Методические рекомендации по выполнению контрольных работ по английскому языку для студентов зфо цель методических указаний помочь Вам в Вашей самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения и перевода литературы по специальности на английском языке.
Скачать 456.37 Kb.
|
AutomationAutomation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. Automation is the third phase in the development of technology that began with the industrialization of the 18th century. First came mechanization which created the factory system and separated labour and management in production. Mass production came next. It was a technology based on principles of production and organization. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line (1), usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives (2) moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks. Automation is a technology based on communication, computation and control. Automation was first applied to industry in continuous – process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor. The truly automated devices must possess one or more of the following elements: system approach, programmability, feedback (3). With a system approach, an automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. People are not required. Thus, transfer lines (4) are different from assembly lines where people are very much in evidence. With programmability, modern automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to operate such equipment. Finally, feedback makes an automatic device vary its routine (5) according to changes that take place around it. Using feedback devices (sensors), machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. Computers have greatly facilitated (6) the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer – aided design and computer – aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies (7). When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part. Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) (8). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. The automation technology has a great influence on all areas of the economy. Nevertheless each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs. Пояснения к тексту:
VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
Вариант IV
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, содержащие герундий.
IV. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода глаголов в форме сослагательного наклонения.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
VI. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Robot TechnologyThe term “robot” is derived from the Czech word “robota”, meaning “compulsory labour”. It was first used by Czech playwright Karel Čapek, who in 1920 wrote a drama about machines that could move like human beings – and do their work. Robot is a computer – controlled machine that is programmed to move, manipulate objects, and accomplish work while interacting with its environment. Robots are able to perform repetitive tasks more quickly, cheaply, and accurately than humans. An industrial robot is a unit which has movement functions with a high degree of freedom similar to human arms and hands and is able to move autonomously on the basis of sense and perception. Today practically all sectors of the economy and industry are looking forward to introducing industrial robots. But robot building is not simple and certainly not cheap. If every sector begins to build its own robots, it will be impossible to avoid unnecessary duplication of research and development, and large sums will be wasted. Therefore the need is to concentrate all efforts in robot technology in one pair of hands, in a powerful inter-sectoral scientific and technical organization. Only in this way it is possible to ensure the maximum standardization of production of industrial robots and multipurpose automatic manipulators. There are two rational ways in the field of robotics. The first one is to build standardized modules – unified elements on the basis of which it will be easy to assemble, in different combinations, robots for the most varied of purposes. The second way is to create an inter-sectoral exchange fund of robots so that research and development of designers in different technical fields should be within the reach of all interested organizations and enterprises. The robots are divided into three generations: programmed, adaptive and intellectual. Characteristic of the first generation – the programmed robots – is that their control system acts according to a rigid oft-repeated programme all the time. But the programmed robots are easily returned to various action programmes. The adaptive robots, robots of the second generation, have been already worked out and will be widely applied in production at the close of this and the beginning of the next decade. Their fundamental difference from the first robot generation is the appearance of artificial sensors, which give the adaptive robots the ability to see, to hear and feel. The possibilities of them are immeasurably (1) greater than the robots of the first generation. The third generation – intellectual robots – will be able to perform intricate (2) selective operations, and carry out practically autonomous work, not depending on the operator. Robots with artificial intelligence will be able to identify objects in a pile, select the objects in the appropriate sequence and assemble them into a unit. And then we shall be able to speak about a robot revolution in the economy, about a many-fold (3) increase of labour productivity, and the advent of a new age of industrial production – the age of fully automated enterprises and maybe, whole branches of industry. Robot technology as seen from the text above refers to the art and science of creation and use of robots. Today robots play a major role in welding, press-forming, coating and other operations, particularly in the automotive industry. Robots are used in a lot of manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories:
The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications. Пояснения к тексту:
VII. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
|
Похожие:
 | Методические рекомендации предназначены для студентов, обучающихся по экспериментальной программе по английскому языку, в их самостоятельной... |  | Выполнение контрольных работ способствует развитию навыков перевода с иностранного языка на русский язык, что является одной из задач... |
| Графическое образование является составляющей частью технической подготовки студентов и предполагает выработку определенных навыков... | | ... |
| Методические указания и материалы по организации самостоятельной работы студентов по английскому языку разработаны на основе Федерального... | | Методическое пособие предназначено для студентов заочного факультета технических специальностей. Цели методического пособия развитие... |
| Практикум по выполнению практических работ, предназначен для формирования у студентов профессиональных умений и навыков: применять... | | Практикум по выполнению практических работ, предназначен для формирования у студентов профессиональных умений и навыков: применять... |
| «Оренбургский государственный университет» в качестве методических указаний для студентов, обучающихся по программе высшего профессионального... | | Методические указания предназначены для студентов I курса всех специальностей гапоу рб "Уфимский медицинский колледж" для организации... |