a com­puter and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team. Applications software are the programs written to solve spe­cific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software. Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read­only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 62 Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe cer­tain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hard­ware. For example, in an instance where cost is more impor­tant than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to mul­tiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeat­ed use of circuits already designed to perform addition. 9. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста. 1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who pre­pares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firm­ware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware? 10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний: Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппа­ратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; со­ответствующая документация; эффективная работа; систем­ное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведо­мость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная програм­ма; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное за­поминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; вы­полнять сложение. 11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­ вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами. Architecture: communication architecture; computer archi­tecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture. Software: system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software. 63 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview Hardware: computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hard­ware; system hardware; video hardware. Procedure: accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision proce­dure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; instal­lation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure. Protection: computer protection; data protection; device pro­tection; display protection; error protection; hardware protec­tion; software protection; resource protection; security protec­tion; system protection; virus protection. 12. Озаглавьте каждый компонент текста и составьте не­большой реферат к нему (по вариантам). STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS 1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A tran­ sistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum tubes, and are considerably smaller. Transis­ tors are less expensive and more reliable.They were mechani­ cally rugged, had practically unlimited life and could do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were made of crys- tallic solid material called semiconductor. With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed. 2. The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the development of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components, such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work. These components were generally each about the same size as packaged transistors. Integrated circuit Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 64 technology permitted the elimination of some of these components and integration of most of the others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the switch, or "flip-flop', which required two separate transistors and some resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology. 3. In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard handheld computer. But the Altair led to a revolution in computer electronics that continues today. Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal computers, and software manufacturers began developing software to allow the computers to process words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s computers became progressively smaller, better and cheaper. Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. A wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background. 13. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод упр. 12. TESTS 1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово 1. Computers and their equipment are designed by a computer system architect. a) engineering;^)! accessory: c) specific 2. Digital computers use numbers instead of analogous phys- ical . a) symbols; b) equipment; c) quantities 3. Systems are usualy stored in read-only memory. a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware 65 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview 4. A computer is a machine with a complex network of elec- tronic that operate switches. a) circuits; b) cores; c) characters 5. In modern electronic computers the is the device that acts as a switch. a) integrated circuit; b) diode; c) transistor 6. A number of actions that convert data into useful infor- mation is defined as . a) data; b) processing; c) data processing 7. Computers can store, organize and retrieve great amounts of information, far beyond the of humans. a) capacities; b) capabilities; c) accuracy 8. The analyst a computer for solving problems, while the computer system architect computers. a) requires; b) designs; c) uses 9. The use of computers will continue to increase with the growth in applications of microprocessors and minicomputers. a) analog; b) digital; c) hybrid 10. The development of third generation computers became possible due to the invention of . a) integrated circuits; b) electronic tubes; c) transistors 2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретаци­ей, предложенной справа. 1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite func­tion 2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions en- abling the computer to solve a giv­en task 3. Digital computer c) a tiny piece of silicon containing 1 complex electronic circuits used inside all computers 4. Hardware d) a system which processes and stores great amount of data solv­ing problems of numerical com­putation Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 66 5. Software e) a device which can carry out rou- tine mental tasks by performing simple operations at high speed 6. Program f) electronic and mechanical equip- ment in a computer system 7. Programming g) a set of programs, procedures and associated documentation 8. Integrated circuit h) the process of preparation a set of coded instructions for a computer 9. Chip i) a device that has input and output represented in the form of physical quantities 10. Transistor j) a small piece of a semiconductor that greatly reduced power con­sumption of a circuit 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя: Л. Правильную неличную форму глагола 1. Computing is a concept (embraced;embracing; for em­bracing) not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 2. We can make the computer do what we want (inputted; to input; by inputting) signals (turning; turned; without turning) switch­es on and off. 3. Computers have a means (by communicating; of communicating; communicated) with the user. 4. Comput­ers work according to the instructions (giving; given; to give) to it by users. 5. The transistor (inventing; invented; for inventing) in 1948 completely changed the vacuum tubes. Б. Глагол в действительном или страдательном залоге 1. Computers (applied; are applied; are applying) for auto­matic piloting and automatic navigation. 2. The programs (write; have written; are written) to help people in the use of the computer system. 3. As digital computers (count; counted; are counted) quickly, they widely (use; used; are used) in busi­ness data processing. 4. Once data (entered; have entered; have been entered) correctly into the data processing system, the possibility of error (reduced; is reduced; are reduced). 5. It is known that an analyst (use; uses; is used) a computer to solve specific problems. 67 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview 4. Прочтите текст и выберите правильные ответы на по­ставленные ниже вопросы к тексту. FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA As it is well known, Russian scientists made great contribu­tion into the development of computers. Russian mathemati­cian P. Chebyshev who lived in the 19th century was interested in calculators. Among many other mechanisms invented by him there was an arithmometer designed in 1876. It was one of the most unique calculating machines of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century Academic A.Krylov constructed a mechan­ical integrator for solving differential equations. The first Soviet computer, a small-size computing machine (MESM) was tested in 1950 under Academician S.Lebedev. Next year it was put into operation. In a year MESM was fol­lowed by BESM, a large-size electronic computing machine, with 8000 opera­tions per second. Serial production of computers in the USSR has been started since 1953. That year U.Basilevsky headed the design and man­ufacture of computer STRELA. 1958 witnessed the production of Ы-.20, computers of the first gen­eration under the guidance of S.Lebedev. The first gen­eration of electron tube computers was followed by the second generation of foto transistor computers, using magnetic logic ele­ments. Starting with 1964 semi­conductor computers — Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 68 URAL, BESM-4 and M-220 were produced. Under Academi­cian Glushkov small-size computers MIR, MIR-2 and DNEPR were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics. In the late 60s together with other members of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance the Soviet Union started on the program of Unified Computer System, the program concerned with the third generation of computers with high-speed perfor­mance and program compatibility (совместимость). 1. What was one of the first achievements in the sphere of calculating in Russia? a) calculator; b) arithmometer; c) mechanical integrator When was the first Soviet computer put into operation? a) in 1950; b) in 1951; c) in 1952 Who headed the serial production of computers in the USSR? a) A.Krylov; b) S.Lebedev; c) U. Basilevsky 4. Which machine was the first in the development of the first generation computers? a) MESM; b) STRELA; с) М-20 5. When did the production of the third generation comput- ers begin? a) late 60s; b) early 70s; c) late 70s ENJOY YOURSELF I. Quiz-game "What do you know about computers?" (Who is the first to give the right answers to the questions below?) What does "a computer-literate" person mean? What is the role of computers in our society? v?. What is electronics? Where are electronic devices used? What jnvention contributed to the appearance of electronics? When and where was the transistor invented? What advantages did the transistor have over the vacuum tube? When was the integrated circuit discovered? 69 Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview 9. What is the essence of the integrated circuit? What is microelectronics? What techniques does microelectronics use? What scales of integration are known to you? What do you understand by microminiaturization? What was the very first calculating device? 15. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 16.. Who invented the first calculating machine? How was the first calculating machine called? What was the first means of coding data? What Business Corporation was the first to produce computers? 20- In what fields were the first computers used? 2JU When was the first analog computer build? 22^ What was the name of the first digital computer? f3T)Who built the first digital computer? 24Г What is ENIAC? Decode it. Who contributed the idea of storing data and instructions in binary code? What does binary code mean? What were computers of the first generation based on? What invention contributed to the appearance of the second generation computers? What was the essence of the third computer generation? 30. What is the basis of the fourth computer generation? 5T) What is a computer? "32. What are the main junciiom-of the computers? What is a program? What are data? What is data processing? $f& Name four advantages of computer data processing. What is capacity storage? What is hardware? What is software? Who designs computers?

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