Personal and Possessive Pronouns Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents Tenses I. Dialogs

a/an and one

Неопределенный артикль не может заменить числительное one:

1) при противопоставлении с another or other(s)

2) в выражении one day

3) с числительными hundred и thousand если хотят подчеркнуть точность этих величин

4) в выражениях only one and just one.

Examples:

One girl wanted to go out, but the others wanted to stay at home. One day I'll take you to meet my family.

'How many are there? About a hundred?' 'Exactly one hundred and three. We've got plenty of sausages, but only one egg.
Exercise №2. Use A or one?

___ day last year - it was ___ very hot afternoon in June - I was hurrying to get home. I was about ___ hour late - well, to be precise, exactly ___ hour and ten minutes: I had taken the train that arrived at the station at 6.15. Anyway, there was ___woman standing under the trees, and there were several children with her. I saw ___child clearly - she was ____ lovely dark-haired girl - but I only heard the others. Suddenly ^___ strange thing happened. The girl took some stones and leaves out of her pocket, and threw ___ stone after another into the air.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется при описании профессии человека или для чего предназначен тот или иной предмет, а также для описания человека, предмета или явления.
Exercise №3. Say what these people and things are. Then make some similar sentences of your own.

Examples:

A doctor is a person who helps people who are ill. A pen is a thing used for writing.

Curtain person that water comes out of

Dictionary thing who helps people to learn things

Dentist who services and repairs cars

Lawyer used for finding the meanings of words

Mechanic who helps people to keep their teeth healthy

Tap that you put across a window

Teacher who helps people with legal problems

Telephone used for talking to people who are far away
Exercise №4. Describe some of your classmates using the words given below:

long/small nose; long neck; round/square/oval face big/small mouth; big/small moustache; long/short beard nice smile/laugh; quiet/loud voice; bad temper good sense of humour.
Oпределенный артикль THE

Употребляется перед существительными, когда известно, о ком или о чем идет речь; с превосходной степенью прилагательных; с “only” в значении «единственный».

I bought a radio and a CD player, but the CD player didn't work. ( = the CD player I just told you about - you know which one.)

The women over there work with my sister. ( = the women I'm pointing out to you - you know which ones.)

Please close the door. (You can see which one.)

He's been to the North Pole. (It's obvious which - there's only one.)

She's the only woman for me.

It's the best restaurant in tow
Exercise №5. Put in the or a/an or no article.

Who opened ____ window? She lives in ____ centre of Glasgow. I'd like ___ glass of water. My sister is married to___ farmer. ___ man in ___ next flat is French. He’s ___oldest child in ___ school. Who's ___ girl by ___ piano? They've got ____ boy and ___ girl. ___ boy’s two years older than ___ girl. Today is ____ only day that I'm free. 'Which coat is yours?''____ red one.'

Exercise №6. Put in the or a/an or no article.

Do you see___ man standing near ____door? He works as ____ assistant in____ same shop as I do. Well, I saw him the other day and he was driving ____ big red Porsche. And do you see ____ expensive clothes he's wearing? Where does he get ____money to pay for it all? ___ month ago he hadn't got ____ penny. I told you about ____ burglary that we had at ____ shop, didn't I? Do you think I should go to

___ police?'
Exercise №7. Put in the or a/an or no article.

1. ____diplomat is____person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way

that you actually look forward to ____ trip. 2. ___ dog is ____ only thing on earth that loves you more than you love yourself. 3. ____Americans like ___ fat books and ____ thin women. 4. ___ accountant is ___ man who is hired to explain that you didn’t make ___ money you did. 5. ____ actor's ____ guy who, if you ain't talking about him, ain't listening. 6. ____optimist is someone who thinks ___ future is uncertain. 7. ____death is ___ nature’s way of telling you to slow down.8. ____diplomacy is the art of saying 'nice doggie!' until you can find ___ stone. 9. ____equality is ____lie -____women are better. 10. ____birds do it; ____bees do it; even ____ educated fleas do it. Let's do it. Let's fall in ____ love. 11. I always pass on ____ good advice. It is ____ only thing to do with it. It is never any use to oneself. 12. I love acting. It is so much more real than ____ life. 13. Never put anything on ____ paper, my boy, and never trust ____ man with ____ small black moustache. 14. Nothing's illegal if ____ hundred businessmen decide to do it, and that's true anywhere in ____ world. 15. Remember that as _____ teenager you are at ____ last stage in your life when you will be happy to hear that ___ phone is for you. 16. Save ____water, shower with ____ friend. 17. ___ happiest time of anyone's life is just after ___ first divorce. 18. Treat ____ work of art like ___ prince; let it speak to you first. 19.When I was ____ boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have ____ old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years. 20. When I was born, I was so surprised that I couldn't talk for and ____half. 21.A banker is ____ man who lends you ____ umbrella when ____ weather is fair, and takes it away from you when it rains. 22. California is ____ great place - if you happen to be ____ orange. 23.Writing about ____art is like dancing about ____ architecture.
Множественное число существительных

Чтение окончания множественного числа.

[s ] (e)s [z]

после глухих согласных после звонких согласных и

exits, caps гласных; cabins, meals, toys

[iz]

после свистящих и шипящих

faces, sledges
Exercise №8. Give the singular forms of the following nouns:

Babies books cities dishes holidays kilos photos

Pianos shops tables ways wishes boys

Buses buzzes cars chairs echoes Eskimos foxes

Gases heroes ladies lorries matches monkeys

Potatoes quizzes radios taxes times tomatoes watches zoos
Exercise №9. Answer the following questions:

What is the most common way of making the plurals of nouns?

How do we make the plurals of words ending in consonant + -y?

How do we make the plurals of words ending in vowel + -y?

After which letters and groups of letters do we add -cs to the singular?

Four common words ending in -o have plurals in -es. Can you close your

eyes and remember which they are?
Exercise №10. Write the plurals of these nouns.

Address; box; brush; computer; desk; face; guy list; loss; mess; patch; peach; play; poppy reply; toy; tree; video; witch; worry.
Exercise №11. Read and retell the text:

One potato, two potatoes

IN JUNE 1992, US Vice-President Dan Quayle visited a school class in New Jersey while the children were having a spelling competition. When 12-year-old William Figueroa wrote the word potato correctly on the blackboard, Quayle told him he should add an e. William became a schoolchildren's national hero (without an e) and appeared on television; the Vice-President became an international laughing-stock as echoes (with an e) of his mistake went round the world.
PLURALS OF NOUNS : SPECIAL CASES

Here are seven groups of nouns. Look in the box and find two more nouns to add to each group.

Aircraft crisis dozen mathematics means mouse

News police scissors sheep shelf thousand

Tooth wolf
1. COUNTABLE NOUNS WITH SINGULAR (AND PLURAL) IN -S

Series crossroads analysis – analyses
2. OTHER NOUNS WITH SINGULAR AND PLURAL THE SAME

Trout deer fish salmon
3. NOUNS THAT HAVE A PLURAL WITHOUT -S AFTER A NUMBER

hundred (e.g. two hundred) million
4. NOUNS WITH SINGULAR IN -/(«), PLURAL IN -VCS

calf-calves half knife leaf life loaf self thief wife
5. OTHER NOUNS WITH IRREGULAR PLURALS

child – children; foot-feet; fungus-fungi; goose-geese; man – men; medium – media; ox – oxen; penny – pence; phenomenon – phenomena; woman - women
6. UNCOUNTABLE SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -S (NORMALLY NO PLURAL)

Athletics billiards economics gymnastics measles physics politics
7. PLURAL NOUNS WITH NO SINGULAR

Arms belongings cattle clothes congratulations contents earnings goods outskirts people remains

Surroundings thanks troops trousers
MIXED SINGULAR AND PLURAL

Singular nouns for groups of people often have plural verbs and

pronouns in British English, especially when we are talking about personal kinds of action. Compare:

My family are very angry with me: they think I should go to university. The average family has 3.5 members: it is much smaller than in 1900.

The team are going to lose again. They're useless.

A cricket team is made up of eleven players, including its captain.
Exercise №12. Choose the best combination for each blank.

class is class are

club has club have

orchestra is orchestra are

school has school have

staff do staff does

1.In England, a state ___ to give time to religious education.2. My daughter's ____ decided to hold their sports day next Saturday.3.The ____ given £5,000 to charity this year. 4.The ____ fifty per cent more members than a year ago. 5.The ____ not like the new manager. 6.The ____ not need to be increased.7.Jane's ____ in Room 6. 8. Our ____ planning a party.9. The ____ just tuning up - let's hurry in. 10.An ____ composed of string, wind, and percussion instruments.
Some plural expressions have singular verbs:

names of quantities, plural names of countries, compound nouns joined by

and, more than one + singular noun.

Examples:

Ten pounds is too much to pay.

Three weeks wasn't enough holiday.

The United States is smaller than Canada.

Fish and chips costs £3.

More than one person disagrees.
Exercise №13. Choose the right verb.

1. A group of teenagers in the town (has/have) organized a scheme to help old people with their shopping. 2. A number of people (has/have) complained about the noise. 3. Do you think three pounds (is/are) a big enough tip? 4. Hamburger and chips (is/are) not a very healthy lunch. 5. In the latest rail union vote, the majority (has/have) voted to go on strike; the rest of the members (is/are) expected to support the strike fairly solidly. 6. Two kilos (is/are) pretty small for a newborn baby. 7. Our teenage son thinks there (is/are) a number of good reasons for staying up late and having a good time. 8. More than one house in our street (has/have) been broken into recently.9. A couple of dangerous-looking men (is/are) waiting for you outside.10. One of my friends (has/have) just won two free plane tickets to New York. 11. Six weeks (is/are) a long time to wait for news of your family. 12. The majority of the children's parents (is/are) unemployed. 13. A lot of shops (is/are) opening on Sundays now. 14. The Philippines (has/have) signed the new human rights agreement. 15. The police think that more than one person (was/were) in the stolen car. 16. Tom and Rosie were late, but the rest of us (was/were) on time. 17. (Is/Are) bacon and eggs what you usually eat for breakfast? 18. We've just learnt that a couple of our club members (has/have) been chosen for the national team.
Местоимения

Личные местоимения Притяжательные местоимения

Кто (что)? Кого (кому)? Чей? Абсолютная форма

I me my mine

He him his his

She her her hers

We us our ours

You you your yours

They them their theirs

POSSESSIVE’S

singular noun(s) + 's: my mother's car, Sarah and Henry's house

plural noun + ': my parents' home

irregular plural + 's: the children's names
Exercise №14 Make possessive forms from the items in List 1 to combine with items from List 2. Make fifteen combinations.

Examples: your sister's address my teachers' clothes

list 1

your sister Jonathan Ann and Pat those women

my teachers Katie our dog Simon and Jill most people doctors
LIST 2

address health

car /cars clothes legs education

ideas father/fathers

nose/noses fear of heights
Exercise №15. Right or wrong? Put + for correct sentences; rewrite incorrect ones.

1. 
   Is this the teacher's pen?
   
2. 
   Are you the Al's daughter?
   
3. 
   Do you know Lesley's last name?
   
4. 
   Here's the Barry's address.
   
5. 
   Here's my parents' address.
   
6. 
   It was the school's responsibility.
   
7. 
   What's the Wilsons' number?
   
8. 
   That's an old habit of Marion's.
   
9. 
   It's a crazy idea of Alice.
   
10. 
    Where is that brother of Carol?
    
11. 
    
    

Exercise 16. Supply the correct modal verbs and their equivalents (can, may, must, be able, have to):

1.... you tell me where to get off?

2. 
   Shall I.... transfer?
   
3. 
   You... take a seat on the upper deck.
   

4.1... not promise, but I'll do my best to get you to the station on time.

5. 
   You...get off at the Bank.
   
6. 
   The name is very difficult: you ... not remember.
   
7. 
   Don't cross here. You ... get a ticket.
   
8. 
   You... keep the change.
   
9. 
   You ... not get there in such a short time.
   

V. Creative speaking

Exercise 1. Make up dialogs based on the following situations:

1. Jack is in the University library. He has come here to take some interesting book to read during his winter vacation. A friend of his has come here to take some books in his speciality as he is a post-graduate and now he is preparing for his candidate examination in speciality. Jack asks his friend what field he specializes in, what the subject-matter of his thesis is , how often he consults his adviser.

2. Alex who is taking an advanced course in English at the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation, meets his wife's sister Maria who is a student of the Linguistic University. They speak about the way English is taught at these two educational institutions and the differences in the curricula, methods of teaching and the way exams in English are arranged.

3. A friend of yours is taking post-graduate courses at the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation. He has classes in English twice a week. Ask him about his progress in English and if he likes the way English is taught at the courses. Describe to him how you work in class and in what way you work at your English at home.

4. A classmate of yours has been studying English for many years. But he doesn't have a good command of the language yet. He asks for your advise, recommend what he should do to improve his English in the shortest time possible.

5. A friend of yours has just passed an exam. Ask him what examination he has passed, what mark he got, whether it was difficult for him to take the exam and if he was afraid to fail. Ask him if he has any plans for tonight and if he doesn't have any plans, invite him to your place to have a rest after the exam.

6. While staying at the Metropol hotel in Paris Roseleen who is a flight attendant working for «Meridian» air company runs into her former classmate Mary. Roseleen asks Mary what she does, what air company she works for, what countries she flies to. Mary answers her questions and says that she has taken a course in professionally oriented English for flight attendants and been certified to fly on international air routes, so she flies to many European countries . Asked what type of aircraft she flies on, Roseleen says that she flies either on IL-86, or Boeing 747.
Exercise 2. Match the following Russian and English proverbs and sayings. Learn them by heart and use in situations and dialogs of your own:

1. 
   Rome was not built in one day. Хороша ложка к обеду.
   
2. 
   East or West, home is best. Куй железо, пока горячо.
   
3. 
   As a man lives, so shall he die. Береженого бог бережет.
   
4. 
   A burnt child dreads the fire. Не ставь все на одну карту.
   

5.Too much knowledge makes За двумя зайцами погонишься, ни
the head bald. одного не поймаешь.

6.Lucky at cards, unlucky in love. Не сразу Москва строилась.

7.One cannot be too careful. Много будешь знать, скоро состаришься.

8.Business before pleasure. Собаке – собачья смерть.

9.Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. Пуганая ворона и куста боится.

10. 
    He gives twice who gives quickly. В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше.
    
11. 
    There is no time like present. Кому везет в любви, тому не везет в
    

картах.

12.Between two stools one falls to Нет худа без добра.

the ground.

13.Out of sight, out of mind. Человек предполагает, бог располагает.

14. 
    There is no rose without a thorn. С глаз долой – из сердца вон.
    
15. 
    Man proposes, god disposes. Кончил дело, гуляй смело.
    

Exercise 3. Speak on the following topics:

1.My biography.

2.My job.

3.My working day.

4.My day off.

VI Reader

Text 1

The Christmas Present

Part 1

One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it pennies. Pennies which Delia had saved one at a time. Three times Delia counted it. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.

While Delia is crying in this way, let us take a look at the home in which she lives. It is a small furnished apartment at eight dollars a week, and it is a very poor one. Everywhere there are signs of poverty.

Delia finished crying, got up, and began to powder her face. She stood by the window and looked out with little interest at a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray back yard. Tomorrow would be Christmas day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim, her husband, a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she expected. They always are. Only $ 1.87 to buy a present for Jim. She had spent many happy hours planning for something nice for him, something fine and rare, something worthy of the honor of being owned by Jim.

There was a narrow mirror between the windows of the room. Suddenly Delia turned from the window and stood before the mirror. Her eyes suddenly began to shine brilliantly, although her face turned a little pale. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall its full length.

Now, there were two possessions in which Jim and Delia took great pride. One was Jim's gold watch, that had previously been his father's and, before that, his grandfather's. The other was Delia's beautiful hair, which now fell about her shoulders like a beautiful cascade of water. It reached below knees. Quickly, now she combed it again and arranged it properly! She hesitated for a moment and tears appeared in her eyes.

She put on her old brown coat. She put on her old brown hat. With her eyes shining, she new out of the room and down the stairs to the street.

She walked some distance and finally stopped at a shop with a sign which read: «Madame Sofronio, Hair Goods of All Kinds». Delia ran up the stairs to the second floor where the shop was located. She was breathing heavily.

«Will you buy my hair»? asked Delia.

«I buy hair», said Madame. «Take your hat off and let me have a look at it».

Delia removed her hat and let fall her beautiful hair.

«Twenty dollars», said Madam, feeling the hair with her experienced hand. «Give it to me quickly», said Delia.

Part II

The next two hours flew by quickly. She was busy looking everywhere in the stores for Jim's present.

She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and for no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores and she had been everywhere. It was a platinum watch chain, a beautiful one, worthy of the watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be for Jim. It was like him, good taste and quality. The description applied to both. It cost twenty-one dollars. Delia hurried home with the eighty-seven cents which remained.

When Delia arrived home she was less excited, and gradually she became more reasonable. She began to comb and arrange her hair, now cut very short, in the best way she could. She took her curling iron and began to curl her hair carefully. Then she looked at herself in the mirror critically. «If Jim doesn't kill me», she said to herself, «before he looks at me a second time, he'll say that I look like a child. But what could I do with only a dollar and eighty-seven cents?»

At seven o'clock the coffee was made and the dinner almost ready.

Jim was never late. Delia held the chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door. Then she heard his step on the stairs and for a moment she turned white.

The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed in. He looked thin and serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two, and he had all the problems of having a family. He needed a new overcoat, and he was without gloves.

Jim's eyes were fixed upon Delia, and there was suddenly an expression in them that she could not read, and it frightened her. He simply looked at her with a strange expression.

Delia jumped off the table and went toward him.

«Jim, darling», she said, «don't look at me in that way. I had my hair cut off and I sold it because I wanted to give you a Christmas present. My hair will grow again - you don't mind, do you? I simply had to do it. My hair grows very fast. Say 'Marry Christmas' to me, Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a nice - what a beautiful gift I bought for you».

Part III

«You have cut off your hair», Jim said, as though he could not possibly understand.

«I cut it off and sold it», said Delia. «Don't you like me just as well? I am the same person without my hair».

Jim looked around the room curiously.

«You say that your hair is gone?» he said, with an air almost of foolishness.

«It is not necessary to look for it», said Delia. It's sold, I tell you - sold and gone. It's Christmas evening, darling. So be good to me - because I sold my hair for you».

Jim seemed suddenly to wake up. He kissed Delia. Then he took a package out of his pocket and threw it upon the table.

«Don't make any mistake, Delia» he said, «about me. Nothing that could ever happen would ever make me think less of you».

Her white fingers quickly undid the package. And then a cry of joy - and next a quick feminine change to tears and crying.

For there lay the combs, the set of combs, side and back, that Delia had admired for such a long time in a Broadway store window. They were beautiful combs -just the color to go with her beautiful hair. And now they were hers, but the hair in which she was to wear them was gone.

But at last she was able to smile through her tears and say, «My hair grows so fast, Jim».

And then Delia jumped up like a little cat and cried, «Oh, Oh!»

Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present, the new chain for his watch. She held in out to him anxiously in her hand.

«Isn't it a fine one, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to
look at your watch a hundred times a day now to find our the time. Give me your
watch. I want to see how it looks on it».

Instead of obeying, Jim lay down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.

«Delia», said he, «let's put our Christmas presents away and keep them awhile. They are too nice to use at present. I sold my watch in order to get the money to buy your combs. And now perhaps you can get dinner ready».
Answer the following questions:

1. 
   Had Delia saved much or little money for Jim's present?
   
2. 
   Was the money which she had saved all in pennies, nickels or quarters?
   
3. 
   What holiday was approaching?
   
4. 
   What are the most important holidays in the United States?
   
5. 
   What are the most important holidays in your native country?
   

6. 
   Which day of the year is Independence Day in the United States?
   
7. 
   On which day of the week does Thanksgiving Day always fall?
   
8. 
   Why had Delia been able to save very little money for Jim's present?
   
9. 
   Who was Jim?
   

10. 
    Was Jim's salary large or small?
    
11. 
    In general, would you consider Delia economical or extravagant?
    
12. 
    What were the two possessions in which Delia and Jim took great pride?
    
13. 
    Why were they so proud of Delia's hair?
    
14. 
    To whom had Jim's watch belonged previously?
    
15. 
    What kind of watch do you have a pocket watch or a wrist watch?
    
16. 
    How often do you wind your watch?
    
17. 
    To what shop did Delia go after deciding to sell her hair?
    
18. 
    Was this shop located on the first or the second floor?
    

Vocabulary

A

apply for (v.) обращаться (за чем-либо)

applicant (n.) заявитель; абитуриент; соискатель

application (n.) заявление

B

be born родиться

belt ремень; пояс

blanket (n.) одеяло

button (n.) кнопка; пуговица

C

C.V. - curriculum vitae

capacity (n.) емкость; вместительность

card (n.) карточка

credit card кредитная карточка

visiting card визитная карточка

identification card удостоверение личности

examination card экзаменационный билет

D

decide (v.) решать

decision (n.) решение

make a decision принять решение

Ph. D. Degree степень доктора естественных наук

E

education (n.) образование

higher education высшее образование

employ (v.) принимать на работу; давать работу

employer (n.) работодатель

employee (n.) работник; служащий

employment (n.) занятость

unemployment (n.) безработица

unemployed (adj.) безработный

syn. Jobless (Am.)

F

fail (v.) провалиться; не суметь ч.-л. сделать

failure (n.) поломка; отказ (системы)

former (adj.) бывший

fly (v.) (flew, flown) летать

flight (n.) полет; рейс

flight attendant бортпроводник

flight engineer бортинженер

G

graduate (from) окончить (учебное заведение)

H

How are you? Как вы? Как вы себя чувствуете?

How are you doing? (How you doing?) Как поживаете? (Как идут дела?)

syn. How are you getting on?

I

inform smb. of smth. сообщать к.-л. о ч.-л.

introduce (v.) представлять; вводить

Let me introduce myself Позвольте представиться
J

job (n.) работа

look for a job искать работу

L

leasure (n.) досуг

N

negative (adj.) отрицательный

O

opportunity (n.) возможность

P

pillow (n.) подушка

pleasure (n.) удовольствие

position (n.) положение; должность

R

reference (n.) ссылка; характеристика

S

specialize in (v.) специализироваться в ч.-л.

social security страховой полис

W

What do you do? Чем вы занимаетесь?

Syn. What's your job?

What's your occupation

Where are you from? Откуда вы?

Z

zip code почтовый индекс

UNIT 2

Topics: Family

Apartment

Grammar: There is, there are

Prepositions