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UNIT 5
1. a) Answer the questions:
b) Look through the list of countries below and say in which of them English is spoken as a native (first) language and as a second language.
2. a) Skim through the text and say what the message of the text is. (1.5 min.)
Jonas Salk ['dGRunRs'sO:k] – a US scientist who produced the first successful vaccine against polio. 'maverick – an independent person who has ideas and behaviour that are very different from other people’s. The Epic of Gilgamesh – originally written before 1900 B.C., it is probably the oldest written story in the world describing the Sumerian [su'mIRrIRn] King Gilgamesh of Uruk in Babylonia. power broker – a person or country that has a lot of influence and uses it to control other people or countries. Return to Babel It is one of the grandest epics of the Bible, a story shrouded in such mystery that thousands of years later archaeologists, historians, theologians and linguists are only beginning to understand its true significance. In ancient Babylon (modern-day Iraq), the scientific and theological elite of that day gathered together to put the finishing touches on the Empire State Building or the Space Shuttle of that era – the legendary Tower of Babel. Though their faces may have been colored black, white, brown, yellow and red, these engineers, astronomers and spiritualists were of one mind. They had channeled their social energy into constructing “a tower that would reach unto heaven.” Yet due to divine intervention, their plans would not succeed: God struck the legions with a sudden jolt from the blue. In an instant the masses were unable to understand or communicate with one another in a single language. The construction of the Tower – most likely an astrological observatory – came to an abrupt halt. In due course all of the world’s population then began to scatter to the four corners of the earth. And the global language of Babel was diffused into ten thousand different tongues; most of them never developed an alphabet. Linguists today can trace all of the world’s languages back to three major branches. This is known as the “language tree.” Evidence of an ancient universal language is not difficult to find. Examples of linguistic similarities in diverse languages and cultures are legion. Culturally, the story of Noah’s Ark can be found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Greek writings and in both American Indian and Aboriginal folklore. How did these scattered and isolated cultures all develop the Ark legend unless all mankind at Babel once shared in them? Despite God’s intervention at Babel, mankind seems to be able to do anything. The Pyramids, voyages of Columbus and Magellan, vaccines of Jonas Salk have given way to cloning, genetic engineering, organ transplants, space flight and perhaps colonization of other planets. Fueling these bold and maverick initiatives is the use of English as a global language. It is no small accident that this transformation is occurring in this present age. The study and use of English is channeling the diverse thoughts, talents and energies of the world’s population into a single language and worldview – just as a single language did in the ancient days of Babel. The total number of languages spoken in the world today is just over 6,000 – down from 10,000 at the height of the Babel Diaspora. By A.D. 2100 that number will have shrunk to 3,000 – most of them minor tongues spoken by a relative handful of tribes and peoples. As the global drive to learn English eats up those remaining languages it will also consume many or all of the aspects of those cultures. Today English is increasingly being used as a force for the linguistic and cultural colonization of the world by the transnational power brokers. (After Anthony C. LoBaido) b) Sum up the text in three sentences. c) Scan the text for details. d) Answer the teacher’s questions. e). Find examples of linguistic similarities in your mother tongue and/or European languages.
3. a) Open the brackets using the correct forms of the verbs. to in'dulge (oneself) in sth – to allow yourself to have or do something that you enjoy It all started when I saw a little ad in a magazine that ____________ (1 – to read): “Follow your dreams.” I ___________ ________________ (2 – always / to dream) of seeing other parts of the world, meeting people of different cultures, and communicating in a language that was different from my native one. Frequently, I pictured myself in front of an international crowd _______________ (3 – to give) a speech in a language that everyone would understand. ______________ (4 – to learn) a language would make me ____________ (5 – to become) a part of an international community, a part of this world. I always enjoyed the thought of ____________ (6 – to be) a world citizen even when I was only five years old. Years passed, and I was lucky enough to study in one of the best colleges in my country where the instruction _________________ (7 – to conduct) in English. It was the influence of my Dad that made me ____________ (8 – to decide) on learning English. He told me that if I ________________ (9 – to learn) how to speak English, I ________ _____________ (10 – to have) friends all around the world. I decided that the best way __________________ (11 – to understand) a culture and their people was by ________________ (12 – to live) in a country for a period of time. During those years, I met many people from all around the world, some of whom I _____________ (13 – to become) very good friends with. I had a fabulous experience __________________ (14 – to study) abroad and _______________ (15 – to indulge) myself into knowledge and information. So by the age of twenty-four, I ____________________ (16 – already / to live) in three continents. I accumulated great memories by having the opportunity to sit in a class with internationals whom I ended up _______________ (17 – to do) business with. I gained much wisdom ______________ (18 – to work) in different countries in _______________ (19 – to challenge) situations. These international experiences brought new perspectives to my life. I feel I _________________ (20 – to create) a culture and a lifestyle of my own and a hometown that has no boundaries. I __________________ (21 – to make) the world my hometown. (After Fati Erdogan, Global Study Magazine 1.2) b) Answer the teacher’s questions.
4. a) Read the text filling in the gaps with the proper words. hegemony [hI'gemRnI / 'hedGRmRnI] English is a West ... (1 – German/Germanic) language which is the ... (2 – dominant/domineering) language in the United Kingdom, the United States, many Commonwealth nations ... (3 – including/comprising) Australia, Canada, Malta and other former British colonies. It is also a dominant or official language in many countries ... (4 – formerly/lately) under British rule. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, ... (5 – economical/economic), scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the early 20th century to the present. The current ... (6 – status/position) of the English language at the start of the new millennium compares with that of Latin in the past. English is the most widely learned and used foreign language in the world, and some linguists believe that it is no longer the ... (7 – essential/exclusive) cultural emblem of 'native English speakers', but rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures world-wide as it grows in use. Others believe that there are limits to how far English can go in ... (8 – matching/suiting) everyone for communication purposes. There are numerous arguments for and against English as a ... (9 – world/global) language. On the one hand, having a global language aids in communication and in ... (10 – gathering/pooling) information (for example, in the scientific community). On the other hand, it leaves out those who, for one reason or another, are not ... (11 – fluent/good) in the global language. It can also marginalize populations whose ... (12 – first/mother) language is not the global language, and lead to a cultural hegemony of the populations speaking the global language as a first language. A ... (13 – second/secondary) concern with respect to the spread of global languages is the resulting disappearance of minority languages, often along with the cultures and religions that are primarily transmitted in those languages. Language death caused by English has been particularly pronounced in areas such as Australia and North America where speakers of ... (14 – native/indigenous) languages have been displaced or absorbed by speakers of English in the process of colonization. b) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (1) 5. a) Go through the texts in exercises 1 – 3 and find the English for эпос; богословы; космический челнок; Вавилонская башня; Вавилон; райские небеса; божественное вмешательство; гром небесный; моментально, молниеносно; со временем, в свое время; языковое древо; имеется множество примеров; Ноев ковчег; сказание о Гильгамеше; трансплантация органов; вовсе не случайно; направлять различные идеи и энергию в…; представлять себя (в воображении); гражданин мира; потрясающее впечатление; набраться мудрости; основной (преобладающий) язык; страны Британского Содружества; употребляться все шире и шире; исключать, не учитывать; по той или иной причине; родной язык; быть явным, сильно выраженным; поглощать. b) Illustrate the word combinations with sentences from the texts. 6. Retell any of the three texts (see exercises 2-4). CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (2) 7. Paraphrase and add a sentence logically connected. 1. King Henry VIII was a man of diverse talents: he studied religion, wrote poetry and composed music. 2. Beowulf is the oldest Germanic long poem written in Old English. 3. His sudden death came as God’s punishment. 4. In classical Greek tragedy unexpected endings were often due to the interference of Gods. 5. The committee will announce the results of the investigation later, when it is the right time. 6. The earthquake flattened the whole city centre within minutes. 7. It’s not by chance that the police officer stopped him. 8. He decided to direct all his energies towards his career. 9. In recent decades the Russian language has borrowed a great number of words from English. Numerous examples can be given. 10. William couldn’t imagine himself as a father. 11. The whole thing must have been an extremely pleasant and interesting experience for you. 12. Arabic is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East. 13. Sometimes Poirot would speak with a heavy foreign accent. 14. If your mother tongue is Estonian you will be able to understand Finnish. 15. Over the centuries they gradually made Islamic traditions in architecture part of their own culture. 16. Marcus was to speak at the conference but for some reason he failed to turn up. 8. a) Read the article and say in one sentence what it deals with. (1) Вся мировая общественность взволнована процессом глобализации: глобализацией в политике, глобализацией в экономике, растущими огромными международными корпорациями, международным бизнесом – все эти явления выдвигают задачу формирования “глобального” средства общения. “Глобальная деревня” – это Земля, а для нее – “глобальный язык”. Крупный британский ученый Дэвид Кристал, валлиец по национальности, автор известной книги “Английский язык как глобальный”, написал еще одну очень интересную книгу – “Смерть языков”. Он обнаружил, что языки сейчас стремительно умирают и в среднем каждые две недели на земле умирает какой-то язык. По его прогнозам, эта цифра скоро достигнет очень значительных размеров. (2) Глобализация мира и особенно языка ставит очень серьезные проблемы. Взволновались носители всех других языков. Необходимо привлечь внимание к опасностям, которые таит в себе этот процесс. В нашей стране сейчас обсуждаются проекты, по которым в средних школах будет преподаваться один иностранный язык – английский. Как только родители и дети стали сами выбирать язык, изучение английского выросло на 60-80 процентов. Это серьезная проблема мирового масштаба. Представляете, что получится, если мы все будем смотреть на мир глазами англоязычных народов? (3) Глобализация языка опасна и для англоязычных народов. Сейчас и культура, заложенная в английском языке, и даже национальная идентичность англоязычных народов как бы выставлены напоказ и стали достоянием всего мира, их язык перестал быть их щитом. Китайская и японская культуры охраняются их языками, чтобы проникнуть в японскую культуру, сначала надо выучить ее язык. (4) Нам надо поднимать престиж России. Посмотрите, сколько сил и денег тратят и Америка, и Англия на создание центров английского языка по всему миру. Мы же очень мало обращаем внимания на создание центров русистики за рубежом, а это главное средство продвижения собственной культурной идеологии, своих взглядов. Я студентам объясняю: мы готовим вас к международному общению, владея иностранными языками, вы будете интересны своим партнерам, прежде всего знанием своего культурного мира, знание же их мира нужно вам, чтобы их лучше понять. Надо показывать Россию не только глазами английских корреспондентов, а Россию глазами русских на английском языке. (По материалам интервью профессора МГУ С. Тер-Минасовой, Круг жизни, 2000, № 16) b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.) (1) международный бизнес (world / international / global); ученый (scientist / scholar / researcher); обнаружил (discovered / found out / found); умирают (die out / perish / extinguish); (2) ставит серьезные проблемы (rises / raises / poses); привлечь внимание (attract attention / pay attention / draw attention); проблема мирового масштаба (global / world-scale / international problem) (3) охраняются (protected / shielded / safeguarded); проникнуть (to penetrate / to get to know / to get into); (4) за рубежом (abroad / overseas / foreign); продвижения (pushing forward / promoting / advancing); культурный мир (cultural background / cultural heritage / cultural world) c) Answer the teacher’s questions. HOME ACTIVITIES (2) 9. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases:
to be worried; growing MNCs; Global Village; global language; David Crystal; to shrink;
to pose danger (to); dominant language; to increase by ... per cent; global scale; Anglophones;
To endanger sb/sth; national identity; to be exposed to; shield; to absorb;
to aim at sth/doing sth; to cross out; to breed sb; illiterate;
to raise the prestige of Russia; to promote sth; to be at the cutting edge of sth 10. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb. Writing at the beginning of the 17th century, Francis Bacon, an English philosopher of science, maintained that the three most important inventions were gunpowder, the magnetic compass and printing. It __________________ (1 – modal / to seem) a long way from the inky blocks _____________ (2 – to use) in the first printing presses to the electronic bits and bytes that make up this article if you __________ __________ (3 – to read) it on the World Wide Web. But there is a _______________ (4 – to connect) thread. Like the current information revolution, the first (and more important) one, the invention of movable-type printing, depended on the recognition that messages ____________ (5 – modal / to break down) into units that are themselves almost meaningless, and that these meaningless units _____________________ _________ (6 – modal / then / to manipulate) in a variety of ways _________________ (7 – to create) a variety of meanings. The origin of printing is controversial. But Pi Sheng, a blacksmith and alchemist who lived in China in the 11th century, has as good a claim as any __________________ (8 – to be) the person who had the insight on which all subsequent information technology is built. He made clay copies of the ideograms in which Chinese _______________ (9 – to write), and baked them in a fire. Then he stuck them on an iron plate __________________ (10 – to use) a mixture of ash, resin and wax, and held them in place with an iron frame. By ________________ (11 – to cover) the result with ink, and ___________________ (12 – to impress) it on paper, messages could be mass-produced. Nobody knows how the idea of movable-type printing filtered from Asia to Europe. Nor is there any _______________ (13 – to write) evidence of a connection. But whether it was invention or plagiarism, the crucial moment happened in Strasbourg in the 1430s. This was when Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith, first had the idea of ______________ (14 – to produce) small, regular blocks of steel with letters on them. Eventually, instead of _________________ (15 – to print) from these directly, he employed them to stamp out dies (матрицы) which were then used as moulds _________________ (16 – mass / to produce) letter blocks ___________________ (17 – to make) of lead. These were fitted into frames (or “forms”), ______________ (18 – to cover) with ink, and, with the aid of an adapted wine-press, used to print individual pages. In 1457, the first ________________ (19 – to print) book in Europe, the Mainz Psalter, came off Gutenberg’s press. It was followed by the Bible. Although printing ______________________________ (20 – may / not / to improve) Gutenberg’s life, it revolutionized the lives of his fellow Europeans. Within three decades there were print shops in every corner of the continent. It is believed that as many books ____________ (21 – to be) produced in the 50 years after Gutenberg’s invention as in the 1,000 years before it. As printers sought new products, translations took off. Religious works as well as Latin and Greek authors ___________________ (22 – to translate) into modern languages. And since books were circulated widely, they tended ________________ (23 – to act) as linguistic standards. They helped, for example, to impose the dialects of London and Paris on England and France. Whether the Web, the printing press’s latest descendant, _________________ (24 – to make) Californian the language of the world, remains _______________ (25 – to see). (After The Economist, Millenium special edition.) b) Write five questions to the text.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3)
Unreal condition (suppressed type)
12. Make sentences as in the model: Model: – he / to picture himself as a world citizen (unwise) – It would be unwise of him to picture himself as a world citizen. 1. they / to channel all their energy into completing the project (wise); 2. you / to tell us about your fabulous experiences in Rome (nice); 3. Mike / to brief the journalists on the results of the investigation now (thoughtless); 4. the reporter / to leave out the nasty details of the accident (wise); 5. he / to speak with a pronounced Scottish accent (only natural) 6. she / to take into account the diverse cultural backgrounds of the students (reasonable); 7. immigrants / to forget their native languages (unwise); 8. Dave / to absorb the extremist ideas of some of his peers (stupid). 13. Complete the situations as in the model. Model: – It’s a pity you didn’t see the comedy. You (to enjoy it) – It’s a pity you didn’t see the comedy. You would have enjoyed it. 1. We didn’t know it would be so difficult to give a presentation. We (to start preparing earlier) 2. It’s a pity you left out the details of the conversation. They (to help us understand Nick’s viewpoint better) 3. You should have told Kate about our arrival. She (to stay in town for the weekend) 4. It’s a pity you interrupted Jane. She (to tell us the details of her job interview) 5. They didn’t know Paul was so irresponsible. They (not / to give him a reference) 6. You should have told us you were delayed. We (not to set out so early) 7. It’s a pity you didn’t ask them to work in a team. They (to solve the problem quicker). 8. You should have made a Power Point presentation. We (to understand your business plan better) Real and Unreal Condition in complex sentences
14. a) Read and compare sentences of real and unreal condition. If I were world leader, I would try to stop the destruction of the earth and I would make the world a better place for all people. If the world’s problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life would have improved long ago. First of all, I would try to bring about peace in the world. As long as there is fighting between nations, millions of people continue to suffer and die. If wars continue, children will be left without parents and will grow up in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting will go on. Therefore, I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in life. It would also help if all countries stopped producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, I would introduce laws to reduce pollution. If pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life wouldn’t have become so unbearable. If I had the power, I would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe would be cleaner. Unless measures are taken soon, it will be too late both for ourselves and our children. (After Virginia Evans, FCE Use of English) b) Answer the teacher’s questions. 15. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. Unemployment will decrease provided the government takes appropriate measures. 2. If you arrive late and out of breath, you will make a very poor impression. 3. Supposing you won in a lottery. What would you do? 4. If it hadn’t been for the new technology, the company would have suffered heavy losses. 5. If you aren’t computer-literate, you’ll have to be trained. 6. But for his legal advice, we would have been in trouble. 7. If you had really wanted to come, you could have left a few hours early. 8. If you had tried harder, you might have succeeded. 16. Match the beginning of each sentence with a suitable ending.
17. Translate into English. 1. Если бы вчера дороги не были бы забиты транспортом, мы бы добрались до аэропорта за полчаса. 2. Если бы Фати не выучила английский язык в юности, она бы не cмогла найти такую интересную работу. 3. Если бы норманны не завоевали Англию в XI веке, английский язык не впитал бы в себя столько французских слов. 4. Если бы он знал два иностранных языка, ему было бы легче выучить третий. 5. Если бы ты знал легенду о Вавилонской башне, ты бы понял, почему ее сравнивают с достижениями современной науки. 6. Если полярные льды растают, многие виды животных исчезнут. 7. Если бы Роберт уделял больше внимания здоровому образу жизни, он бы сейчас лучше выглядел. 8. Если бы эти страны не были британскими колониями, английский язык не стал бы их вторым государственным языком. HOME ACTIVITIES (3) 18. Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the verbs in brackets. Einstein is reported to have said, “ If I _____________(1 – to know) the destruction I would cause, I ________________(2 – to become) a watch-maker.” If we ____________________ (3 – to continue) to use nuclear energy as a means of defence, we ____________________ (4 – to make) our planet uninhabitable. If the public ___________________ (5 – to be) more aware of the dangers, they _____________________ (6 – to demand) to live in a safer society. If the Cold War _________________ (7 – to develop) into World War III, the human race ________________ (8 – to wipe out) forever. Unless we _________________ (9 – to discover) a way to prevent nuclear war, by the end of the 21st century we __________________ (10 – to face) major disaster. As long as we ____________________ (11 – to continue) to abuse knowledge and power, the earth ____________________ (12 – to remain) an insecure planet to inhabit. 19. Read the following article and be ready to speak about the uses and misuses of English loan-words in the Russian language using the phrases suggested below. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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