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7.1 What is nanotechnology? Try to guess from the meaning of the parts of the word. centi means ‘one hundredth’, so 1 centimeter equals one hundredth of a meter. Match these prefixes and their meanings to learn what the prefix nano means.
7.2 Read the words and try to guess what they mean.
7.3 Read the text and complete the sentences with the fragments (a–f) from the list.
Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales. These materials or devices fall in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). One nm is equal to one-billionth of a meter (.000000001 m), (1) _____ Scientists refer to the dimensional range of 1 to 100 nm as the nanoscale, and materials at this scale are called nanocrystals or nanomaterials. To grasp the size of the nanoscale, consider the diameter of an atom, (2) _____ The hydrogen atom, one of the smallest naturally occurring atoms, is only 0.1 nm in diameter. In fact, nearly all atoms are roughly 0.1 nm in size, too small to be seen by human eyes. Atoms bond together to form molecules, (3) _____ Molecules that consist of about 30 atoms are only about 1 nm in diameter. Molecules, in turn, compose cells, (4) _____ Human cells range from 5,000 to 200,000 nm in size, which means that they are larger than the nanoscale. However, the proteins that carry out the internal operations of the cell are just 3 to 20 nm in size and so have nanoscale dimensions. Viruses that attack human cells are about 10 to 200 nm, and the molecules in drugs used to fight viruses are less than 5 nm in size. The possibility of building new materials and devices that operate at the same scale as the basic functions of nature explains why so much attention is being devoted to the world below 100 nm. But 100 nm is not some arbitrary dividing line. This is the length (5) _____ A number of important breakthroughs have already occurred in nanotechnology. These developments are found in products used throughout the world. Some examples are catalytic converters in automobiles that help remove air pollutants, devices in computers that read from and write to the hard disk, certain sunscreens and cosmetics that transparently block harmful radiation from the Sun, and special coatings for sports clothes and gear that help improve the gear and possibly enhance the athlete’s performance. Still, many scientists, engineers, and technologists believe (6) _____ 7.4 Mark the following statements T (True), F (False) or N (Not mentioned).
7.5 Put the following things in the order of their size, from the smallest to the biggest one: virus nanometer molecule human hair human cell atom 7.6 Match the words and their meaning.
7.7 Fill in the gaps with the words from 7.6 in the appropriate form.
7.8 Translate into English. 1. Нанотехнология – это создание функциональных материалов, устройств и систем при работе с веществом в масштабе от 1 до 100 нанометров. 2. Ученые ожидают, что на наноуровне будут открыты новые явления, которые будут использоваться в передовых технологиях. 3. Люди уже знали об особых свойствах, проявляемых материалами на наноуровне, хотя они и не понимали, почему это происходит. 4. Добавив мельчайшие частицы золота в стекло, можно получить цвет от желтого до зеленого и красного в зависимости от размера этих частиц. 5. Структурируя вещество на наноуровне, можно влиять на основные свойства материалов, не изменяя их химический состав. 6. Полупроводниковые нанопровода – это одномерные структуры с уникальными электрическими и оптическими свойствами, используемые в качестве элементов наноустройств. 7.9 Match the words and their meaning.
7.10 Listen to Marshall Brain, founder of HowStuffWorks, a resource Web site explaining how the world around us works, talking about nanotechnology and choose the correct ending for the sentences below. 1. Diamond, graphite and soot have different properties because
2. Nanotubes will make it possible to create a space elevator because
3. Batteries with nanogranules work better because
4. The nanotechnology methods used to obtain new materials involve
7.11 Listen again and fill in the gaps in this summary of the text about nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to change the world in many (1) _____ ways. It will improve many of the products that we use every day and make many new products possible. Nanotechnology is the science of very small things, usually smaller than a hundred nanometers. A hundred nanometers is equivalent to about (2) _____ across or less. At this scale things that we (3) _____ can behave in very different ways. One of the (4) _____ of nanotechnology can be seen in batteries. By making the granules inside the battery on a nanometer scale it’s possible to recharge the battery (5) _____, and the battery’ll (6) _____ longer. Some of the more exotic ideas in nanotechnology involve new assembly methods. Scientists are experimenting with new nanomaterials that can grow or (7) _____ themselves. (8) _____ are already able to do this. The goal is to find ways for human beings to this as well. 7.12 Think of everyday products such as cars, computers, clothes. How can nanotechnology change them? Discuss your ideas with a partner. 7.13 Complete these predictions about nanotechnology. Use each verb in the list once. take send clean up perform stop CARS Manufacturers will be able to construct cars from lightweight materials that are 50 times stronger than steel. Today's two-tonne Cadillac could weigh only 50 kg in the future. The materials used to build cars will be able to (1) _____ scratches, dents, and rust. COMPUTERS We’ll be able to (2) _____ trillions of bytes of information in a structure the size of a sugar cube. MEDICINE Doctors will be able to (3) _____ broken human bones with artificial bones made with nanotechnology. Nanorobots will be able to (4) ______ surgery. We'll be able to (5) ______ pills containing nanorobots. THE ENVIRONMENT We'll be able to (6) _____ nanorobots up into space to rebuild the ozone layer. Other nanorobots will be able to (7) _____ pollutants from water and (8) _____ oil spills. CLOTHES Everyone will be able to (9) _____ computers and colour screens because they will be built into their clothes. We'll be able to (10) _____ our clothes from getting dirty by making them with stain repellent fabrics. 7.14 What might be the impact of nanotechnology? Think of the benefits and threats it can bring to people. Discuss your ideas with a partner. The Complex Object
7.15 Fill in the blanks with the particle ‘to’ where necessary.
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