METALS
1. Mankind has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities but only now they are employed in really great quantities.
2. Today we know more than seventy metals, the majority of which are used in industry.
3. Of all the metals iron is the most important one. Absolutely pure iron is never prepared except for laboratory purposes. The irons and steels in use today are really alloys of iron, carbon and other substances. They can be made elastic, tough, hard, or comparatively soft.
Mechanical properties of metals are the result of their atomic structure. They include hardness, ductility and malleability which are of special importance in engineering.
Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
Malleability is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed by compression without rupture.
These properties are similar to each other but not the same. Most metals increase these properties at higher temperatures.
The strength of a metal is the property of resistance to external loads and stresses.
These mechanical properties are of great importance in industrial purposes because all parts and units made of iron and steel must meet up-to-date demands.
5. Соотнесите вопросы и ответы на них.
Вопросы
What is the most important metal?
What mechanical properties of metals do you know?
What is strength?
What is ductility?
What is malleability?
Ответы
a. The capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
b. Iron.
c. The capacity of a metal to be deformed by compression without rupture.
d. The property of a metal to resist to external loads.
e. Hardness, ductility and malleability.
Unit 7
Important Properties for Manufacturing
One of the most important aspects in manufacturing is to choose the right material for a particular application. The properties, cost and availability of the material have to be considered.
When referring to metals in manufacturing, five properties are of importance:
Ductility пластичность
durability прочность
elasticity упругость
hardness твёрдость
malleability ковкость
1. Выберите одно из вышеуказанных свойств, и озаглавьте каждый абзац. И напишите на месте пропусков полное название химических элементов.
…………….……………………………………………………………...
The metals are easy to form and stretch without breaking or fracturing and keep their new shape. Metals like Cu ……………….., Sn …………...….., Au ……..…….….. and Ag ………..….….. all have this property and are often used to make, e.g. wire and tubing.
The same is true for soft low-carbon steels but high-carbon steels and cast iron soon fracture when stretched, as they are too brittle.
…………….……………………………………………………………...
The metals can be stretched to some point, but go back to their original shape as soon as the stress is removed. Among metals, some steel alloys show this property, e.g. a high-carbon steel called spring steel. Other hard steels, e.g. tool steel and cast iron, can be stretched very little or not at all.
…………….……………………………………………………………...
The metals can withstand friction. This characteristic makes them suitable for moving parts of machines and cutting edges of tools, e.g. steel alloys with a high C ……..…….….. content.
…………….……………………………………………………………...
These metals are easy to form without fracturing, and keep their new shape. Forming is done by, e.g. rolling or pressing, often with the application of heat. Au, Ag, Pb ……..…….….., Cu and low-carbon steel alloys belong to this group and are made into containers, wheels and, of course, jewelry.
№
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Символ
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Русский
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Латинский
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Английский
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3
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5
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10
11
12
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95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
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H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
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Водород
Гелий
Литий
Бериллий
Бор
Углерод
Азот
Кислород
Фтор
Неон
Натрий
Магний
Алюминий
Кремний
Фосфор
Сера
Хлор
Аргон
Калий
Кальций
Скандий
Титан
Ванадий
Хром
Марганец
Железо
Кобальт
Никель
Медь
Цинк
Галлий
Германий
Мышьяк
Селен
Бром
Криптон
Рубидий
Стронций
Иттрий
Цирконий
Ниобий
Молибден
Технеций
Рутений
Родий
Палладий
Серебро
Кадмий
Индий
Олово
Сурьма
Теллур
Иод
Ксенон
Цезий
Барий
Лантан
Церий
Празеодим
Неодим
Прометий
Самарий
Европий
Гадолиний
Тербий
Диспрозий
Гольмий
Эрбий
Тулий
Иттербий
Лютеций
Гафний
Тантал
Вольфрам
Рений
Осмий
Иридий
Платина
Золото
Ртуть
Таллий
Свинец
Висмут
Полоний
Астат
Радон
Франций
Радий
Актиний
Торий
Протактиний
Уран
Нептуний
Плутоний
Америций
Кюрий
Берклий
Калифорний
Эйнштейний
Фермий
Менделевий
Нобелий
Лоуренсий
Резерфордий
Дубний
Сиборгий
Борий
Хассий
Мейтнерий
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Hydrogenium
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Borum
Carboneum
Nitrogenium
Oxygenium
Fluorum
Neon
Natrium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Silicium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorum
Argon
Kalium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganum
Ferrum
Cobaltum
Niccolum
Cuprum
Zincum
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenicum
Selenium
Bromum
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdaenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Argentum
Cadmium
Indium
Stannum
Stibium
Tellurium
Jodum
Xenon
Caesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Wolfram
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Aurum
Hydrargyrum
Thallium
Plumbum
Bismuthum
Polonium
Astatium
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
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Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium
Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium
Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
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Unit 8
Alloys
1. Прочитайте слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.
alloy - сплав
property - свойство
homogeneous - однородный
heterogeneous - неоднородный
tiny - маленький
compound - соединение
carbon - углерод
hardening agent - отверждающий реагент
brittle - хрупкий
advent of furnaces - появление печей
Damascus steel - булатная сталь
tensile - растяжение
stainless steel - нержавеющая сталь
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Alloy is a substance with metallic properties that consists of a metal fused with
one or more metals or nonmetals. Alloys may be a homogeneous solid solution, a heterogeneous mixture of tiny crystals, a true chemical compound, or a mixture of these. Alloys are used more extensively than pure metals because they can be engineered to have specific properties.
New alloys are being engineered for use in new technology, including materials
for the space program.
Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron and carbon. Carbon acts as a
hardening agent. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle.
Currently there are several classes of steels in which carbon is replaced with other
alloying materials. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys that can be plastically formed.
There are different types of steels. Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile
and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity, as does the chromium- vanadium variety. In a modern sense, alloy steels have been made since the advent of furnaces capable of melting iron, into which other metals may be thrown and mixed.
Also there exist Carbon steel and Damascus steel, which was famous in ancient times for its flexibility.
Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys. It is nonmagnetic and has the
tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness.
Stainless steels and surgical stainless steels contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium, often combined with nickel, to resist corrosion. Some stainless steels are nonmagnetic.
There are tool steels, H S L A Steel (High Strength, Low Alloy) and ferrous super
alloys.
3.Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
ferrous metals а. проводимость
cast iron b. углеродистая сталь
carbon content с. износостойкость
alloy steel d прочность.
carbon steel e. обрабатываемость (на станке)
strength f. жесткость.
hardness g. железо
ductility h. сплав
machinability i. черные металлы
resistance to wear j.чугун
conductivity k. содержание углерода
iron 1. ковкость
silicon m. легированная сталь
alloy n. кремний
rust-resistant о. нержавеющий
4. Переведите данные слова на русский язык:
metal, element, industry, steel, material, industrial, electronic, magnetic, type, chemical, mechanical, rocket, automobile.
5. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:
1. Alloys consist of....
a) steel and cast iron
b) iron and stainless steel
c) simple metal and some other element
Carbon steel contains....
3. Alloy steels include....
a) steel and cast iron
b) iron, carbon, an alloying element
c) only iron and carbon
4. The most important properties of steel are....
a) electrical conductivity, resistance to wear, magnetic properties
b) strength, ductility, machinability
6.Изучитe таблицу.
A detailed comparison of properties of metals and non-metals is given in table:
Property
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Metals
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Non-metals
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State of matter
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These are usually solid, except mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. Gallium and Caesium melt below 30 . So if room temperature is around 30, they may also be in liquid state
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These exist in all the three states. Bromine is the only liquid.
|
Density
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They usually have high density, except for sodium, potassium, calcium etc.
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Their densities are usually low.
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Melting point
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They usually have a high melting point except mercury, cesium, gallium, tin, lead.
|
Their melting points are low.
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Boiling point
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Their boiling points are usually high.
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Their boiling points are low.
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Hardness
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They are usually hard, except mercury, sodium, calcium, potassium, lead etc.
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They are usually not hard. But the exception is the non-metal diamond, the hardest substance.
|
Malleability
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They can be beaten into thin sheets.
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They are generally brittle.
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Ductility
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They can be drawn into thin wires, except sodium, potassium, calcium etc.
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They cannot be drawn into thin wires.
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Conduction of heat
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They are good conductors of heat.
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They are poor conductors of heat.
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Conduction of electricity
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They are good conductors of electricity.
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They are non-conductors, except for carbon in the form of graphite and the gas carbon.
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Lustre
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Newly cut metals have high lustre. Some get tarnished immediately.
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Usually not lustrous, except iodine and diamond - the most lustrous of all the substances.
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Alloy formation
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They form alloys.
|
Generally, they do not form alloys. However carbon, phosphorus, sulphur etc. can be present in some alloys.
|
Tenacity
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These usually have high tensile strength except sodium, potassium, calcium, lead etc.
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These have low tensile strength.
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Brittleness
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They are hard but not brittle, except zinc at room temperature.
|
They are generally brittle.
|
Electronic configuration
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They usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell. The greater the number of shells and lesser the number of valence electrons, the greater is the reactivity of the metal.
|
They usually have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell. If it has 8 electrons, it is called a noble gas. Lesser the number of shells and greater the number of valence electrons, greater is the reactivity of the non-metal.
|
Ionization
|
They always ionize by losing electrons: 
|
They always ionize by gaining electrons: 
|
Charge of ions
|
Positively charged.
|
Negatively charged.
|
Type of valency
|
Metals always exhibit electrovalency.
|
Non-metal exhibit both electrovalency or covalency.
|
Deposition during electrolysis
|
They are always deposited at the cathode.
|
They are always deposited at the anode.
|
Redox reaction
|
These lose electrons and hence get oxidized.
|
These gain electrons and hence get reduced.
|
Redox agents
|
They are reducing agents.
|
They are oxidizing agents.
|
Nature of oxides
|
They generally form basic oxides, some of which are also amphoteric, such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide etc.
|
They generally form acidic oxides. Some oxides are neutral, such as nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide water etc.
|
Hydrides
|
They usually do not form hydrides except those of sodium, potassium and calcium.
|
They do form hydrides, e.g. NH3, PH3, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2O etc.
|
Atomicity
|
These are always monatomic.
|
These can be mono, di, tri, or polyatomic.
|
Solubility
|
They do not dissolve in solvents except by chemical action.
|
They dissolve in solvents and can be re-obtained by evaporation. Example: Sulphur in carbon disulphide.
|
Action with chlorine
|
They produce chlorides, which are electrovalent.
|
They produce chlorides, which are covalent.
|
Action with dilute acids
|
On reaction with dilute acids they give respective salt and hydrogen.
|
They do not react with dilute acids.
|
7. Впишите названия химических элементов, перепишите и переведите текст.
Steel produced at the time the Titanic was built generally had a higher percentage of S (………………….) and P (………………….) than would be allowed today, resulting in steel that fractured easily. Samples of Titanic fragments were tested to determine the steel’s chemical make-up, tensile strength, microstructure and grain size, as well as its responses to low temperatures. As the metallurgists had suspected, the steel was full of large MnS (………………….) impurities that
created weak areas and caused the metal to be brittle.
Under extreme conditions, such as the unusually cold, 28 F water temperatures of the North Atlantic at the time of the disaster, the steel became fragile and, subjected to the violent impact, immediately fractured.
Percentage – процент, доля.
Fracture – вызывать переломы, трещены.
Samples – образцы
Determine – определять
tensile strength – прочность на разрыв
brittle – хрупкость
subjected - подвергаемая
8. Найдите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:
Вопросы
By what properties are metals distinguished from nonmetals?
What common metals are produced in great quantities?
What metals are called light?
What properties do nonmetals have?
What is done to protect metals from corrosion?
Ответы
a. Iron, copper and zinc.
b. They are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity
с. They are coated by some organic coatings.
d. High conductivity for heat and electricity.
e. Aluminum, beryllium and titanium.
9.Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:
There are some different groups of metals, such as:
Light metals:.... A) iron, copper, zinc.
Common metals:.... B) silver, gold, platinum.
Precious metals:... C) aluminum, beryllium, titanium.
Nonmetals are .... A) carbon, silicon, sulphur.
B) aluminium, beryllium, titanium.
Unit 9
The Steel-Making Process
1. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в Passive Voice.Прочитайте и переведите текст.
There is no single substance (call) …… steel: there are dozens of different types of steel – of different compositions and with different properties. “Ordinary” steel can(describe) .…… as an alloy of iron containing a small but fixed amount (up to 1.5 %) of carbon. (The many special steels which are available have several other metals (mix) ….…… in as well. The properties of steel depend not only on its composition but also on any heat treatment (give) …….…to it after manufacture. Pig iron, with its high proportion of impurities, is too brittle for most purposes, and the bulk of what (convert) ……in blast furnaces ( produce) ……….…… into steel.
The steelmaking process requires that, after most of the carbon and practically all of the other impurities (Si, S, P) (remove )……….…… by oxidizing, the right amount of each of the required elements ……….…… (add). Of the main steelmaking processes (use) …….…… today, the one by which most steel is manufactured is the basic oxygen process. This method is fast and over 300 t of steel can (produce) ………….…… in as little as 40 min. A converter, which is a huge steel, pear- (shape)……….…… container, called vessel, of up to 300 t capacity, is mounted so that it can (move)…….…… either way for charging and tapping.
It is charged with (melt) ……….…… pig iron from the blast furnace, along with up to about half of its mass of scrap iron or steel. A water(cool)……….…… tube, called lance, can (dissolve )………….…… vertically into the vessel, delivering a high powered jet of pure oxygen, thus burning the carbon ( lower)……….…… in the iron.
The impurities (oxidize)………….…… rapidly, (C to CO2 and S to SO2) and escape as gases.
2. Переведите термины.
pig iron crude iron
blast furnace the oven in which ore is melted to gain metal
ore a mineral from which a metal can be extracted
pear-shaped having a round shape becoming gradually narrower at the end
to tap to remove by using a device for controlling the flow of a liquid
scrap iron metal objects that have been used
Unit 10
Alternative Types of Welding
1. Выпишите новые слова, отработайте их произношение, выучите.
cold welding холодная сварка (в вакууме)
friction welding сварка трением
laser welding лазерная сварка
diffusion bonding диффузное соединение
ultrasonic welding ультразвуковая сварка
explosive welding сварка взрывом
butt стык
anvil наковальня
honeycomb пористый
fin ребро, пластина
finished готовый; обработанный
integrated circuitry интегральная схемотехника
fuse плавить, расплавлять
pneumatic tooling пневматический инструмент
punch presses пресс-штамп
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Alternative Types of Welding
Cold welding
Cold welding, the joining of materials without the use of heat, can be accomplished simply by pressing them together. Surfaces have to be well prepared, and pressure sufficient to produce 35 to 90 percent deformation at the joint is necessary, depending on the material. Lapped joints in sheets and cold-butt welding of wires constitute the major applications of this technique. Pressure can be applied by punch presses, rolling stands, or pneumatic tooling. Pressures of 1,400,000 to 2,800,000 kilopascals (200,000 to 400,000 pounds per square inch) are needed to produce a joint in aluminum; almost all other metals need higher pressures.
Friction welding
In friction welding two work pieces are brought together under load with one part rapidly revolving. Frictional heat is developed at the interface until the material becomes plastic, at which time the rotation is stopped and the load is increased to consolidate the joint. A strong joint results with the plastic deformation, and in this sense the process may be considered a variation of pressure welding. The process is self-regulating, for, as the temperature at the joint rises, the friction coefficient is reduced and overheating cannot occur. The machines are almost like lathes in appearance.
Speed, force, and time are the main variables. The process has been
automated for the production of axle casings in the automotive industry.
Laser welding
Laser welding is accomplished when the light energy emitted from a laser source focused upon a workpiece to fuse materials together. The limited availability of lasers of sufficient power for most welding purposes has so far restricted its use in this area. Another difficulty is that the speed and the thickness that can be welded are controlled not so much by power but by the thermal conductivity of the metals and by the avoidance of metal vaporization at the surface. Particular applications of the process with very thin materials up to 0.5 mm (0.02 inch) have, however, been very successful. The process is useful in the joining of miniaturized electrical circuitry.
Diffusion bonding
This type of bonding relies on the effect of applied pressure at an elevated temperature for an appreciable period of time. Generally, the pressure applied must be less than that necessary to cause 5 percent deformation so that the process can be applied to finished machine parts. The process has been used most extensively in the aerospace industries for joining materials and shapes that otherwise could not be made—for example, multiple-finned channels and honeycomb construction. Steel can be diffusion bonded at above 1,000° C (1,800° F) in a few minutes.
Ultrasonic welding
Ultrasonic joining is achieved by clamping the two pieces to be welded between an anvil and a vibrating probe or sonotrode. The vibration raises the temperature at the interface and produces the weld. The main variables are the clamping force, power input, and welding time. A weld can be made in 0.005 second on thin wires and up to 1 second with material 1.3 mm (0.05 inch) thick. Spot welds and continuous seam welds are made with good reliability. Applications include extensive use on lead bonding to integrated circuitry, transistor canning, and aluminum can bodies.
Explosive welding
Explosive welding takes place when two plates are impacted together under an explosive force at high velocity. The lower plate is laid on a firm surface, such as a heavier steel plate. The upper plate is placed carefully at an angle of approximately 5° to the lower plate with a sheet of explosive material on top. The charge is detonated from the hinge of the two plates, and a weld takes place in microseconds by very rapid plastic deformation of the material at the interface. A completed weld has the appearance of waves at the joint caused by a jetting action of metal between the plates.
3. Заполните пропуски недостающими словами (типы сварки).
1. …welding is successfully used in manufacture of small elements of
electric circuits.
2. Heat is not used in … welding.
3. … is widely used in aerospace industries.
4. Vibration is used in …welding.
5. Plastic deformation is the basic principle in … welding.
6. … welding is impossible without pressure and high temperature.
7. In … welding one of the parts being welded revolves.
Unit 11
Operations
Запишите новые слова.
metal chiseling - рубка металла
bending - гибка
filing - опиловка
straightening - рихтовка
boring - расточка
drilling – сверление
lapping - притирка
riveting – клепка
tinning - лужение
scraping - шабрение
soft soldering - пайка мягким
soldering – пайка, припоем
Прочтите текст и ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы.
What operations do you know?
What operations can you perform?
What is your favorite operation?
OPERATIONS
Metal chiseling. This operation may be manual or mechanized. Hand chiseling is hard work and takes up much time. If can be made easier when mechanized with the aid of a pneumatic hammer.
Straightening. This operation is being performed when bench workers receive bent or twisted blanks of metal. The elimination of these defects .of the blanks are called straightening. Metal can be straightened either mechani cally (with the aid of straightening rolls, presses or other devices) or manually, by using hand hammers.
Bending operations are applied when making many articles from sheet, flat and round steel. Work pieces are bent to a definite radius or to a rounded up angle.
Filing is the process of removing a layer of metal from a work piece with cutting tool called a file.
Drilling is an operation of making holes in a solid piece of material by means of cutting tool known as a drill.
Boring is the operation of increasing the diameter of an existing hole with a drill.
By riveting we understand the operation of fastening two or more parts with rivets. Rivets are cylindrical metal rods, with heads. They are employed for fastening parts, metal plates, bars, which are not to be subjected to disassembly.
Lapping is a refined process which is applied in facing up external and internal surfaces of parts, cylindrical, flat, formed, requiring great precision and extremely fine quality of face finish. It is performed with a special tool, called a lap. It is one of the most accurate methods.
By scraping is understood the operation of accurately finishing the surface of a work piece by removing a very thin layer of metal with a cutting tool called a scraper.
Tinning is a protective coating of tin or solder applied to the surface of metals.
Soldering is the process of permanently joining two parts with special alloys, known as solders.
Переведите следующие словосочетания.
to take up much time; with the aid of; by means of.
4.Назовите операцию и инструмент, с помощью которого она выполняется:
Например, chiseling — chisel
Filing, spanner, hammer, bending, straightening, tightening, sharpening, screwdriver, oilstones, screwing, rivets, lapping, riveting.
Unit 12
Welding skills
1. Запишите слова, отработайте их произношение и выучите.
journeyman (person) наемный квалифицированный рабочий
apprentice ученик
plate working обработка листового металла
blueprint 1) делать светокопию, копировать чертеж 2)
делать разметку
brazing пайка твердым припоем (из меди и цинка)
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Job Related Skills, Interests and Values
• using and maintaining tools, material handling equipment and welding
equipment;
• reading and interpreting blueprints;
• acquiring thorough knowledge of arc, gas and resistance welding
theory ;
• laying out, cutting and forming metals to specifications;
• preparing the work sute;
• fitting sub-assemblies and assemblies together and preparing assemblies for welding ;
• welding using shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas
tungsten arc welding, flux core or metal core arc welding, submerged
arc welding and plasma arc welding processes;
• carrying out special processes such as welding studs and brazing;
• ensuring quality of product/process before, during and after welding;
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
YOU MIGHT LIKE WELDING IF YOU:
Want lots of job opportunities.
Want good, competitive wages.
Like to be physically active.
Like to be challenged.
Want your work to be diversified.
Need to feel a sense of accomplishment.
Want to travel in the U.S. or abroad.
Take pride in your workmanship.
SKILLS NEEDED TO BECOME A WELDER:
Manual dexterity.
Good eyesight.
Good eye-hand coordination.
The ability to concentrate on detailed work for prolonged periods of time.
The ability to stoop, bend, climb, and work in awkward positions.
Patience.
TRIDENT'S PROGRAM OFFERS:
The latest welding technology as well as traditional welding skills training and a good foundation in basic welding theory, metallurgy, and blueprint reading. Safety is stressed throughout the program.
Trident's Welding program is designed to provide comprehensive welding education to new students as well as experienced welders wanting to expand their skills and/or knowledge.
EMPLOYMENT PROSPECTS AND WAGE POTENTIAL:
Close to half-million people hold jobs as welders, cutters, or welding machine operators. Approximately three fourth of them are in manufacturing and service industries. If other trades, such as boilermakers, ironworkers, and pipefitters are included, then the total climbs to about 2 million or 10% of our national workforce. In an industry valued at more than $5.5 billion, the need to replace aging, skilled welders is acute. According to Dave Manning, president of the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology, "The need for skilled welders will become more of a problem in the next three to five years, as 50% of the welders in North America retire."
Welders will be needed in manufacturing for industries such as transportation equipment, industrial machinery, fabricated metal products. They will be found at construction sites, in repair shops and personnel supply agencies.
According to Freddy Torres, coordinator for the American Welding Society's Schools Excelling through National Skills Education, a welder's average weekly earnings were $742 in the summer of 2000. The average annual earnings for a welder is between $30,000 and $46,000 per year.
Skill explained
Welders are craftsmen and women who need hands-on skills to do a professional job. Different welding processes are required with different materials. In order to meet the quality requirements, welders must be able to understand welding drawings, standards and markings, apply the required welding processes and understand the characteristics of the materials. Knowledge of welding work safety is also required.
The skill covers the welding of components, structures, plates, pipes and pressure vessels.
Standard reference terms and definitions for welding processes, welding positions and weld testing shall be to International Standard Organisation (ISO) and American Welding Society (AWS) standards. Where a conflict arises, the ISO standards shall have precedence. If no ISO standard is applicable then the relevant AWS standard shall be used.
Unit 13
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