9. Методические указания для обучающихся по освоению дисциплины
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Non-verbal CommunicationAccording to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands on nonverbal cues and behaviors including postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hairstyles, nonverbal details reveal who we are and impact how we relate to other people. Scientific research on nonverbal communication and behavior began with the 1872 publication of Charles Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Since that time, there has been an abundance of research on the types, effects, and expression of unspoken communication and behavior. While these signals are often so subtle that we are not consciously aware of them, research has identified several different types of nonverbal communication. 1. Facial Expression Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are similar throughout the world. 2. Gestures Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate number amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture. 3. Paralinguistics Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection, and pitch. Consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone of voice might convey disapproval and a lack of interest. 4. Body Language and Posture Posture and movement can also convey a great deal on information. Research on body language has grown significantly since the 1970’s, but popular media have focused on the over-interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing, especially after the publication of Julius Fast’s book Body Language. While these nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and attitudes, research suggests that body language is far more subtle and less definitive that previously believed. 5. Proxemics People often refer to their need for “personal space,” which is also an important type of nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the other hand, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around 10 to 12 feet. 6. Eye Gaze Looking, staring, and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. When people encounter people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils dilate. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest, and attraction. 7. Haptics Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy and early childhood. Harry Harlow’s classic monkey study demonstrated how the deprivation of touch and contact impedes development. Baby monkeys raised by wire mothers experienced permanent deficits in behavior and social interaction. 8. Appearance Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles, and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of nonverbal communication. Research on color psychology has demonstrated that different colors can invoke different moods. Appearance can also alter physiological reactions, judgment, and interpretations. Presentation trainer PREPARATION Checklist - Organization Date & time: Length of time for talk: Questions at end? If yes, length of time for questions: Place / Room: Room set-up:  [_] [_] [_] Equipment needed: Is it available? [_] Does it work? [_] Audience
Handouts no [_] yes / before talk [_] at end of talk [_] later (intranet/email) [_] Checklist - Contents Topic: Three main points 1 2 3 Purpose of talk: (What do I want to do?) [_] Inform the audience [_] Train the audience [_] Sell something to the audience [_] Persuade the audience to do something Importance to audience: What do I want audience to know by the end of talk: Preparing visuals How many visuals will I have? Do they say (or show) what I want to say? [_] Are they clear and simple to understand? [_] Will the audience be able to read them (font size and colours)? [_] Do they have effective headlines? [_] Is there as little text as possible? [_] Have I remembered the rule of six? [_] TRAINER Introduction Welcome audience. Introduce yourself (name, position / function). State your topic. Say why your topic is important for the audience. Describe the structure of your talk (the main points and when you will be dealing with them). Say how long the talk will be. Say when you will answer questions. Say whether there are handouts. TIP Remember how to make effective openings: start with a rhetorical question, a story or an amazing fact, or give the audience a problem to think about. Main part Briefly state your topic and objective(s) again. Then introduce your three (or two or?) main points and give details. Main point 1: Main point 2: Main point 3: Signal the end of the main part. REMEMBER TO:
BULLET CHARTS?
GRAPHS, TABLES, PIE CHARTS, ETC?
Conclusion Signal the end of your talk. Summarize the key points. Highlight one important point. Explain the significance. Make your final statement. Invite questions. Dealing with questions
TIP Remember how to make effective conclusions: end with a question or a quote from a famous person, finish a story you started at the beginning of your talk or call the audience to action. TIP Remember, when answering questions during or after your talk:
EVALUATION Checklist - Feedback Organization Was my presentation the right length? too long [_] too short [_] just right [_] Was there time for questions at the end (if relevant)? too long [_] too short [_] just right [_] TIP Use this checklist after a practice talk or an actual talk to evaluate your own performance! Communication How was my body language? good [_] bad [_] Why?____________________________________________ How well did I deal with nervousness? well [_] not well [_] Why?___________________________________________________ Did the audience understand me? yes, all the time [_] yes, most of the time [_] yes, some of the time [_] no [_] Did I have trouble expressing myself in English? yes, all the time [_] yes, most of the time [_] yes, some of the time [_] no [_] What were some words or phrases I needed but didn't know? Look them up! Parts of the presentation Introduction Did I tell the audience the purpose of my talk? yes [_] no [_] Did I explain the structure of my talk? yes [_] no [_] Did I tell the audience why the talk was relevant to them? yes [_] no [_] • How can I improve the introduction?_____________________________________ Main part Did I state my main points clearly? yes [_] no [_] Did I use effective signposting? yes [_] no [_] Did I emphasize key points? yes [_] no [_] Did I summarize key points after each section? yes [_] no [_] Did I present my visuals well? yes [_] no [_] • How can I improve the main part?________________________________________ Conclusion Did I summarize the key points? yes [_] no [_] Did I tell the audience what to do (call to action)? yes [_] no [_] Did I leave a lasting impression? yes [_] no [_] • How can I improve the conclusion? ______________________________________ Questions How well did I deal with questions? very well [_] well [_] fairly well [_] badly [_]
Useful phrases and vocabulary INTRODUCTION Welcoming the audience Good morning/afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Hello/Hi everyone. First of all, let me thank you all for coming here today. It's a pleasure to welcome you today. I'm happy/delighted that so many of you could make it today. It's good to see you all here. Introducing yourself Let me introduce myself. I'm Ann Brown from ... For those of you who don't know me, my name is ... Let me just start by introducing myself. My name is ... Giving your position, function, department, company As some of you know, I'm the purchasing manager. I'm the key account manager here and am responsible for ... I'm here in my function as the head of ... I'm the project manager in charge of ... Introducing your topic What I'd like to present to you today is ... I'm here today to present ... Today's topic is ... The subject/topic of my presentation is ... In my presentation I would like to report on ... In my talk I'll tell you about ... Today I'm going to talk about ... I'll be talking about ... Saying why your topic is relevant for your audience Today's topic is of particular interest to those of you/ us who ... My talk is particularly relevant to those of us who ... My topic is/will be very important for you because ... By the end of this talk you will be familiar with ... Stating your purpose The purpose/objective/aim of this presentation is to ... Our goal is to determine how/the best way to ... What I want to show you is ... My objective is to ... Today I'd like to give you an overview of ... Today I'll be showing you/reporting on ... I'd like to update you on/inform you about ... During the next few hours we'll be ... Structuring I've divided my presentation into three (main) parts. In my presentation I'll focus on three major issues. Sequencing Point one deals with ..., point two ..., and point three ... First, I'll be looking at ..., second ..., and third ... I'll begin/start off by ... . Then I'll move on to ... Then/Next/After that ... I'll end with ... Timing My presentation will take about 30 minutes. It will take about 20 minutes to cover these issues. This won't take more than ... Handouts Does everybody have a handout/brochure/copy of the report? Please take one and pass them on. Don't worry about taking notes. I've put all the important statistics on a handout for you. I'll be handing out copies of the slides at the end of my talk. I can email the PowerPoint presentation to anybody who wants it. Questions There will be time for questions after my presentation. We will have about 10 minutes for questions in the question and answer period. If you have any questions, feel free to interrupt me at any time. Feel free to ask questions at any time during my talk. EFFECTIVE OPENINGS Rhetorical questions Is market research important for brand development? Do we really need quality assurance? Interesting facts According to an article I read recently, ... Did you know that ... ? I'd like to share an amazing fact/figure with you. Stories and anecdotes I remember when I attended a meeting in Paris, ... At a conference in Madrid, I was once asked the following question: ... Let me tell you what happened to me ... Problem to think about Suppose you wanted to .... How would you go about it? Imagine you had to .... What would be your first step? THE MIDDLE/MAIN PART Saying what is coming In this part of my presentation, I'd like to talk about ... So, let me first give you a brief overview. Indicating the end of a section This brings me to the end of my first point. So much for point two. So, that's the background on ... That's all I wanted to say about ... Summarizing a point Before I move on, I'd like to recap the main points. Let me briefly summarize the main issues. I'd like to summarize what I've said so far ... Moving to the next point This leads directly to my next point. This brings us to the next question. Let's now move on/turn to ... After examining this point, let's turn to ... Let's now take a look at ... Going back As I said/mentioned earlier, ... Let me come back to what I said before ... Let's go back to what we were discussing earlier. As I've already explained, ... As I pointed out in the first section, ... Referring to other points I have a question in connection with/concerning payment. There are a few problems regarding the quality. With respect/regard to planning, we need more background information. According to the survey, our customer service needs reviewing. Adding ideas In addition to this, I'd like to say that our IT business is going very well. Moreover/Furthermore, there are other interesting facts we should take a look at. Apart from being too expensive, this model is too big. Talking about (difficult) issues I think we first need to identify the problem. Of course we'll have to clarify a few points before we start. We will have to deal with the problem of increasing prices. How shall we cope with unfair business practices? The question is: why don't we tackle the distribution problems? If we don't solve this problem now, we'll get/run into serious trouble soon. We will have to take care of this problem now. We are currently having difficulties with ... Rhetorical questions What conclusion can we draw from this? So, what does this mean? So, just how good are the results? So, how are we going to deal with this increase? So, where do we go from here? Why do I say that? Because ... Do we really want to miss this opportunity to ...? DESCRIBING VISUALS Introducing a visual Let's now look at the next slide which shows ... To illustrate this, let's have a closer look at ... The chart on the following slide shows ... I have a slide here that shows ... The problem is illustrated in the next bar chart ... According to this graph, our net profit has doubled. You can see the test results in this table. As you can see here, ... Explaining a visual First, let me quickly explain the graph. You can see that different colours have been used to indicate ... The new models are listed across the bottom. The biggest segment indicates ... The key in the bottom left-hand corner ... Highlighting information I'd like to stress/highlight/emphasize the following point(s). I'd like to start by drawing your attention to ... Let me point out that ... I think you'll be surprised to see that ... I'd like you to focus your attention on ... What's really important here is ... What I'd like to point out here is ... Let's look more closely at ... Describing trends Sales increased slightly in summer. Consumer spending fell/declined sharply. Interest rates have risen steadily. Food prices went up significantly. There was a sudden increase in prices. In August, we saw a moderate fall. This was followed by a gradual decline. There was a sharp slump in sales. Ticket sales have started picking up. Explaining purpose We introduced this method to increase flexibility. The purpose of this step is to expand to foreign markets. Our aim was to ... Explaining cause and effect What's the reason for this drastic decrease? The unexpected drop was caused by ... This was because of ... As a consequence/Consequently, sales went up significantly. As a result ... The venture resulted in a sharp fall in share prices. Our new strategy has led to an increase of 10%. CONCLUSION DEALING WITH QUESTIONS Indicating the end of your talk I'm now approaching/nearing the end of my presentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. That covers just about everything I wanted to say about ... OK, I think that's everything I wanted to say about ... As a final point, I'd like to ... Finally, I'd like to highlight one key issue. Summarizing points Before I stop, let me go over the key issues again. Just to summarize the main points of my talk ... I'd like to run through my main points again ... To conclude/In conclusion, I'd like to ... To sum up (then), we ... Making recommendations We'd suggest ... We therefore (strongly) recommend that ... In my opinion, we should ... Based on the figures we have, I'm quite certain that. Inviting questions Are there any questions? We just have time for a few questions. And now I'll be happy to answer any questions you may have. EFFECTIVE CONCLUSIONS Quoting a well-known person As ... once said, ... To quote a well-known businessman, ... To put it in the words of ... Referring back to the beginning Remember what I said at the beginning of my talk today? Let me just go back to the story I told you earlier. Remember, ... Clarifying questions I'm afraid I didn't (quite) catch that. I'm sorry, could you repeat your question, please? So, if I understood you correctly, you would like to know whether ... So, in other words you would like to know whether ... If I could just rephrase your question. You'd like to know ... Does that answer your question? Avoiding giving an answer If you don't mind, could we discuss that on another occasion? I'm afraid that's not really what we're discussing today. Well, actually I'd prefer not to discuss that today. Admitting you don't know Sorry, I don't know that off the top of my head. I'm afraid I'm not in a position to answer that question at the moment. I'm afraid I don't know the answer to your question, but I'll try to find out for you. Sorry, that's not my field. But I'm sure Peter Bott from Sales could answer your question. Postponing questions If you don't mind, I'll deal with/come back to this point later in my presentation. Can we get back to this point a bit later? I'd prefer to answer your question in the course of my presentation. Would you mind waiting until the question and answer session at the end? Perhaps we could go over this after the presentation. Summarizing after interruptions Before we go on, let me briefly summarize the points we've discussed. So, now I'd like to return to what we were discussing earlier. USEFUL WORDS (IN CONTEXT) to clarify Before we go on, let me clarify one point. to focus on We need to focus on customer service. to highlight Let me highlight the following points. to illustrate This chart illustrates our success story. to indicate The figures on the left indicate sales in France. to lead to This leads to my next point. to mention As I mentioned earlier, our staff is well-qualified. to move on to Let's now move on to the next question. to note Please note that prices rose slightly. to notice You'll notice a sharp drop in August. to pass on Here are the handouts. Please take one and pass them on. to rise House prices rose by 5% last year. to solve How can we solve this problem? to summarize Before I go on, let me summarize the key issues. to update I'd like to update you on the project status. Presentation Outline Template © 2001 Bill Symes, Clackamas Community College |
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