UNIT 7.
GRAMMAR.
Simple vs. Continuous aspect.
1. Present Simple is used:
1. To speak about facts or things that always happen.
e.g. Sea water contains on average 2.7% salt by weight.
2. To speak about routines and habits:
e.g. The birds return to the island every spring.
3. In instructions:
e.g. You take 300 g of flour and add three eggs.
4. In newspaper headlines to describe events:
e.g. Three die in plane crash.
5. For performative verbs accept, apologize, dare, deny, understand, see (= understand) etc. these are verbs which, when used in present simple, describe an action as the word is spoken:
e.g. I agree with you.
I accept your offer.
6. For verbs reporting news (gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand):
e.g. I hear you’ve got a new job.
7. In here comes, there goes, here lies:
e.g. There goes a brave man!
8.In jokes (instead of past simple), sports commentaries, plot summaries of films and books:
e.g. A man goes to see his psychiatrist. He says he’s having problems because he imagines he’s a pair of curtains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himself together.
And now Rooney crosses the half-way line and passes to Giggs.
2. Present Continuous is used:
1. To describe actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished:
e.g. Sorry, I’m busy at the moment. I’m doing my homework.
2. To describe actions happening generally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the same time:
e.g. I’m reading a really interesting book.
3. To describe a changing situation (change, get, grow, increase, etc.)
e.g. Computers are changing all the time.
4. To criticize actions that we feel are irritating or annoying, or which we wish to exaggerate (with adverbs such as continually, forever, constantly, always. The adverbs are usually stressed):
e.g. He’s forever getting into trouble!
3. State and action verbs.
Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have meanings which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form, or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.
Common state verbs:
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1) MENTAL STATE
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Know
Realize
Understand1 Recognize
Notice
See (=understand)
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Believe
Feel
Suppose
Think
Expect
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Imagine
Doubt
Remember
Forget
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Want
Need
Prefer
Wish
Mean
Matter
Require
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2) EMOTIONAL STATE
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Love
Like
Appreciate
Deserve
Adore
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Hate
Dislike
Regret
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Fear
Envy
|
Mind
Care
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3) POSSESSION
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Possess
|
Belong
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Have
|
Own
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4) SENSE PERCEPTION
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Taste
Smell
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Hear
Feel2
|
See
|
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5) OTHER EXISTING STATES
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Cost3
Owe
Weigh
Depend on
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Seem
Look
Appear
Resemble
Sound
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Be
Exist
Keep (=continue)
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Consist of
Contain
Include
Fit
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e.g. Does this belong to you?
e.g. Some people still believe that the Earth is flat.
- seem
e.g. This seems to be what we’re looking for.
Verbs with state and action meanings.
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State
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Action
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BE, HAVE
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This house is over 100 years old.
Do you have a car?
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He’s being very silly (be=behave)
I’m having a great time here.
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IMAGINE, SUPPOSE, THINK, EXPECT
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I suppose this is Jim.
I imagine you feel the same.
What do you think? (=have an opinion)
I don’t expect him to understand.
|
You’re supposing he’s guilty (=make an assumption)
Ghosts! No, you’re imagining things.
I’m thinking of changing jobs (= considering)
Are you expecting someone?
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HOPE, WONDER
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I hope you haven’t been waiting long.
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We’re hoping to continue the talks next week (less definite)
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ENJOY, LIKE, LOVE
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I enjoy/like/love going for long walks
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I’m loving every minute of my new job! (for actions going on at the moment or for implied changes)
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APPEAR
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Your visa appears to be out of date.
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Tom is appearing in Hamlet at the Grand Theatre.
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LOOK
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The book looks interesting (=seem)
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Helen is looking well (now).
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SEE, HEAR
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I see/ hear you’ve had your hair cut
I didn’t hear any noises.
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Jane is seeing Harry (=spending time with)
You’re hearing things! (=imagining, hallucinating)
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FEEL, SMELL, TASTE
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The room smells awful!
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I’m smelling the flowers (an active choice)
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ACHE, FEEL, HURT
(These verbs describe how the body feels and can be used with either simple or continuous forms with little change in meaning)
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My foot hurts.
I feel sick.
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My foot is hurting.
I’m feeling sick.
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WEIGH, MEASURE
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The bag weighs more than 25 kilos.
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I’m weighing the parcel before I post it.
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1. Underline the correct verb form. Tick the sentence if both forms are possible.
I can't walk any more. My knee is really hurting / really hurts.
This cheese is smelling / smells terrible!
Thanks for your e-mail. I'm hoping/I hope to get back to you very soon.
'What are you doing/ do you do?' 'I'm a musician.'
We're having our house completely redecorated. It's costing/It costs a lot.
In this country, more than a million people are living/live in poverty.
Can you stop the car? I'm feeling / I feel a bit sick.
'What's the answer?' 'Wait a moment, I'm thinking/I think.'
I think we're beginning /we begin to understand this problem.
Nice to see you again! You're looking/You look really great!
Some kinds of fish contain / are containing high levels of dangerous metals.
Scientists nowadays slowly begin to understand / are slowly beginning to understand more about how the brain works.
What do you think / are you thinking of Kate's new hairstyle? It's unusual, isn't it?
Loud music can be really annoying. Some people don't realize / aren't realizing what a nuisance it can be.
You can't really have seen a UFO! You imagine /are imagining things!
Technicians report that they have / are having difficulty installing the new computer system.
No wine for me! I take / I'm taking antibiotics for an ear infection.
In career terms, having a good degree appears / is appearing to make little difference.
The National Theatre considers / is considering putting on a new production of Uncle Vanya.
Does this wallet belong / Is this wallet belonging to you?
2. Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous.
I (have) a great time.
She (have) plenty of money just now.
He (appear) at the Fortune Theatre next week.
She (appear) to have a problem.
Why (you look) at me like that?
It (look) as if it's going to rain.
I (see) what you're trying to say.
I (see) the manager this afternoon.
I (think) you're right.
What (you think) about?
I (feel) very tired today.
I (feel) she's making a mistake.
Somebody (knock) at the door. Can you see who it is?
First you (cook) the onions in a little oil until they are golden brown.
Carlos (forever lose) his temper with people! He must learn to calm down.
Here (come) the bus! You'd better hurry!
'Where's Jack? ' 'He (read) the paper in the kitchen.'
Whenever I put up my hand, Harry (kick) me under the desk.
I'm sorry, but I (not understand) you.
Maria (leave) now, so could you get her coat?
Come and eat your dinner. It (get) cold.
I (hear) you did really well in your exams. Well done!
(you do) anything at the moment? I need some help with the computer.
This product (contain) no added chemicals of any kind.
Nobody (visit) Rome without going to see the ruins of the Roman Forum.
Sarah (begin) to regret not taking the job in France she was offered.
Martin (see) Tina at the moment. They've been going out together for the past month.
I'm sorry, but I (not know) where George is at the moment.
'Is Helen ready yet?' 'She (take) her time, but she says she'll be ready soon.'
The larger of the two rooms (measure) 8 m by 4 m.
What (happen) in the street now? I can't see anything from here.
There's nobody else to do the job, so I (suppose) I'll have to do it
3. Rewrite the sentence so that it contains a word from the list and has the same meaning.
belong contain cost look matter see seem smell think weigh
Is this car yours, sir?
This perfume has a nice smell.
I think there's a mistake.
I don't understand what you mean.
What's your opinion?
At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight.
Is the price important?
What's the price of this model?
This book could be interesting
What's in the box?
4. Underline the present simple / continuous verb errors in the text. Write a correction at the end of the line where necessary.
15 Tiptree Rd
Warwick
CV29 7AL
Friday, 15 October
Hi, everyone,
I have problems getting a new phone connection here, so instead of sending e-mails as usual, I'm actually sitting down to write a letter.
I'm imagining you'll be surprised to get this as I’ve never been much of a letter-writer. I'm putting the return address in big letters at the top, because to tell you the truth I'm beginning to feel quite lonely here.
Well, perhaps I'm not meaning that exactly. There are plenty of people for me to talk to. In fact I settle in to the student life quite well, but I don’t really know anyone yet. I've got a room in a house a long way from College, and I'm seeming to spend a long time on the bus. A lot of students here cycle, so I'm trying to find a cheap bike, and I also think of moving nearer to College when I can find somewhere. Sorry - an interruption, someone knocks at the door. More later. Later. One of the girls downstairs has a party, and I'm invited. And the phone line has been fixed, so I'm expecting you'll get an e-mail from me very soon! In fact, I consider tearing up this letter, so just ignore everything I've said ...
5. Write four sentences about yourself using these verbs:
enjoy hope regret think (of +ing)
Use a dictionary and write an example for each of these verbs, using present simple:
belong consist of contain cost depend on deserve matter own possess resemble
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense.
Mrs Jones: My daughter never (write) to me so I never (know) what she (do). Your son (write) to you, Mrs Smith? Mrs Smith: Yes, I (hear) from him every week. He (seem) to like writing letters.
These apples (cost) 40p a bag. You (think) that is expensive? ~ It (depend) on the size of the bag.
I (see) my solicitor tomorrow (I have arranged this); I (change) my will. ~ You always (change) your will. Why you (not leave) it alone?
You (look) very thoughtful. What you (think) about? ~
I (think) about my retirement. ~ But you're only 25. You only just (start) your career. ~ I (know); but I (read) an article which (say) that a sensible man (start) thinking about retirement at 25.
My next door neighbour always (knock) on my door and (ask) me to
lend her 10р. pieces. ~ What she (do) with them? ~ She (put) them in her gas meter. I really (not mind) lending her a few 10р. pieces but what (annoy) me is that she (know) how many she (need) each week but never (take) the trouble to bring the right number home. ~ What she (do) if she (run out) of them when you are away? ~ Oh, she (borrow) from her other neighbour, Mr White; but this (take) longer because he always (want) her to stay and chat and she (find) it quite hard to get away from him. ~ How much she (owe) you now? ~ I (not know); I (not keep) an account. Anyway she (leave) next week; she (get) married. I (try) to think of a suitable wedding present. ~ Why you (not offer) to cancel her debt? ~ That (sound) rather a mean sort of present. Anyway she probably (not realize) that she (owe) me money. ~ My brother (say) that people who (owe) him money always (seem) to
forget about it, but people he (owe) money to always (remember)
exactly.
I (not think) your brother (enjoy) the party. He (keep) looking at his
watch. ~ Oh, I'm sure he (enjoy) it. He always (enjoy) your parties. But I (know) he (want) to be home early tonight because he (expect) an important telephone call.
Jack: How much longer you (stay) in England?
Paul: Only one more day. I (leave) tomorrow night. I (go) to Holland for two weeks.
Jack: And you (come) back to England after that or you (go) home? Paul: It (depend) on my father. But if he (agree) to let me go on studying here I'll certainly come back. And I (expect) he will agree.
Paul: By the way, Jack, Ann (see) me off at Victoria tomorrow. Why you (not come) too? You could have coffee with her afterwards. (Paul is advising/inviting Jack to come and see him off.)
You (see) that man at the corner of the street? He is a private
detective. He (watch) No. 24. ~ How you (know) he (watch) No. 24? ~ Because whenever anyone (come) out of, or (go) into, the house he
(make) a note in his little book.
What all those people (do) in the middle of the street? And why they
(wear) such extraordinary clothes? ~ They (make) a film. Most of the crowd are local people who (work) as extras. ~ It (sound) great fun. You (think) I could get a job as a film extra? ~ I (not know) but I (see) Ann over there; when they (finish) this scene I'll ask her if they still (take) on extras. ~ Ann (act) in the film? ~ She has a small part. She (not act) very well. I (imagine) she got the part because she (know) the director.
My brother (live) next door and his two children (come) and (see) me every day. The boy (not bother) to knock at the door; he just (climb) in through the window; but the girl always (knock).
Tom: We (move) into our new house tomorrow.
Bill: But why you (leave) your present house? It (suit) you all.
Tom: Yes, I (know) it (do); but the Council (pull down) all the houses
on this side. They (widen) the road. They (say) it's a bottleneck.
If you (ask) a friend if she (like) your new dress she usually (say) 'Yes'; so you (not know) whether she really (think) it (suit) you or whether she merely (be) polite. ~ If you (want) a candid opinion you'd better ask my sister. She never (tell) white lies; she always (say) exactly what she (think). ~ Your sister's frankness (annoy) people? ~ Yes, it (do). The average person (not want) a truthful answer; he (want) you to say something agreeable.
I (hear) that you have bought a new house. ~ Yes, but I (not live) in it yet. They still (work) on it, and the work (take) longer than I expected. ~ I (think) repair jobs always (take) longer than one (expect). What
they (do) now? ~ They (put) in new electric points. They (seem) competent electricians but they (smoke) at their work and this (slow) them down.
They always (hammer) next door. ~ Yes, that house (keep) changing hands and the new owner always (begin) by putting in a new fireplace, and their fireplace is just on the other side of this wall so we (hear) everything. The wall (shake), too.
Ann (stir) something in a saucepan and Mary (stand) beside her
holding a cookery book.
Mary: It (say) 'simmer', and you (boil) it, Ann.
Ann: I (not think) it (matter) if you (cook) it quickly; but I (not know)
why it (not get) thick. It usually (thicken) at once.
The hall (be) painted at the moment, so it (not look) its best. ~ But where are the painters? They (stop) work at 3.00? ~ No, they are in the kitchen. They (have) a tea break.
What the word 'Establishment' (mean)? My dictionary (not give) an
explanation. ~ It roughly (mean) the government and people who (have) power and authority. ~ If we (say) that Mr Brown (belong) to the Establishment we also (imply) that he (accept) the existing system. He (not try) to overthrow it. ~ All rich men (belong) to the Establishment? ~ Middle-aged rich men probably (do) but rich young men like pop singers always (jeer) at the Establishment. The word (be used) chiefly in a pejorative sense.
The house opposite the college (be pulled) down. That's why we (use) the back entrance at present. If you (go) out by the front door you (get) covered with dust.
Tom: I (smell) something burning!
Jack: So (do) I. I (think) it (come) from the kitchen. Ann probably (iron). She usually (iron) and (watch) TV at the same time and if she (get) very interested in a programme she (forget) that she (press) a hot iron on to somebody's shirt. Mother (think) of selling the TV set.
Mrs Jones: What you (look) for, Tom?
Mr Jones: I (look) for the garage key. I always (look) for the garage key, because nobody ever (put) it back on its hook.
Mrs Jones: I always (put) it back on its hook. Why you (not try) your pockets? (I advise you to try your pockets).
Imagine that you (travel) by train, in a crowded compartment. One of the passengers (read) a newspaper; another (do) a crossword puzzle; another (look out) of the window. Suddenly the train (stop) with a jerk and your suitcase (fall) off the rack on to somebody's toes.
This is a story about an invalid who (spend) most of the day in bed. He has a powerful telescope and he (amuse) himself by watching the activities of the people in the opposite houses. One day when he (watch) No. 24 he (see) a murder being committed.
The cashier used to do the accounts and I used to check his figures; now the computer (do) it all. ~ And who (check) the computer? ~ No one. The computer (not need) a second opinion. ~ And what (happen) if the computer (make) a mistake? The computer never (make) a mistake.
7. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. |
