Методические указания по выполнению практических заданий и самостоятельной работы для обучающихся всех форм обучения, специальностей спо составитель

VI. Non-traditional families

Not all families are made up of a mom, a dad, and the kids. Some families have two dads. Others have two moms. And still others have a parent who is transgendered (say = tranz-JENN-derd).

If you live in a family with two dads or two moms, you’ll have some of the same challenges that your friends with a mom and a dad might have. You’ll also have some issues to deal with that are different from your friends’ family issues. Research shows, though, that children of gay or lesbian parents are no more likely to have poor self-esteem or bad relationships than kids with a mom and a dad. Also, kids who have two dads or two moms are no more likely than kids with a mom and a dad to be gay as they grow up.

VII. Russian foreign policy

Struggle to strengthen peace and deepen detente is in the centre of our country’s foreign policy. As our internal development is closely connected with the situation in the world arena, in shaping our foreign policy we take into consideration the state of affairs in every part of the globe.

We expand mutually beneficial ties with our country and a number of other European countries, Asian countries, Latin American countries, USA and Canada.

Life requires fruitful co-operation of all countries in the name of settling the peace-time problems facing every nation and all humanity.

Useful co-operation is now under way between a considerable number of states in such fields as the peaceful uses of atomic energy, the battle against epidemic diseases, the elimination of illiteracy, the protection of historical and cultural landmarks, preserving the environment and weather forecasting. Our country is taking an active part

in all this. There is already a basis for peaceful co-operation among states in such areas as the discovery and use of new sources of energy, the provision of food for the world’s growing population, the preservation of all the riches of Nature on our planet, and the exploration of outer space and the depths of the world’s oceans.

Most actively the foreign policy of our country is centred on relieving the danger of war, on control the arms race and prohibition of chemical and bacteriological weapons. At present this objective has gained special significance and urgency due to rapid and profound changes in the development of military technology, and the appearance of new weapons, especially weapons of mass destruction.

VIII. History

Tumen on Sigismund von Herberstein's map, published in 1549

Weliki Tumen (the Great Tyumen) is shown on Gerhard Mercator's map of Asia (published in 1595) as located south of Perm and Sibier

Town foundation sign

The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate, was annexed to Russia by the Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich in 1585. On July 29, 1586,[2] Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct a fortress on the site of the former Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ('city of Chingis'), also known as Tyumen, from the Turkish and Mongol word for 'ten thousand.

Tyumen was founded on the "Tyumen Portage" on the historical trade route between Central Asia and the Volga region. Control of the portage had been continuously contested by various South Siberian nomads in the preceding centuries. As a result, early Russian settlers were often attacked by Tatar and Kalmyk raiders. These attacks caused Tyumen's population to be dominated by the Streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leather goods makers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded as living in the town.

In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tyumen, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers.

By the end of the 19th century, Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk, and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed the former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of extensive Tyumen Oblast.

Monument to Perished Graduates of Tyumen Schools

At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Tyumen was controlled by forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army. However, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918.

During the 1930s, Tyumen became a major industrial center of the Soviet Union. By the onset of World War II, the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods.

World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises were evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. These enterprises were put into operation the following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated.

During the initial stages of World War II, when there was a possibility that Moscow would fall to the advancing German Army, Tyumen also became a refuge for the body of the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Lenin's body was secretly moved from Lenin's mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb located in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy. (former Tyumen Agriculture Institute).

Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives saw action at the front. Almost a third, about 6,000, perished in action (the exact number is uncertain as official data includes non-native soldiers who died in Tyumen's hospitals).

After the discovery of rich oil and gas fields in Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s, Tyumen became the focus of the Soviet oil industry. The activities of the oil industry caused a second economic and population boom in Tyumen. While most of the oil and gas fields were hundreds of kilometers to the north of the city, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction as well as the oblast administrative center. These advantages made Tyumen the natural site for numerous oil related enterprises which contributed to the city's development between 1963 and 1985. These years saw the arrival in Tyumen of tens of thousands of skilled workers from across the Soviet Union.

Old Tyumen in summer 2008

The rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems, as the growing population quickly outstripped Tyumen's limited social infrastructure. As well, the lack of city planning has resulted in uneven development which Tyumen has continued to struggle with into the present.

Administrative and municipal status

Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Tyumensky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with nineteen rural localities, incorporated separately as the City of Tyumen—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Tyumen is incorporated as Tyumen Urban Okrug.

City divisions

Leninsky Okrug Administration building

Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs:

Kalininsky

Leninsky

Tsentralny

Vostochny


Cписок литературы

Учебная литература

1. “Do your best” O.L.Zaitseva, “real English”, 2009

2. «Английский язык для ССУЗов» И.П.Агабекян, 2010

3. “Упражнения по грамматике современного английского языка” А.С.Саакян, 2012

Сайты

http://www.lingvo.ru

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.native-english.ru/

http://www.alleng.ru/index.htm