2.5. Сопоставьте слова в колонке А с их определениями в колонке В по образцу:
3. garbbage can b. a special can for garbage
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A
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B
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1. litter
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a. garbage on the ground or in the street
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2. jail
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b. a special can for garbage
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3. garbage can
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c. everything that a person can see
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4. view
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d. sickness
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5. fine
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e. to manage or to stop
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6. litterbug
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f. money people pay as punishment
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7. disease
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g. a place people stay as punishment
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8. control
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h. a person who throws litter
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9. pollute
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i. to make air, water or land too dirty and dangerous for people to use it
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2.6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Are there any ecological problems in your city (town)?
2. What are they?
3. Is pollution dangerous to people’s health?
4. Do people in your city (town) throw litter on the streets?
2.7. Прочитайте первую часть текста, обращая внимание на глаголы в Present Continuous. Выпишите 4-5 предложений.
Pollution Is Spoiling the Air You Breathe
Pollution is hanging like a brown cloud over New York today. Dirt and smoke are coming from cars and factories. Pollution is spoiling the air we breathe, and it’s harming our health. New York has a big problem these days. The city has dirty air. The air smells bad, and it looks ugly. Pollution is a health problem, too, because it’s hurting people’s lungs.
2.8. Выписанные предложения с глаголами в Present Continuous переделайте в
а) отрицательные;
в) вопросительные.
2.9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту, используя Present Continuous или Present Simple.
1. What is hanging like a brown cloud over New York today?
2. Where are the dirt and smoke coming from?
3. What is pollution doing to our air and to our health?
4. Is pollution harming our health?
5. What problem does New York have?
6. How does the air smell and look?
7. Why is pollution a health problem?
8. Does the city have dirty air?
2.10. Прочитайте 2-ю часть текста, обращая внимание на нижеследующие глаголы, которые, как правило, не используются в Present Continuous и заменяются на Present Simple.
-
to like
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– нравиться
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to hate
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– ненавидеть
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to hear
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– слышать
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to know
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– знать
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to see
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– видеть
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to believe
|
– полагать
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to want
|
– хотеть
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to understand
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– понимать
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to feel
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– чувствовать
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to smell
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– чувствовать запах, нюхать,
пахнуть
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to have
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– иметь (кроме устойчивых
словосочетаний, например: to have
lunch, to have a good time)
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to think
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– думать
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Например: He has a car.
но: He is having lunch now.
Например: What do you think of the new film?
но: What are you thinking about?
This man thinks that pollution is dangerous. He doesn't like the air, so he isn't breathing it. He's wearing a gas mask. He's smelling a flower, and it smells good, but he doesn't know it. He's touching the flower with his mask, and the flower feels soft, but he doesn't know it. He's listening for birds, but he doesn't hear any. He's looking for beauty, but he doesn't see any. He believes that pollution is coming between us and the beauty of nature. He's trying to show his ideas with the gas mask. He wants people to work together now and to make the air cleaner soon.
2.11. Найдите в тексте предложения с вышеперечисленными
(в упр. 2.10) глаголами и переведите их.
2.12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту, обращая внимание на употребление времени (Present Simple или Present Continuous). Дайте краткие и полные ответы.
Например:
1. Is he breathing the air? – No, he isn’t. He isn’t breathing the air.
или
2. Does he like the air? – No, he doesn’t. He doesn’t like the air.
3. Is he thinking about pollution?
4. Does he think pollution is dangerous?
5. Is he looking at the smoke?
6. Does the smoke look beautiful?
7. Is he smelling the flower?
8. Does the flower smell good?
9. Is he listening for birds?
10. Does he hear any birds?
11. Is he looking for beauty?
12. Does he see any beauty?
2.13. Ответьте вопросы по тексту.
1. Why is the man wearing a gas mask?
2. Why doesn't he like the air?
3. What does he think about pollution?
4. What is he trying to do?
2.14. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Поставьте глаголы в нужной форме, используя Present Simple or Present Continuous.
think about/ I /litter
think/ litter is ugly /I
toys/the children/have/
a good time /the children/have/
new clothes /the designer /look at/
beautiful /new clothes /look/
a dog /blind (слепой) man /look for/
a dog/blind/man/see
listen to/ musician / the instrument
an instrument/ musician /hear/
meal /cook /smell/
ready to eat/food /smell/
2.15. Прочитайте и поймите основное содержание текста. Подберите соответствующий заголовок для каждой части текста:
We can do it.
Breathing problems.
No clean water – no life.
This spoils the view of the cities.
Ecological Problems in Our Cities
Modern cities have a lot of environmental problems. The most important of them are litter, air and water pollution.
Litter is garbage – like food, paper and cans – on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People don't always put their garbage in the garbage can. It's easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.
Litter is a health problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.
Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they work together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay а fine, and sometimes they go to jail.
Two famous sayings in the United States are: "Don't be a litter-bug!" and "Every litter bit hurts!"
Another big problem is water pollution. Do you like swimming in the sea or drinking a cool glass of water on a hot day? These simple things may soon become a thing of the past. Factories are polluting our rivers and lakes with dangerous chemicals. They can penetrate into drinking water and harm our health too.
Air pollution is another important problem. The cars and factories in and around our cities are giving off dangerous fumes. In the past few years more and more people than before have developed allergies and breathing problems. If we don’t do something now, our cities will become impossible to live in.
Fortunately, it is not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to prepare the way for a better, cleaner and safer life in cities. We can plant trees and create parks. Scientists and engineers should work hard to find ways to decrease the amount of pollution, caused by cars and factories. We can put pressure on those in power to take action. Together we can do a lot. All we need to do is open our eyes and act immediately.
Слова к тексту:
allergies (n) – аллергия, повышенная чувствительность
penetrate (v) – проникать
2.16. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:
a) легче выбросить бумагу, чем найти урну для неё;
b) пища и отбросы привлекают животных;
с) они никогда не бросают мусор сами;
d) мусор является нарушением закона;
e) они могут проникнуть в питьевую воду;
f) в городах и вокруг них выделяются опасные газы;
g) в наших городах невозможно будет жить;
h) сажать деревья и создавать парки;
i) чтобы найти пути для уменьшения объема загрязнения;
j) оказывать давление на тех, кто у власти.
2.17. Найдите в тексте антонимы следующим словам:
to improve
to do good
beautiful
safety
cleanliness
health
to award
freedom
grant
fresh air
2.18. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
A. 1. Do you always throw garbage in the garbage can?
2. Do you usually help to clean up the litter?
3. Does litter always spoil the view?
4. Do litter bugs usually go to jail?
5. Do your friends throw litter on the ground?
B. 1. Do you like to swim in clean water of a lake or river?
2. Do you like to drink a cool glass of water on a hot day?
3. Why is water becoming polluted?
4. What should we do to stop or decrease polluting our rivers and lakes? C. 1. Do people suffer from polluted air?
2. What are the sources of air pollution?
3. Can polluted air cause any diseases?
4. What should be done to lessen air pollution?
D. 1. What should engineers and scientists do to decrease the amount
of pollution?
2. Can we put pressure on our government to take action?
3. What should we do immediately?
2.19. Расскажите об экологических проблемах вашего города (села). Что делается (или не делается) для улучшения ситуации? Что вы можете сделать сами?
Лексический минимум к модулю II
(Living in a big city)
accommodation (n)
|
ecology (n)
environment (n)
|
advantage (n)
|
expensive (adj)
|
advantage of (over)
|
feed (v) (fed)
|
air (n)
|
feel (v) (felt)
|
fresh air
|
feel bored
|
be able to do smth
|
feel lonely
|
beauty (n)
|
find (v) (found)
|
breathe (v)
|
find accommodation
|
cheap (adj)
|
fine (n) (v)
|
choice (n)
|
fume (n)
|
wide choice
|
garbage (n)
|
city (n)
|
garbage can
|
city centre
|
gas mask
|
city-dweller (n)
|
hang (v) (hung)
|
control (v)
|
harm (n) (v)
|
country (n)
|
hurt (v) (hurt)
|
in the country
|
jail (n)
|
countryside (n)
in the countryside
|
job (n)
have a job
|
crowd (n)
|
well-paid job
|
crowd (v)
|
litter (n)
|
danger (n)
|
litterbug (n)
|
disease (n)
|
look for (v)
|
lungs (n)
|
punish(v)
|
noise (n)
|
relax (v)
|
noisy (adj)
|
rush hour
|
particularly (adv)
|
space (n)
|
pollute (v)
|
open space
|
polluted (p.II)
|
spoil (v)
|
pollution (n)
|
town (n)
|
prefer (v)
|
home town
|
prefer peace
|
ugly (adj)
|
Appendix 1
Supplementary texts
(Living in a big city)
TEXT № 1
First Impression
Diana Weston from Brooklyn, New York
«My first impression of Britain is that people are much more formal. For example, in the States we use first names almost immediately but here I have to be more careful. And British people are generally more polite.
A New Yorker says: “Give me the check, will you!” when he finishes a meal but here in Britain they say: “Excuse me. Do you think you could give me the bill?”
I don’t find a lot of difference in prices. They’re about the same as in the States. It’s the same with accommodation. I think it’s a bit cheaper in London than in New York but there’s not a lot of difference. One thing is clear, London is not as violent as New York. Some friends of mine who live in the Bronx have four locks on their door became they don’t feel safe even at their homes.
I prefer the subway here. It’s cleaner and quieter. On the whole I think London is more polluted than New York.
When it comes to work and business, my impression is that the British are much less hardworking than Americans. Sometimes I think the British don’t know what a day’s work means.»
Mr Yama from Osaka
«The prices here are about the same as in Japan, except for accommodation. In Japan the cost of accommodation is very high, much higher than in Britain. You also get more for your money here. For example, the houses, the flats and the gardens are much bigger. There is more open space here, too. In London there are lots of parks and the city isn’t as polluted as Tokyo. However, I think society here is more violent. You read every day in the newspapers about some violence on the streets.
As for the people, I think the British are less formal, not only in the way they behave, but also in the way they dress. People wear much more informal clothes here than in Japan.
When it comes to business, the Japanese work longer hours than the British, often twelve hours a day. But the interesting thing is that the British change jobs much more frequently than we do. In Japan you usually stay in the same company for your whole working life.»
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