Базовый курс beginnerS (A1) часть 1 Методические указания для студентов первого курса всех технических специальностей новосибирск
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Слова к тексту: 1. impression (n) [ım´pre∫n] – впечатление 2. formal (adj) [fכ:ml] – официальный, правильный 3. careful (adj) [kεəfl] – внимательный, осторожный 4. price (n) [praıs] – цена 5. about (prep) [ə´baut] – примерно, приблизительно 6. violence (n) [´vaıələns] – насилие, жестокость 7. violent (adj) [´vaıələnt] – жестокий, склонный к насилию 8. a bit [bıt] – немного 9. polite (adj) [pə´laıt] – вежливый 10. Brooklyn, Bronx (n) – Бруклин, Бронкс – районы Нью-Йорка 11. lock (n) [lכk] – замок, запор 12. subway (n) [´sbweı] – метро 13. hardworking (adj) [hα:d´wə:kıη] – трудолюбивый 14. except for [ık´sept] – за исключением, кроме того 15. society (n) [sə´saıətı] – общество 16. behave (v) [bı´heıv] – вести себя 17. frequently (adv) [´frı:kwəntlı] – часто 18. attitude (n) [´ætıtju:d] – отношение 19. bill (n) [bıl] – счет Заполните таблицу, используя информацию текста, и сравните впечатления двух людей: в каких областях они имеют одинаковые или различные точки зрения на жизнь в Великобритании.
TEXT № 2  MoscowMoscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population of the city is about 9.5 million people. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of our country works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square kilometres. We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow-Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of Azov. Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories and plants in it. One of the best known plants produces many lorries, and the other one produces cars. Moscow is a cultural centre. There are a lot of theatres, museums, institutes, libraries and cinemas in Moscow. The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the most famous theatres all over the world. If you are fond of painting, you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and landscapes there. We say the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian art. Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents there. One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments in Moscow. It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as monuments to the great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printer Ivan Fedorov. Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from all over the world come to see these monuments. One of the highest buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It was founded in 1755 by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. Transport... Moscow is a very big city and its transport must be comfortable and fast. One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolleybuses, trams in the streets of our city. The Moscow metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient one. There are nine railway stations in Moscow and some airports around the city. There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki. Many competitions and football matches are held there. The Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It is a big complex for sport games. I live in Moscow and I am proud of this city. Слова к тексту:
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TEXT № 3 Living in the Skies Louise Hidalgo considers life in the 21st century, with two-kilometre high buildings, and Japanese cities that touch the sky. Imagine a building one third of the height of Mount Everest, built by robots, and containing a whole city. Imagine you can walk out of your front door in a T-shirt and shorts on a cold winter's day and take a lift down 500 floors to school. Imagine you can see the sea a mile below you. Imagine you can never open a window. Imagine... Well, if Japanese architects find enough money for their project, in the 21st century you'll be able to live in a building like that. Ohbayashi Gumi has designed a two-kilometre high building, Aeropolis, which will stand right in the middle of Tokyo Bay. Over 300,000 people will live in it. It will be 500 floors high, and in special lifts it will take just 15 minutes to get from top to bottom. Restaurants, offices, flats, cinemas, schools, hospitals, and post offices will all be just a few lift stops away. According to the architects, Aeropolis will be the first 'city to touch the skies'. 'When we get to the end of this century, Tokyo will have a population of over 15 million people,' said design manager Mr Shuzimo. 'There isn't enough land in Japan. We're going to start doing tests to find the best place to build it. I hope people will like living on the 500th floor.' Won’t people want to have trees and flowers around them? 'We're going to have green floors, where children can play and office workers can eat their lunch-break sandwiches,' explained Mr Shuzimo. What about fires? 'If there is a fire, it will be put out by robots. I hope we'll get the money we need to build. As soon as we do, we'll start. This will be the most exciting building in the world.’ Appendix 2 Supplementary Texts (Ecological Problems of Modern Cities) TEXT № 1 The Protection of Nature Nature is the source of Man's life since ancient times. People lived in harmony with environment for thousands of years and thought that natural riches were unlimited. The development of civilisation increased man's harmful interference in nature. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe and the water we drink. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Beautiful old forests disappear forever. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and rivers dry up. The pollution of air and destruction of the ozone layer are the results of man's attitude towards Nature. The protection of the environment is a universal concern. We must be very active to create a serious system of ecological security. Слова к тексту: destruction (n) – разрушение dry up (v) – высыхать harmful interference – вредное воздействие industrial enterprises – промышленные предприятия natural riches – природные богатства ozone 1ауer [´əuzəun ´leıə] – озоновый слой rare (adj) – редкий source (n) [´sכ:s] – источник substances (n) – вещества suffer (v) – страдать universal concern – всеобщая забота upset (v) – зд. нарушать Ответьте на вопросы:
TEXT № 2 Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect is the term for the role the atmosphere in warming the earth’s surface. The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave solar radiation, which heats the earth’s surface. Much of this radiation is reflected back by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone in the atmosphere. This heating effect is at the root of the theories concerning global warming. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing by 0.4 per cent a year because of the use of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. The cutting of tropical forests has also been a contributing factor in the carbon cycle. Other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, such as methane and halocarbons, are increasing even faster. The net effect of these increases could be a worldwide rise in temperature, estimated at 2˚ to 6˚ C (4˚ to 11˚ F) over the next 100 years. Warming of this magnitude would alter climates throughout the world, affect crop production, and cause sea levels to rise significantly. If this happened, millions of people would be badly affected by flooding. Слова к тексту: absorb (v) [əb´sכ:b] – поглощать alter (v) [´כ:ltə] – изменять affect (v) – влиять be affected by – подвергаться воздействию чего-либо carbon dioxide [´kα:bən daı´oksaıd] – двуокись углерода, углекислый газ cause (v) – послужить причиной/поводом для чего-либо contribute (v) – содействовать, способствовать estimate (v) – оценивать flood (n) [fld] – наводнение fossil (n) [fכsl] – ископаемое greenhouse effect – парниковый эффект halocarbons (n) [´hælokα:bənz] – хлороуглероды heating effect – эффект нагревания magnitude (n) – величина methane (n)[´mi:θeın] – метан net effect – суммарный эффект nitrous oxide [´naıtrəs´ oksaıd] – окись азота root (n) – корень surface (n) [´sə:fıs] – поверхность transparent [træns´pεərənt] – прозрачный Ответьте на вопросы:
ТЕХТ № З Global Warming Global warming is an increase in the earth's temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and other industrial processes leading to a build-up of "greenhouse gases" (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere. It has been known since 1896 that carbon dioxide helps stop the sun's infrared radiation from escaping into space and thus functions to maintain the Earth's relatively warm temperature (this is called the greenhouse effect). The question is whether the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to elevated global temperatures, which could result major climatic changes, and have serious problems for agricultural productivity. Since 1850 there has been a mean rise in global temperature of approximately 1˚ C (1.8˚ F), but this rise could just be part of a natural fluctuation. Such fluctuations have been recorded for tens of thousands of years. The potencial concequences of global warming are so great that many of the world’s top scientists have insisted on immediate action and have called for international cooperation on the problem. Слова к тексту: built-up (n) – накопление, увеличение consequence (n) – (по)следствие due to (prep) – благодаря, вследствие, в результате elevated (p.II) – повышенный fluctuation (n) – колебание insist on (v) – настаивать на mean (adj) – средний Ответьте на вопросы:
TEXT № 4 The Environment and Pollution It was in Britain that the word 'smog' was first used (to describe a mixture of smoke and fog). As the world's first industrialized country, its cities were the first to suffer this atmospheric condition. In the nineteenth century London's 'pea-soupers' (thick smogs) became famous through descriptions of them in the works of Charles Dickens and in the Sherlock Holmes stories. The situation in London reached its worst point in 1952. At the end of that year a particularly bad smog, which lasted for several days, was estimated to have caused between 4,000 and 8,000 deaths. Water pollution was also a problem. In the nineteenth century it was once suggested that the Houses of Parliament should be wrapped in enormous wet sheets to protect those inside from the awful smell of the River Thames. In the middle years of this century, the first thing that happened to people who fell into the Thames was that they were rushed to hospital to have their stomachs pumped out! Then, during the 1960s and 1970s, laws were passed which forbade the heating of homes with open coal fires in city areas and which stopped much of the pollution from factories. At one time, a scene of fog in a Hollywood film was all that was necessary to symbolize London. This image is now out of date, and by the end of the 1970s it was said to be possible to catch fish in the Thames outside Parliament. However, as in the rest of western Europe, the great increase in the use of the motor car in the last quarter of the twentieth century has caused an increase in a new kind of air pollution. This problem has become so serious that the television weather forecast now regularly issues warnings of 'poor air quality'. On some occasions it is bad enough to prompt official advice that certain people (such as asthma sufferers) should not even leave their houses, and that nobody should take any vigorous exercise, such as jogging, out of doors. |
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