Контрольная работа по дисциплине «Английский язык»
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Basic Engineering Processes The processing of metals is considered to be the most important part of fabricating a wide range of products, such as the tiniest parts used in electronics, electrical and radio engineering, watch-making, all kinds of measuring devices, etc., on the one hand, and gigantic parts for turbines, engines, machine-tools and even whole sections of machines to produce machinery, on the other hand. Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques: casting, forming, machining, joining and heat treatment. Casting may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from the liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds. Some castings are used as they come from the mould, others require machining and finishing operations. Forming, contrary to casting, is shaping metals in the solid state, which is possible due to the peculiar property most metals possess, called “ductility”. Forming includes rolling, forging, stamping and pressing. Machining is removing the excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to obtain a desired shape. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine-tools are employed. The most important machine-tools include the milling, boring and grinding machines and the lathe, which is one of the most widely used production machines. Joining includes welding, soldering, brazing and riverting which are used for attaching one surface to another. Heat treatment is used to improve the properties of metals by controlled temperature changes. It is possible to impart the metal high mechanical properties required for the operation of modern machinery and tools. There are four major groups of heat treatment, namely: hardening, annealing, tempering and normalizing. The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be necessary for a processing engineer, in order to choose the most suitable and economical technique.
Variant 5
electrical – constructional – operation – application, - chemical – metallurgy – plastic – real – physicist – effect –
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Metals and Alloys From the earliest times metals and their alloys were and are referred to as the basic engineering materials. Lately new branches of industry have been developed, for example, electronic, atomic and space industries. The need for new metallic materials has enormously increased. Metals which were practically unheard of before, such as germanium, plutonium and thorium have come to light. Besides, high-temperature alloys for power plants capable of withstanding oxidation and erosion, new ferro-magnetic materials, constructional steels intended for operating under severe stresses and at extremely high or low temperatures have been developed. Each metal or alloy possesses a certain distinct combination of properties which differs it from other metals and alloys and by which metals and alloys are determined for a given engineering application. This combination of properties may be varied by alloying with other elements. Before starting to study the properties of metals and alloys we should get an idea of what the terms “pure metal” and “alloys” mean. The term “alloy” is commonly used to describe a metallic solid containing two or more metals and metalloids. The properties of an alloy are influenced by the properties of the elements it consists of. As a rule, alloys are defined by their dominant element which is present in a quantity over 50% (per cent) by weight, the remainder are alloying elements and impurities. There are a lot of alloys, for example, copper-base alloys, aluminium-base alloys and so on. The term “pure metal” is used for materials from which almost all chemical elements but one are eliminated. The designation “metal” is sometimes applied in metallurgy to any metallic materials without making any distinction between a pure metal and an alloy. The first definition of the word “metal” was formulated by M.V. Lomonosov in the following way: “A metal is a bright solid that can be forged”. This definition is still true. The metallic luster and the ability for plastic deformation are, in fact, looked upon as the characteristic features of metals. The most important feature of metals, however, is their high electrical conductivity which decreases as the temperature is raised. In conclusion it’s necessary to mention that metals and alloys are the most important engineering materials due to their excellent properties.
Variant 6
to inspect – machine – clay – mechanism – principle – technological – to regulate – condenser – conductor – corrosion –
informal, broaden, education, different, experience, useful, language, simply, teacher, television, childhood, productive, regularly, qualify, special, physically, mentally, changeable, intelligent, specialist, pressurize, primarily, agriculture, pleasure, absolutely, public, independent, mainly, assistance, demonstrate.
5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы с послелогами.
6. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на перевод существительных в функции определения
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