5.5 In the text, find English equivalents for the following:
Современная цивилизация не могла бы развиться.
Нет одного единственного значения этого слова.
Соответствующие русские эквиваленты.
Происходят от одного и того же латинского корня.
Посредством труда рабов.
Люди начали искать устройства и методы работы
Это привело к промышленной революции
В середине ХХ века появились
Все они отделились от
5.6 Fill in the gaps with appropriate words and phrases from the text.
The term ‘engineering’ is a _____ one.
The words ‘engine’ and ‘ingenious’ _____ from the same Latin root ‘ingenerare’.
At the time of Roman Empire there were already _____ of engineering.
Wind, water and animals _____ to provide energy for some of new devices.
England and Scotland were the birthplace of _____.
The growth of knowledge of electricity _____ the development of electrical and electronics engineering.
They all _____ from civil, mechanical, electrical or chemical engineering.
5.7 Mark each statement as T (True), F (False) or N (Not Mentioned).
Engineering as a profession appeared with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
There is only one meaning of the word ‘engineering’.
The early English verb ‘engine’ meant ‘to contrive’.
The art of building houses was known many thousands years ago.
It is still possible to find the remains of the great engineering works of ancient times.
At the time of the Roman Empire there were many branches of engineering.
In the late 20th century electrical and electronics engineers outnumbered all others in the world.
At present there are few branches of engineering.
5.8 Answer the following questions:
What are the most widely used Russian equivalents to the term ‘engineering’?
What is the word ‘engine’ derived from?
What was the meaning of the early English verb ‘engine’?
What art was known many centuries ago?
What branches of engineering were there at the time of the Roman Empire?
Which countries were the birthplace of mechanical engineering?
What led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering?
What branches of engineering do you know?
5.9 Read the text and complete the blanks in the diagram.
Engineering is largely a practical activity. It is about putting ideas into action. Civil engineering is concerned with making bridges, roads, airports, etc. Mechanical engineering deals with the design and manufacture of tools and machines. Electrical engineering is about the generation and distribution of electricity and its many applications. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing components and equipment for communications, computing, and so on.
Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical, heating and ventilating, and others. Electrical engineering includes electricity generating, electrical installation, lighting, etc. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.
5.10 Which branches of engineering are defined below?
This branch of engineering deals with the whole field of design, manufacture, maintenance, testing and use of aircraft for both civil and military purposes. It involves the knowledge of aerodynamics, structural design, navigation, communication and other related areas.
This branch of engineering is concerned with the design and construction of nuclear reactors.
This is the widest field of engineering concerned with systems and devices that use electric power and signals.
It deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, railways, airports, tunnels and other structures.
Engineers of this field design, test, build and operate machinery of all types.
This branch of engineering is concerned with the design, construction and management of factories in which the essential processes consist of chemical reactions.
5.11 Which branch of engineering is concerned with machines? with electricity? Study the examples:
Mechanical engineering deals with machines.
Mechanical engineers deal with machines.
Mechanical engineering is concerned with machines.
Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines.
Machines are the concern of mechanical engineers.
Now use these structures in sentences of your own about the things from the list below and branches of engineering that deal with them.
air-conditioning
roads and bridges
body scanners
cables and switchgear
communications equipment
| ships
planes
cars and trucks
power stations
|
5.12 Fill in the gaps in the following description of the different branches of engineering:
The main branches of engineering are civil, (1) _____, (2) _____ and electronic. Mechanical engineering is (3) _____ (4) _____ machinery of all kinds. This branch of engineering includes (5) _____, automobile, (6) _____, and heating and ventilating. The first three are concerned with transport: (7) _____, cars and planes. The last (8) _____with air-conditioning, refrigeration, etc.
Electrical engineering deals with (9) _____ from generation to use.
Electricity generating is concerned with (10) _____stations. Electrical installation deals (11) _____ cables, switchgear, and connecting up electrical equipment.
Two branches of engineering include both (12) _____ and (13) _____engineers. These are mining and (14) _____ engineering. The former deals with mines and mining equipment, the latter (15) _____ with hospital of all kinds. 5.13 Translate into English.
Термин «engineering» имеет много русских значений. Одним из самых распространенных значений слова «engineering» является «техника».
Самой старой отраслью техники является гражданское строительство. Оно связано со строительством зданий, дорог, мостов, плотин, тоннелей, железных дорог и т. д.
Появление машиностроения было связано с изобретением паровой машины.
Инженер-механик имеет дело с проектированием и конструированием различных машин.
Важной отраслью техники является электротехника. Ее развитие было связано с достижениями в области электричества.
В середине XX века появились новые отрасли машиностроения: ядерная техника и космическая техника. Эти две отрасли основываются на достижениях всех отраслей науки и техники.
5.14 Listen to these short extracts. To which branch of engineering do these engineers belong? 5.15 Listen again. This time note the words which helped you decide on your answers. Forms of the Infinitive
| Active
| Passive
| Indefinite (Simple)
| To solve
| To be solved
| Continuous
| To be solving
|
| Perfect
| To have solved
| To have been solved
|
Functions of the Infinitive
Function
| The Infinitive
| Translation
| subject
predicative
object
adverbial modifier of
attribute
| To work with you
To be working with you
To have worked with you
To be taught by you
To have been taught by you
is a great honour for me./
It is a great honour for me
to work with you.
to be working with you.
to have worked with you.
to be taught by you.
to have been taught by you. My goal is
to work with you.
to be taught by you. I want
to work with you.
to be taught by you.
I came here
to work with you.
to be taught by you. I think I’m too old/clever enough
to work with you
to be taught by you There are many problems to solve.
The problem to be solved was concerned with fuel consumption.
He was the first to solve the problem.
| Работать …
То, что я работаю …
То, что я работал …
То, что меня учите …
То, что я учился …
… работать ...
… чтобы меня учили ...
… работать ...
… чтобы меня учили ...
… чтобы работать …
… чтобы меня учили … … слишком стар/достаточно умен, чтобы работать …
… чтобы меня учили … … которые нужно решить.
… которую нужно было решить …
… первым решил …
|
5.16 Replace the following complex sentences or groups of sentences by simple sentences with the Infinitive.
Model: I entered this university because I wanted to study electronics.
I entered this university to study electronics.
If you want to become a successful engineer, you should constantly develop your knowledge and skills.
Mechanical engineers design machine-tools. This is their task.
Richard Trevithick, an English mechanical engineer and inventor, was the first man who used a steam engine on a railway.
This engineer is not qualified enough. He can’t take part in the project.
The problem that we are to solve is connected with making the new body scanner as safe as possible.
I am glad that I have finished the calculations for the new engine at last.
5.17 Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Infinitive.
Even in ancient times people were ingenious enough (to develop) efficient devices and methods of work.
The methods (to introduce) are extremely useful for solving many practical problems.
Wind, water and sun may be used (to provide) energy.
The young engineer hoped (to involve) in designing a new type of engine.
He is lucky (to study) abroad and (to learn) so much.
It was very wise of you (to check) the results of the experiment once more.
5.18 Translate into English.
Нелегко сразу найти правильный русский эквивалент английского слова ‘engineering’.
Эта задача слишком сложная, чтобы решать ее в одиночку.
Простите, что я заставил Вас ждать.
Метод, который будет использоваться в производстве деталей для нового двигателя, был разработан исследователями нашего института.
Почему я узнаю обо всем последним?
Чтобы тебя допустили к работе с этим оборудованием, нужна специальная подготовка.
5.19 Work with a partner. Look at the list of engineering achievements. Add one more achievement to each category. Decide which is the greatest engineering achievement in each category.
Around the house
Getting around
Medicine/health
Entertainment
Construction
| the refrigerator, the microwave oven, the vacuum cleaner
the railway engine, the jet airliner, the automobile/car
contact lenses, the thermometer, laser surgery
radio, television, compact discs
the pyramids, the Eiffel Tower, the Panama Canal
| What kind of engineers work at each of them? 5.20 Make a presentation of a modern branch of engineering. In you presentation, answer the following questions:
When did this branch appear? What other branches of engineering was it derived from?
What do the engineers deal with?
What does their job involve?
What knowledge and skills are necessary to do this job?
For information, refer to the Appendix or to the Internet, e.g. http://encarta.msn.com, http://www.britannica.com
Unit 6
Engineering Materials
Vocabulary
affect (v)
| [ә´fekt]
| воздействовать
| alloy (n)
| [´æléı, ә´léı]
| сплав
| apply (v)
| [ә´plaı]
| применять; наносить
| application (n)
| [‚æplı´keı∫n]
| применение
| armour plate (n)
| [‚ä:mә ´pleıt]
| защитная пластина
| available (adj)
| [ә´veılәbl]
| имеющийся в наличии, доступный
| bearing (n)
| [´beәrıŋ]
| подшипник
| bend (n)
|
| сгибать(ся), гнуть(ся)
| brass (v)
| [brä:s]
| латунь
| brittle (adj)
| [brıtl]
| ломкий, хрупкий
| cast iron (n)
| [‚kä:st´aıәn]
| чугун
| certain (adj)
| [sî:tn]
| определенный
| coat (v)
| [kә|t]
| покрывать
| contain (v)
| [kәn´teın]
| содержать
| convert (v)
| [kәn´vî:t]
| переделывать, превращать
| diamond (n)
| [´daıәmәnd]
| алмаз
| ductile (adj)
| [´dšktaıl]
| пластичный, ковкий, поддающийся обработке
| durable (adj)
| [´dj|әrәbl]
| долговечный
| ferrous (adj)
| [´ferәs]
| черный (металл)
| non-ferrous (adj)
| [‚nãn ´ferәs]
| цветной (металл)
| fibre (n)
| [´faıbә]
| волокно
| flexible (adj)
| [´fleksәbl]
| гибкий
| frame (n)
| [freım]
| рама
| gear (n)
| [gıә]
| шестерня; передаточный механизм; привод
| grind (v)
| [graınd]
| молоть, перемалывать, растирать в порошок
| however (conj)
| [ha|´evә]
| однако
| improve (v)
| [ım´pru:v]
| улучшать
| include (v)
| [ın´klu:d]
| включать
| increase (v)
increase (n)
| [ın´kri:s]
[´ıŋkri:s]
| увеличивать(ся)
увеличение
| knot (n)
| [nãt]
| узел
| liquid (adj)
| [´lıkwıd]
| жидкий
| melt (v)
|
| плавить(ся)
| remelt (v)
| [‚ri:´melt]
| переплавить
| mould (n, v)
| [mә|ld]
| лекало, (литейная) форма; отливать, формовать
| opaque (adj)
| [ә|´peık]
| непрозрачный, непроницаемый
| pipe (n)
| [paıp]
| труба, трубопровод
| property (n)
| [´prãpәti]
| свойство
| raw (adj)
| [ré:]
| необработанный
| resin (n)
| [´rezın]
| смола; камедь
| resist (v)
resistance (n)
| [rı´zıst]
[rı´zıst(ә)ns]
| сопротивляться, не поддаваться
сопротивление
| rigid (adj)
| [´rıdžıd]
| жесткий, негнущийся
| rod (n)
|
| стержень, прут, брусок
| rust (n, v)
|
| ржавчина; ржаветь
| rust-proof (adj)
| [´ršst‚pru:f]
| нержавеющий, не поддающийся коррозии
| set (n)
|
| принять определенную форму
| shape (n, v)
|
| форма; придавать форму; приобретать форму
| reshape (v)
| [‚ri:´∫eıp]
| придавать иную форму; приобретать иную форму
| sheet (n)
|
| лист
| solid (adj)
| [´sãlıd]
| твердый (агрегатное состояние вещества), сплошной
| stainless (adj)
| [´steınlәs]
| устойчивый к коррозии
| stitch (n)
|
| стежок, шов
| therefore (conj)
| [´5eәfé:]
| поэтому, следовательно
| thermoplastic (n)
| [‚θî:mә|´plæstık]
| термопластмасса
| thermoset (n)
| [‚θî:mә|´set]
| реактопласт, термоотверждаемый материал
| thread (n)
| [θred]
| нить
| tough (adj)
| [tšf]
| крепкий, прочный
| transparent (adj)
| [træns´pærәnt]
| прозрачный
| undergo (v)
| [‚šndә´gә|]
| испытывать, подвергаться (чему-либо)
| valve (n)
| [vælv]
| клапан
| various (adj)
| [´veәriәs]
| разнообразный
| variety (n)
| [vә´raıәti]
| разнообразие, ассортимент
| wire (n)
| [waıә]
| проволока
| withstand (v)
| [wı5´stænd]
| выдерживать
| work (v)
|
| обрабатывать
| machine (v)
| [mә´∫i:n]
| обрабатывать с помощью машин
|
|