Методические указания к контрольным заданиям для студентов агробиологических и агроинженерных направлений заочной формы обучения
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The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. Legislative: The Federal Assembly is made up of the State Duma and the Federation Council. It adopts federal law, declares war, approves treaties, and has power of impeachment, by which it can remove the President. Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies. Judiciary: The Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of Arbitration and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president, interpret laws and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional. Leading political parties in Russia include United Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, and Fair Russia. Notes: to occupy – занимать surface – поверхность total area – общая площадь to wash – омывать to border – граничить с variety – разнообразие, множество scenery – пейзаж, ландшафт vast territory – обширная территория head of state – глава государства Legislative – законодательная Executive – исполнительная Judicial - судебная Вариант №3 THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) is the official name of the state which is situat ed in the British Isles. Thus, "Great Britain" is often the same as "Britain", or "the United Kingdom", or just "UK". It consists of four countries which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. You can see them on the map. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The UK is an island state. The two main islands are Great Britain (where England, Scotland and Wales are situated) and Ireland. Northern Ireland and the independent Irish Republic are there. The two islands are separated by the Irish Sea. The UK is also washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and the North Sea in the east. Everyone who was born in Britain is British. People from England are English. People from Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland are not English. They are Scottish or the Scotts Welsh and Irish. People from Scotland and Wales don't like it when they are called English. More than 56 million people live in Britain. Many of them live in big industrial cities like London, Manchester and Liv erpool, for example, are big industrial cities in the centre of England. But foreigners are often surprised by the fact that much of land in Britain is open country. There are many lone ly hills, quiet rivers, deep lakes and just farmlands especially in the south of the country. Everyone in Britain speaks English. But in some parts of Scotland and Wales people speak different languages as well. The Welsh are especially proud of their language. They like to speak Welsh, to sing songs in Welsh and when you travel you can see road signs in Welsh all over Wales. Everyone in the UK speaks English but they all speak it differently. A Scottish person has to listen carefully if he wants to understand a Londoner or a Welsh person. As you know, the flag of the United Kingdom is known as the Union Jack. It is made up of three crosses: the cross of St. George (the patron saint1 of England), the cross of St. An drew (the patron saint of Scotland) and the cross of St. Pat rick (the patron saint of Ireland). It is rather difficult to understand the British way of rul ing the country. In Britain the Queen is the Head of State, but in fact she doesn't rule the country as she has no power. The Queen is a symbol of the country history and its tradi tions. She is very rich. She travels about the United Kingdom meets different people and visits schools, hospitals and other special places. So do all the members of the Royal family: the Queen's husband, her son Prince Charles the Queen daughter Princess Anna, and Princess Margaret. At the beginning of the century many countries all over the world were ruled by Britain. All of them were included in to the British Empire and were its colonies. India, Pakistan, Ceylon, for example, were among them. Now these countries are independent states. But in 1949 Britain and the former colonies founded the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth in cludes many countries such as Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and others. The Queen of Great Britain is also the Head of Commonwealth and the queen of Canada, Austra lia, New Zealand. The real power in the country belongs to the British Par liament and to the British Government. The British Parlia ment has two 'houses': the House of Lords and the House of Commons.3 The House of Lords doesn't have much power but it is very important as it can offer and change laws, it can de lay laws too. The House of Commons makes laws about the policy of the country, taxes and many other things. The members of the House of Lords are not elected. These members are permanent. They are often aristocrats, peopled the church, lawyers and former politicians. The members of the House of Commons are elected. The British people elect 650 members of the House of Commons every five years. Notes: the Welsh — валлийцы (жители Уэльса) Welsh (the Welsh language) - валлийский язык (язык Уэльса) the patron saint - святой покровитель His Majesty - Его Величество Commonwealth - Содружество наций the House of Lords — палата лордов the House of Commons — палата общин taxes - налоги Questions:
Вариант №4 The United States of America The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent. The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states. The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri , the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some other. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands. The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals. The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio engineering. Americans are made up from nearly all nations and races. The country population is over 250 million. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag “Stars and Stripes”, having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolizing the number of the original states. The United States of America is federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided in to 3 branches1: Legislative2, Executive3 and Judicial4. The Legislative power belongs to the Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of the Representatives5 – the population. The Executive power belong to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The Judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, State and District courts. There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolized by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolized by an elephant). Notes: 1 branch- ветвь власти 2 Legislative- законодательная 3 Executive- исполнительная 4 Judicial- судебная 5 House of Representatives- палата представителей Questions: 1.How many states does the USA include? 2.What oceans is the USA washed by? 3.What are the main industrial branches? 4.How many branches of power are there in the USA according to the US Constitution? 5.What political parties are there in the USA? Вариант №5 NEW YORK New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky. New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive shops with their fabulous (баснословный) prices. The first permanent white settlers (поселенцы) came to New York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers bought all of Manhattan Island (остров) from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city. It is on Manhattan Island where most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries (паром), with the other four districts that constitute New York City. New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden. For transportation New York depends (зависеть) mainly on buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as railroad trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We may go all day by the subway for the same rare, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations. New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevator to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor. New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modem and the most old-fashioned (старомодный) of cities, with expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz clubs, cathedrals (собор) and night clubs; the home of the famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the home of most of the largest publishing houses (издательство) of the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the comer one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold. Questions: 1. What kind of city is New York? 2. When and where did the first white settlers come from? 3. Where are the most skyscrapers located? 4. What does New York transportation depend on? 5. How does New York move? 6. What are there on the Fifth Avenue? Тексты для дополнительного чтения по направлениям Зооинженерный факультет ВАРИАНТ №1 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Agriculture provides people with food, feed and other useful products. All over the world farmers cultivate valuable plants and raise productive domesticated animals. There are two main branches in modern agriculture: crop production (or crop farming) and animal husbandry (or animal farming). Nowadays, in many countries people are still relying on meat, milk and eggs as main sources of food. Both breeders and farmers have already bred and are still breeding highly productive agricultural animals. Animal farming is a process in which a farmer breeds, raises and cares for livestock either for commerce or private use. The word "livestock" refers to domesticated animals such as beef and dairy cattle, sheep, goats, swine (hogs), horses, donkeys and mules, buffalo, oxen, rabbits or "exotic" animals, for example, camels, emus, ostriches, or any animal which a farmer keeps and uses either for food or pleasure. Sometimes animal scientists include in this term also poultry, such as chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys, but they include neither honey bees nor fish within the term "livestock". However, poultry farming and beekeeping are important branches of agriculture as well as aquaculture1. There are over a hundred large land mammals in the world but man has domesticated only few types into livestock. There are two main requirements for domestication of mammals: 1) the availability of feed which a farmer can easily control and provide; 2) a rapid rate of reproduction. As cattle, sheep and horses are herbivorous mammals, farmers try to keep these domestic animals on pastures. However, farmers often grow either cereals or other agricultural crops as additional feed for their animals. Such ruminant animals as cattle, sheep and goats are important for people because they convert large quantities of grasses or other types of feeds, as well as non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk and wool. Poultry also convert feed efficiently into protein. Historically, livestock and poultry have provided the following benefits to humanity: meat, eggs, dairy products, raw materials, fertiliser, labour, management of land.
When a farmer is planning to rear livestock, he usually chooses the most suitable type for the local conditions. Both climate and type of land, as well as local traditions influence a farmer's choice. |
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