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IV
V
2. THE PARTICIPLE 2.1. FORMS AND FUNCTIONS
(for Spelling Rules see Appendix 3; for Irregular Verbs see Appendices 1, 2) Indefinite Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle takes place at the same time with that of the finite verb. These forms denote simultaneous action in the present, past or future. Do you see the child waving the flag? That day we stayed at home watching TV. In a few minutes the guests will be arriving wearing smiles and carrying presents. Past Participle has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. In most cases it denotes priority or refers to no particular time. He is a man loved and admired by everybody. The dog carried by the child gave a sharp yelp. She took the long forgotten letter out of the bag. Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle preceded that of the finite verb. Its forms denote priority to a present, past or future action. Having explained everything, I want to tell you how sorry I am. Having finished the letter, he went to the post office. Having settled the problem, you will find something new to worry about. NB! A prior action is not always expressed by the Perfect Participle with some verbs of sense perception and motion: to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc. The Indefinite Participle is used even if priority is meant. Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door. Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и пошел открывать дверь. The Participle has special forms to denote the Active and Passive Voice. When writing letters, he doesn't like to be disturbed. Being written in pencil, the letter was difficult to read. Having written the letter, he went to the post-office. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read. 2.2. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTICIPLE IN A SENTENCE SENTENCE WORD ORDER
The Participle has two syntactic functions:
NOTES 1. In some cases Participle I Active in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russuan by a clause. He came back and stood on the steps leading down to the street. Он вернулся и стоял на лестнице, которая вела на улицу. 2. Participle I Passive (being read) is very seldom used as an attribute. 3. The Past Participle (Participle II) can be an adverbial modifier when it is used with the conjunctions when, while, as if/as though, though, unless, if. When told to come in he seemed to change his mind. Когда его попросили войти, он, казалось, передумал. She continued staring at the screen as if fascinated. Она продолжала смотреть на экран, как будто завороженная. 4. The verbs catch, spot, find, discover and smell are not followed by an infinitive. All may be followed by an object and a Present Participle (Participle I). The teacher caught the pupil cheating. The search party found (spotted, discovered) the climbers clinging to a rock face. He smelt the meat cooking. The verbs spot, find and discover may be followed by an object + Past Participle: The police found the money hidden in a disused garage. 5. The verbs leave and keep (someone in a certain situation or condition) share some of the characteristics of find and discover. They can be followed by an object + Present or Past Participle: He left me sitting in the restaurant alone. He kept me waiting. He left his bicycle propped against a wall. He kept the dog chained up. 6. If the actions named by the Participle and by the predicate closely follow each other, the Indefinite Participle is used instead of the Perfect Participle. Seeing me he smiled happily. Увидев меня, он счастливо улыбнулся. 7. When we mention two consecutive actions one of them may be named by the Indefinite Participle. He looked at me smiling. Он посмотрел на меня и улыбнулся. Seeing that it was getting cold we went home. Мы увидели, что становится холодно, и пошли домой. 2.3. RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF PARTICIPLES USED AS ATTRIBUTES ACTIVE
PASSIVE
2.4. RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS OF PARTICIPLES USED AS ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS
NOTES When translating Russian participles ending in -вший we use Present Participle (reading) only if the action expressed by the participle is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. If it is prior to that named by the finite verb, we use a clause. COMPARE Я подошел к молодому человеку, Все толкали молодого человека, стоявшему у двери. вставшего у двери вагона. I came up to the young man Everyone pushed the young man who standing at the door. had placed himself at the car door. Present Participle being (from to be) is not used in adverbial modifiers of time, we use "while-phrase" or a clause instead. Будучи в Москве, я посетил Кремль. While in Moscow (= while I was in Moscow) I visited Kremlin. Будучи мальчиком, я любил играть в футбол. When a boy (= when I was a boy) I liked to play football. NB! being is used in adverbial modifiers of cause. Being tired (= as he was tired) he went home at once. Будучи усталым (= так как он устал), он сразу же пошел домой. |
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