Методические указания к контрольным заданиям для студентов агробиологических и агроинженерных направлений заочной формы обучения
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Cisgenic plantsWhile conventional transgenic plants are developed by introduction of a gene originating from distant, sexually incompatible species into the host genome, cisgenic plants contain genes which have been isolated either directly from the host species or from sexually compatible species. The new genes are however introduced using recombinant DNA methods2 and gene transfer.3 Principally the same result could be obtained by classical breeding4. However the disadvantage of classical breeding is that with one desired trait also a number of undesired traits5 are transferred and the number of backcrosses necessary to remove these undesired traits approaches infinity. Some scientist hope that the approval process of cisgenic plants might be simpler than that of proper transgenics, but it remains to be seen. Notes: 1cisgenic plants - цисгенные растения 2 recombinant DNA methods - смешанные методы ДНК 3gene transfer - пересадка гена 4 classical breeding - классическое выведение сорта 5undesired traits - нежелательная характерная черта Biological processThe use of GMOs has sparked significant controversy in many areas. Some groups or individuals see the generation and use of GMO as intolerable meddling with biological states or processes that have naturally evolved over long periods of time, while others are concerned about the limitations of modern science to fully comprehend all of the potential negative ramifications of genetic manipulation. FoodchainThe safety of GMOs in the foodchain1 has been questioned by some environmental groups, with concerns such as the possibilities that GMOs could introduce new allergens into foods, or contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance2. Although all studies conducted to date have shown no adverse health effects resulting from eating genetically modified foods, environmental groups still discourage consumption in many countries, claiming that GM foods are unnatural and therefore unsafe3. Such concerns have led to the adoption of laws and regulations that require safety testing of any new organism produced for human consumption. GM proponents note that because of the safety testing requirements imposed on GM foods, the risk of introducing a plant variety with a new allergene or toxin using genetic modification is much smaller than using traditional breeding processes. An example of an allergenic plant created using traditional breeding include is the kiwi. Notes: 1foodchain-магазины по продаже продовольствия 2antibiotic resistance- устойчивость к антибиотикам 3unnatural and unsafe- неестественный и небезопасный Trade in Europe and AfricaIn response to negative public opinion, it was announced to remove seed cereal business from Europe. Some African nations have refused emergency food aid from developed countries, fearing that the food is unsafe. During a conference in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, Kingsley Amoako, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA1), encouraged African nations to accept genetically modified food and expressed dissatisfaction in the public’s negative opinion of biotechnology. Notes: 1 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA)-экономическая комиссия по Африке при ООН. Вариант №4 Agricultural surpluses1 Chairman of the UK Food Group, accused some governments, especially the US administration, of using GM food aid as a way to dispose of unwanted agricultural surpluses. The UN blamed food companies2 of violating human rights, calling on governments to regulate these profit-driven firms. It is widely believed that the acceptance of biotechnology and genetically modified foods will also benefit rich research companies and could possibly benefit them more than consumers in underdeveloped nations. |
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