Базовый курс elementary (A2) часть 2 Методические указания для студентов первого курса всех технических специальностей Новосибирск

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Название	Базовый курс elementary (A2) часть 2 Методические указания для студентов первого курса всех технических специальностей Новосибирск
страница	4/17
Тип	Методические указания

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2.13 Complete the summary.

Doug Engelbart always dreamed of the computer as an _____ of human communication capabilities and a _____ for the growth of human intellect. When he was a graduate student, he began to imagine ways to _____ all sorts of information on the screens of cathode ray tubes.

In the early 1960s Doug Engelbart explored the ______ between humans and computers. It was the time when he _____ of the computer mouse.

The first computer mouse ____ ____ was built by Bill English the chief engineer at SRI in 1964. It was based on a carved block of wood with a red button. A single wheel was used to _____ the motion of the mouse into cursor movement on the screen. The world _____ of a computer mouse took place in San Francisco in 1968.

In 2000, Doug Engelbart got the National Medal of Technology -- the United State's _____technology award.

2.14 Look at “-ing” words in bold type in Text B. Do they function like nouns?

Do you know that…?

A Verb + “-ing” that functions like a noun is a gerund.
Some verbs that can be followed by a gerund:

Admit avoid consider deny enjoy finish start continue miss practice suggest (dis)like keep mind miss practice recommend resist understand

Gerund is also follows after prepositions (like a noun). (e.g. He’s interested in working with students.)

A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. (e.g. Working too long on a computer is bad for your eyes.)

A gerund can also be the object of certain verbs. (e.g. I enjoy surfing the Web).

It is possible to turn a verb (phrase) into the object of certain other verbs by putting it into the –ing form words (e.g. instead of ‘Sarah reads a lot; she likes it’ we can say ‘Sarah likes reading’ and instead of ‘Jack plays a lot of computer games; he enjoys it’ we can say ‘Jack enjoys playing computer games’).

Translate the sentences with the _ing form words into Russian.
2.15 Change this sentences, replacing it by an –ing form of the verb and the rest of the phrase, if there is one. Start each sentence with the words in brackets:

Most children watch television a lot. They begin it when they are very young, and continue it all their lives. (Most children begin…)
My friend works on his notebook during the classes at University. He likes it. (My friend likes…)
Most computer manufacturers don’t use the term “laptop” anymore. They stopped it completely. (Most computer manufacturers stopped …)
More and more people buy a mobile computer today. They prefer it to a desktop computer. (More and more people prefer …)
First computer occupied whole rooms or buildings. It was very big. (First computer was very big…)
A lot of people search the Internet. They look for necessary information in it. (A lot of people look for necessary information…)
WiFi has become more wide-spread. It is popular among young people. (WiFi is popular among young people…)
A netbook acquires more advanced features. It gains its popularity nowadays. (A netbook gains its popularity nowadays…)

Now give your own examples.
2.16 Think of any piece of hardware you would like to know more about.

Find information about its history and inventor(s).
Share this information with your group.

Unit 3

Computer Software

Vocabulary

anti-virus software	['æntɪ'vaɪrəs]	антивирусная программа
data (sing.-datum)	['deɪtə]	данные
application (program)	[̗æplɪ'keɪʃn]	прикладная (программа)
package (suite)	['pækɪdʒ] [swi:t]	пакет набор, комплект (Internet protocol suite набор протоколов Internet)
word processor	['prəυsesə]	текстовый редактор
source program	[sɔ:s] -	входная программа
supervisor program	['su:pəvaɪzə] -	управляющая программа
linkage editor	['lɪŋkɪdʒ] ['edɪtə]	компоновщик
routine	[̗ru:'ti:n]	подпрограмма
object module	['ɒbdʒɪkt] ['mɒdju:l]	объектный модуль
spreadsheet	['spredʃi:t]	программа обработки электронных таблиц
compile	[kəm'paɪl]	составлять, компилировать (прогамму)
compiler	[kəm'paɪlə]	компилятор
CPU ( central processing unit)		ЦП (центральный процессор)
load module	[ləυd]	загрузочный модуль
mainframe computer	['meɪnfreɪm] -	1. универсальный компьютер 2. компьютер обычных размеров
compatible (with)	[kəm'pætəbl]	совместимый
capability	[̗keɪpə'bɪlətɪ]	cпособность мн. (потенциальные) возможности
fetch	[fetʃ]	выборка
desktop publishing		настольное издательство
developer’s tools		инструментарий разработчика
execute	['eksɪkju:t]	выполнять
convert	['kɒnvɜ:t]	превращать; переделывать

3.1 How would you describe what computer software is to someone who knows nothing about computers? Work in pairs or small groups.
Now read the description below. Do you like it? Why/Why not?

Software is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text, or graphical images.

recipe ['resəpɪ] (n) рецепт (тж. кулинарный)

ingredient [ɪn'ɡri:dɪənt] (n) составная часть, ингредиент

variable ['veərɪəbl] (n) переменная (величина)

statement ['steɪtmənt] (n) формулировка
3.2 Read the text and try to describe computer software using the key vocabulary in bold type.
Computer software is a general term that describes computer programs. Such terms as software programs, applications, scripts, and instruction sets all fall under the category of computer software. Therefore, installing new programs or applications on your computer is synonymous with installing new software on your computer.

Software can be difficult to describe because it is "virtual." It consists of lines of code written by computer programmers that have been compiled into a computer program. Software programs are stored as binary data that is copied to a computer's hard drive, when it is installed. Since software is virtual and does not take up any physical space, it is much easier (and often cheaper) to upgrade than computer hardware.

While at its most basic level, software consists of binary data, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and other types of media that are used to distribute software can also be called software. Therefore, when you buy a software program, it often comes on a disc, which is a physical means of storing the software.

(http://www.sharpened.net)

3.3 Fill in the gaps with the terms from the box

data applications program package (suite) software office program office suites

______ is the word used to refer to ______ (sets of computer instructions written in a computer language) and _____ that is input, processed and output by a computer system.

_______ are programs that allow the user to do various types of work on a computer e.g. word processors, databases. A set of related applications programs is referred to as a_____. Some applications programs, such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases, are commonly referred to as _______ because they are commonly used in a typical office.

_______such as Microsoft office are sets of interrelated office programs.
3.4 Match each applications program with its function.

word processors	storing data so that it can be easily searched and sorted
spreadsheets	drawing
databases	creating multimedia slide shows
graphics	creating and editing texts
games	sending electronic mail messages
accounts	performing various business tasks
payroll	creating and editing web pages
presentation program	editing graphic images
e-mail	writing programs to add features to existing applications and creating integrated program systems
P I M (personal information program)	creating publications to be printed by a professional printer
D T P (desktop publishing program)	keeping track of appointments, address book
small business tools	playing fast action game
website editor	performing calculations using formulas
image editor	calculating salaries
developer tools	keeping business accounts

3.5 Study the vocabulary you may need to understand Text A.

scattered ['skætəd] (p. p. от scatter) разбросанный (о домах, предметах), разрозненный

scatter ['skætə] (v) разбрасывать (on, over), рассеивать

distinct [dɪ'stɪŋkt] (adj) особый, индивидуальный; отличный (от других)

maintain [meɪn'teɪn] (v) обслуживать; содержать в исправности

acronym ['ækrənɪm] (n) акроним

formulae ['fɔ:mjυli:] (pl от formula) формулы

introduce [̗ɪntrə'dju:s] (v) вводить в употребление; применять

portable ['pɔ:təbl] (adj) машинонезависимый; мобильный; переносной

payroll ['peɪrəυl] (n) платёжная ведомость

purchase ['pɜ:tʃəs] (v) покупать, закупать; приобретать

executable выполнимый, осуществимый

vendor ['vendɔ:] (n) (юр.) продавец

conform [kən'fɔ:m] (v) соответствовать (to или with — чему-л.)
3.6 Before reading Text A, try to fill in the gaps in the sentences. Use vocabulary given at the beginning of Unit 3.

A ______ is a program written in one of the high-level languages.
A program written in a high-level language must be interpreted into ______ before the computer reads and processes it.
A program designed to perform a specific task is called an _______.
The ______ is the program produced when the original program has been converted into machine code.
A _____ is a program that converts a high-level language into machine code.
The systems program which fetches required systems routines and links them to the object is known as the _______.
The _______ is the program directly executable by the computer.

3.7 Now read Text A and check your answers.

TEXT A

Programs and Programming Languages

Computers are known to provide capability to make rapid calculations, compare and make decisions, and send messages through communication links to geographically scattered places, etc.

The organization of these capabilities into a system which is capable of solving problems and realizing aims depends on computer programs. The process of telling a computer what to do and how to do is called programming. The set of instructions is known as the program.

Programs are considered to be an integral part of computer systems: they have been given the name “software” to indicate that they are distinct from but parallel to the “hardware”.

More exactly, software includes not only the computer programs but also their documentation and the training required for people to use total system and operate and maintain the programs.

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level language, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/I, PASKAL, or C, depending on the type of program, and it cannot be processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine code .Usually a single instruction written in a high-level language, when transformed into a machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief description of some of the many high–level languages:

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