Едеральное агентство по образованию кемеровский технологический институт пищевой промышленности
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PART I SECTION I. HARDWARE LESSON ONE Grammar: The Verb (Basic forms; Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Active). Text A. What is computing? Dialogue. Meeting a Friend. Exercises
centre, figure, final, to stop, to cross, real, machine, information, ordinary, business, complex, modern, automatic, second, multiplication, division, arithmetical, mathematical, logical, display, computer, operation, physical, number, analog, hybrid, press, to combine.
suppose [sə'pouz] v – предполагать press [pres] v – нажимать digit ['didʒit] n – цифра, число, разряд, символ total ['toutl] n – сумма, итог кеy [ki:] n – кнопка, клавиша, ключ column ['koləm] n – столбик, столбец addition [ə'diƒ(ə)n] n – сложение compute [kəm'pju:t] v – считать, вычислять subtraction [səb'trækƒ(ə)n] n – вычитание take in ['teik'in] v – принимать (информацию) multiplication [,mлltipli'keiƒ(ə)n] n –умножение data ['deitə] n pl – данные; информация division [di'viʒ(ə)n] n – деление store [sto:] v – хранить, запоминать perform [pə'fo:m] v – выполнять, производить (действие) hardware ['ha:dwεə] n – аппаратное обеспечение ЭВМ produce [prə'dju:s] v – производить, порождать, relation [ri'leiƒ(ə)n] n – отношение, соотношение, зависимость sequence ['si:kwəns] n – последовательность, ряд compare [kəm'pεə] и – сравнивать select [si'lekt] v – выбирать receive [ri'si:v] v – получать display [dis'plei] n – дисплей, v – noказывать put out ['put'aut] v – выдавать (информацию) numerical [nju(:)'merik(ə)l] а – числовой, численный print [print] v – печатать number ['nлmbə] п – число, номер, цифра measurement ['meʒəmənt] n – измерение, вычисление keyboard ['ki:bo:d] п – клавишный пульт, клавиатура property ['propəti] п – свойство, особенность reasonable ['ri:znəbl] а – разумный express [iks'pres] v – выражать Grammar Review Времена группы Indefinite (Active) употребляется:
Времена группы Continuous Active выражают длительные, незаконченные действия в процессе их совершения и переводятся на русский язык глаголами несовершенного вида. Continuous Tenses образуется по формуле to be + V-ing.
Времена группы Perfect Active выражают действия, законченные к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Perfect Tenses образуется по формуле to have +V-ed / 3fV.
3. Read and memorize the following word combinations: a set of figures – ряд цифр, набор цифр а right-hand column – правый столбик to take in (put in) – принимать (информацию) a sequence of reasonable operations – последовательность разумных операций an ordinary business adding machine – обычная канцелярская суммирующая машинка TEXT AWHAT IS COMPUTING?1. Suppose you sit down with a pencil and paper and centre your attention on adding a set of figures. You add first all the digits in the right-hand column, then all the digits in the next column, and so on – until you finally arrive at the answer. When you do this, you are computing. 2. When you stop at a street corner, looking first to the left for any coming car, then to the right, to cross the street or to wait on the sidewalk – you are computing. 3. When you are walking along a poorly marked path in the woods, thinking if you are really on the path or have lost it – you are computing. 4. When you are taking in information or data, performing reasonable operations (mathematical or logical operations) on the data, and are producing one or more answers – you are computing. 5. A machine can also do this. It can take in information or data perform a sequence of reasonable operations on the information which it has received, and put out answers. When it does this, it is computing. 6. A very simple example of a computer is an ordinary business adding machine which prints on paper tape the number entered into its keyboard, and also prints a total when you press the total key. A complex example of a computer is a modern automatic digital computer, which in each second can perform more than 100,000,000,000 additions, subtractions, multiplications, or divisions. 7. A computing machine can take in and store information because the hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetical and logical relations, such as adding or subtracting, comparing or selecting. A computer can also put out information; display the answers when it receives them. Hardware is useless without software which is computer instructions and programs. 8. The modern computers are of three kinds called analog, digital, and hybrid. An analog computer computes by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. A digital computer computes by using the numbers (digits) and yeses and noes expressed usually in 1's and 0's. A hybrid computer is a machine which combines some of the properties of digital and analog computers. Notes: until you finally arrive at the answer – до тех пор, пока вы наконец не получите ответ to cross the street or to wait on the sidewalk – чтобы перейти улицу или подождать на тротуаре a poorly marked path – едва заметная тропинка if you are really on the path or have lost it – действительно ли вы находитесь на тропинке или заблудились yeses and noes expressed usually in 1’s and 0’s – да и нет, выраженные обычно единицами и нулями Exercises
to centre attention on, to the right, to the left, a set of figures, and so on, a sequence of reasonable operations, to put out answers, to take in information, to store information, such as, to express mathematical and logical relations, hardware is useless without software, by using physical analogs, numerical measurements
налево, направо, выдавать информацию или данные, последовательность разумных операций, правый столбик, ряд цифр, и так далее, сосредоточивать внимание
to centre – a centre, to add – addition, to compute – a computer – computation, to mark – a mark, to inform – information, datum – data (mind! a date), to perform – performance, reasonable – a reason, to operate – operation, business – busy, to subtract – subtraction, to multiply – multiplication, to divide – division, logic – logical, arithmetic – arithmetical, measurement – to measure, relation – to relate 7. Memorize the following definitions: 1. A machine, which performs a sequence of reasonable operations on information, is a computer. 2. An analog computer is a machine, which computes by using physical analogs of numerical measurements. 3. A digital computer is a machine, which computes by using digits or numbers. 4. A hybrid computer is a machine, which combines some properties of digital and analog computers. 8. Answer the following questions: 1. How many operations does a modern computer perform? 2. What kinds of operations does an automatic digital computer perform? 3. What is a computer? 4. What is a very simple example of a computer? 5. Why does a computer take in and store information or data? 6. What kinds of modern computers do you know? 7. How does an analog computer compute? 8. How does a digital computer compute? 9. What is a hybrid computer? 10. What is hardware? 11. What is software? 9. Choose the 3rd form of the given verbs: took, takes, take, taken; thought, think, thinks; arrive, arrives, arrived; did, done, do, does; speaks, speak, spoke, spoken; saw, seen, see, sees; was, were, is, am, be, been, are; writes, wrote, written; has, had, have; expresses, expressed, express; receive, received, receives 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of Indefinite, Continuous, and Perfect Tenses in the Active Voice: 1. My friend studies at the department of Electrical Engineering. I study at the same department. We do research. Student Ivanov also does his research. We discussed various problems at the seminar. They did many operations on the computer ES-1045. Yesterday we went to the Institute library. I answered all the questions at the exam in mathematics. We shall solve this algebraic problem. They will do their work in time. I shall compare my results with yours. 2. When you came he was calculating his problem. She was discussing some questions with her instructor. I shall be waiting for you at 6 o'clock. 3. He has given a short answer to my question. I have just come from the Institute. They have already gone home. They had written the program for the computer by June. 11. Fill in the blanks with the following verbs in the Present Indefinite Active: to express, to compute, to receive, to perform, to store, to calculate, to put out, to take in, to do, to display 1. A computer ... or.... 2. Modern automatic digital computers ... more than 100 mln. additions, subtractions, multiplications, or divisions in each second. 3. A computer ... information or data ... a sequence of reasonable operations on information and ... answers. 4. The hardware inside the computer ... arithmetical or logical relations such as adding or subtracting, comparing or selecting.5. When computers ... results, they ... them. 12. Give the proper tense of the verbs given in brackets: 1. An ordinary business adding machine (to be) a very simple example of a computer. 2. When a computer (to do) reasonable operations, it (to compute) or (to calculate). 3. When I (to come) into the room my friend (to compile — составлять) a program. 4. A computer (to store) information which it (to receive). 5.... (to come) to the laboratory, I ... (to show) you how to calculate by using a computer. 6. The electronic computer ES-1045 just (to perform) its calculations. 13. Read the dialogue and try to reproduce it. MEETING A FRIENDA: Hallo, В.! Where are you going? B: Hallo, A.! Haven't seen you for ages! I am going to the Institute. A: Oh! You are a student now! What Institute have you entered? B: I've entered the Polytechnic Institute. A: Good for you! And what department do you study at? B: I study at the Electrical Engineering Department. My speciality is Electronic Computers (Automated Control Systems, Applied Mathematics). A: You liked mathematics at school, didn't you? They say one should know that subject well to study your speciality. B: You're right. Mathematics was my favourite subject at school. A: And you know already what a computer is, don't you? B: Yes, I do. A computer is a machine, which performs a sequence of reasonable operations on information. I also know what simple and complex computers are. A: It's very interesting! Tell me, please. B: With pleasure, listen to: a simple computer is an ordinary business adding machine, and a complex computer is a modern electronic digital computer which performs more than 100 mln. operations a second. A: Can you say, please, what kinds of operations a modern electronic computer performs? B: Yes, I can. It performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are called arithmetical operations. But modern computers perform logical operations too. A: Well, what are they? B: Logical operations that I know are comparing and selecting. A: What will you do after graduating from the Institute? B: I shall work as a system-engineer (an engineer-mathematician). But I am sorry. I must hurry to the Institute, I'm afraid to be late for the lectures. So long! A: Wish you luck in your studying. So long! Notes: Haven't seen you for ages! – He видел тебя целую вечность! to enter the Institute – поступать в,институт Good for you! – Молодец! electrical engineering department – зд. электромеханический факультет automated control systems – автоматизированные системы управления applied mathematics – прикладная математика they say – говорят one should know – нужно знать with pleasure – с удовольствием to be called – называться to graduate from the Institute – окончить институт a system-engineer – инженер-системотехник an engineer-mathematician – инженер-математик to hurry – спешить, торопиться So long! – Пока! wish you luck – желаю тебе удачи |
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