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MachinesMachine is a simple device that affects the force, or effort, which is necessary to do a certain amount of work. Machines make a tough job easier because a person applies less force or applies force in a direction that is easier to manipulate. Machines also increase the speed at which work makes an object travel. There are four types of simple machines: the lever, the pulley (1), the inclined plane (2), and the wheel and axle. Most mechanical machines, such as automobiles or power tools, are complex machines composed of many parts. Various parts of machines consist of some combinations of the four simple machines. An everyday example of a complex machine is the can opener, which combines a lever (the handle), a wheel and axle (the turning knob), and a wedge (3) (the sharpened cutting disk). The history of machines dates back thousands of years. The lever was the first simple machine that was utilized by humans. The first levers were branches or logs used to lift heavy objects. In ancient times people used metal or stone wedges when they split wood and rocks. Historians believe the people of ancient Mesopotamia (an early civilization near modern – day Iraq) used wheels as early as 3500 B.C. Chariots in Asia Minor used spoked wheels, which were lighter than solid wheels (4), as early as 2000 B.C. The Greek inventor Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) developed a screw-type device known as Archimedes’ screw for raising water. Some modern water pumps still use this principle. According to the legend, Archimedes also used a block and tackle (5) to pull ships onto dry land. Machines transform natural energy, such as wind and falling water, into work. Waterwheels and windmills are good examples of simple machines that transform natural energy into reciprocating (6) motion and electricity. Many everyday objects are combinations of simple machines. They are known as complex machines. An automobile is one of such machines. The engine contains many levers, wheels and axles, and pulleys. The whole engine is held together by bolts, which are a form of inclined plane. The transmission uses gears, which are a form of wheel and axle. Even devices that do not seem to be mechanical use simple machines. A computer, an electronic device, has a cooling fan. This fan is a complex machine in which the motor shaft turns the fan, which is a form of wheel. The disk drive (7) uses a wheel and axle to turn the disk and a system of levers to position the heads that read and write the data on the disk. Machines help people make life easier and more comfortable. The production of new generations of machines and equipment increases productivity and promotes (8) technical progress. Пояснения к тексту: 1. pulley - блок, шкиф, ролик 2. inclined plane - наклонная плоскость 3. wedge - клин 4. spoked wheel - колесо со спицами 5. block and tackle - тали 6. reciprocating - поступательный 7. disk drive - дисковод 8. to promote - способствовать, продвигать, содействовать B.C. (Before Christ) - до нашей эры VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
Вариант III I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite; б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. A new system enables researchers to carry out complicated tests. 2. The Internet, a global web of computer connections, uses various networks to deliver texts, sound and images. 3. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular. II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным. 1. Mass production refers to manufacturing process with an assembly line. 2. Most castings (отливки) serve as details or component parts of complex machines and products. 3. Internal combustion engines (двигатели внутреннего сгорания) use petroleum as fuel. III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier. 2. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry. 3. The stronger the magnet, the greater the distance through which it acts. 4. When Mars is at its greatest distance from the Earth it is nearly as bright as the Polar Star. IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. The experiment added nothing new to our knowledge of the properties of this substance. 2. Any scientist realizes the importance of this invention. 3. Somebody told me that many specialists wanted to take part in this research. 4. The researcher measures everything with a great degree of accuracy. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо- временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. There were not many changes in the properties of the substance. 2. We use metals for a variety of engineering purposes. 3. The life of the machine-tool will depend on the care of the operator. VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Four Industrial RevolutionsMechanical engineering (1) is the most general of the engineering (2) disciplines. It is connected with mechanisms, machines and energy conversions. The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the man first tried to make machines. We call the earlier rollers, levers (3) and pulleys (4) the work of mechanical engineering. People used slave labour to construct and operate the great engineering works of ancient times. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water and some animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from the first Industrial Revolution. The first Industrial Revolution took place in England between 1760 and 1840. Metal became the main material of the engineer instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This power drove railway engines and ships. James Watt was the key figure (5) in the early development of steam engines. He devised (6) the concept of horsepower (7) to calculate the amount of work his machines performed. In the second Industrial Revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the main technical force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control than steam. At that period such new industries as chemical and electrical engineering, as well as production methods such as semi-automatic (8) assembly lines appeared. In the 19th century the engineers began to combine scientific research and practical application of its results on a vast scale (9). The third Industrial Revolution coincided with the advent (10) of automation. The first stage of automation – mechanization, or the use of machines to do the work of animals or people, was introduced into all manufacturing processes (11). There are six basic kinds of mechanization. Classification depends on whether machines, or combination of animals and people, are responsible for the three main elements that occur in every type of activity – power, action and control. Around the middle of the last century there occured a great scientific invention in the world. The electronic computer influenced all spheres of life. We can’t imagine our life without computers. What is the fourth Industrial Revolution? It will be characterized by automated machines that are versatile and programmable. The machines will perform work according to different sets of computer instructions. It will be characterized by flexible, automated machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots. Now we are entering the fourth Industrial Revolution. Пояснения к тексту: 1. mechanical engineering - машиностроение 2. engineering - техника, конструирование машин, машиностроение, инженерное дело, строительство 3. lever - рычаг 4. pulley - шкиф, блок, ролик 5. the key figure - ключевая фигура 6. to devise - изобретать 7. horsepower - лошадиная сила 8. semi-automatic - полуавтоматические сборочные линии 9. on a vast scale - в большом масштабе 10. advent - приход, появление 11. manufacturing process - производственный процесс VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
Вариант IV I. Перепишите следующие предложения; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица ед. числа глагола в Present Indefinite; б) признаком мн. числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. This kind of treatment makes the metals heat-resistant. 2. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man. 3. Newton’s famous work “Principia” resulted from 40 years of experimental work. II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным. 1. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders. 2. Research work develops scientific thinking. 3. Tool life depends on a number of factors. III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. 2. Steel contains a smaller proportion of carbon than cast iron (чугун). 3. The more you read, the more you enlarge your vocabulary. 4. Cast-iron is not so expensive as steel. IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. This plant employs some highly efficient equipment. 2. Every tool, machine and material stems directly from (здесь: производится непосредственно) machine-tools. 3. Reliability (надежность) is a basic requirement of any instrument, plant or machine. 4. None of them knew these facts. V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-ременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Transport remains one of the largest branches in the general system of the world economy. 2. In 1781 James Watt produced a steam engine. 3. The plant will produce new types of engines in a few years. VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст. |
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